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3,472 results for “Balance”
The developmental high-wire: Balancing resource investment in immunity and reproduction
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Data from: Monopedal robot branch-to-branch leaping and landing inspired by squirrel balance control
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Divergent growth-differentiation balance strategies and resource competition shape mortality patterns in ponderosa pine
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Data from: The effects of ground-irregularity-cancelling prosthesis control on balance over uneven surfaces
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Data from: Identifying 'useful' fitness models: balancing the benefits of added complexity with realistic data requirements in models of individual plant fitness
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Data for: Low predictability of energy balance traits and leaf temperature metrics in desert, montane, and alpine plant communities
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Soil Organic Carbon balance
<p>Provisional demonstration of SOC balance in eucalyptus and sugarcane systems in Brazil</p>
Data Set Local Balancing Mechanism
<p>Data set used for 10.5281/zenodo.3570503</p>
A deep learning reconstruction of mass balance series for all glaciers in the French Alps: 1967-2015
<p>Glacier surface mass balance (SMB) data are crucial to understand and quantify the regional effects of climate on<br> glaciers and the high-mountain water cycle, yet observations cover only a small fraction of glaciers in the world. We present<br> a dataset of annual glacier-wide surface mass balance of all the glaciers in the French Alps for the 1967-2015 period. This<br> dataset has been reconstructed using deep learning (i.e. a deep artificial neural network), based on direct and remote sensing<br> SMB observations, meteorological reanalyses and topographical data from glacier inventories. This data science reconstruction<br> approach is embedded as a SMB component of the open-source ALpine Parameterized Glacier Model (ALPGM: https://zenodo.org/record/3609136). An extensive cross-validation allowed to assess the method’s validity, with an estimated average error (RMSE) of 0.49 m.w.e. a<sup>-</sup><sup>1</sup>, an explained variance (r<sup>2</sup>) of 79% and an average bias of +0.017 m.w.e. a<sup>-</sup><sup>1</sup>. We estimate an average regional area-weighted glacier-wide SMB of -0.72±0.20 m.w.e. a<sup>-</sup><sup>1</sup> for the 1967-2015 period, with moderately negative mass balances in the 1970s (-0.52 m.w.e. a<sup>-</sup><sup>1</sup>) and 1980s (-0.12 m.w.e. a<sup>-</sup><sup>1</sup>), and an increasing negative trend from the 1990s onwards, up to -1.39<br> m.w.e. a<sup>-</sup><sup>1</sup> in the 2010s. Following a topographical and regional analysis, we estimate that the massifs with the highest mass losses for this period are the Chablais (-0.90 m.w.e. a<sup>-</sup><sup>1</sup>) and Ubaye and Champsaur (-0.91 m.w.e. a<sup>-</sup><sup>1</sup> both) ranges, and the ones presenting the lowest mass losses are the Mont-Blanc and Oisans ranges (-0.74 and -0.78 m.w.e. a<sup>-</sup><sup>1</sup> respectively). This dataset provides relevant and timely data for studies in the fields of glaciology, hydrology and ecology in the French Alps, in need of regional or glacier-specific meltwater contributions in glacierized catchments.</p> <p>The SMB dataset is comprised of multiple <em>CSV</em> files, one for each of the 661 glaciers from the 2003 glacier inventory (Gardent et al., 2014), named with its GLIMS ID and RGI ID with the following format: <em>GLIMS-ID_RGI-ID_SMB.csv</em>. Both indexes are used since some glaciers that split into multiple sub-glaciers do not have an RGI ID. Split glaciers have the GLIMS ID of their "parent" glacier and an RGI ID equal to 0. Every file contains one column for the year number between 1967 and 2015 and another column for the annual glacier-wide SMB time series. Glaciers with remote sensing-derived observations (Rabatel et al., 2016) include this information as an additional column. This allows the user to choose the source of data, with remote sensing data having lower uncertainties (0.35±0.06 () m.w.e. a<sup>-</sup><sup>1</sup> as estimated in Rabatel et al. (2016)). Columns are separated by semicolon (;). All topographical data for the 661 glaciers can be found in the updated version of the 2003 glacier inventory included in the Supplementary material.</p>
Mitigating Turnover with Code Review Recommendation: Balancing Expertise, Workload, and Knowledge Distribution
<p>Data for the paper:</p> <p>Ehsan Mirsaeedi and Peter C. Rigby. 2020. Mitigating Turnover with Code Review Recommendation: Balancing Expertise, Workload, and Knowledge Distribution. In 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE ’20), May 23–29, 2020, Seoul, Republic of Korea. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3377811.3380335</p> <p>Code and tools available at</p> <pre>https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3678570</pre>
Extraordinary Hall balance in ultrathin SrRuO3 bilayers
<p>Dataset corresponding to the publication J. Phys.: Mater. 3 (2020) 025005. Contains the raw data for the sample growth (RHEED) and transport measurements (Lock-in technique).</p>
Data archive for paper "WRF‐TEB: Implementation and Evaluation of the Coupled Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and Town Energy Balance (TEB) Model"
<p><strong>WRF-TEB data archive</strong></p> <p>This archive contains data and tools to reproduce results as included in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ms001961">Meyer et al. (2020)</a>.</p> <p><strong>Prerequisites</strong></p> <ul> <li><a href="https://sylabs.io/">Singularity</a> version >= 3.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Usage</strong></p> <p>To run all models and plotting scripts included in integration test and meteorological evaluation, run the following command from your command-line interface.</p> <pre><code>NPROC=8 TYPE=evaluate tools/singularity/run.sh</code></pre> <p>where <code>NPROC=8</code> is the maximum number of processes to use. The output can be found in the <code>work/</code> folder.</p> <p><strong>HPC</strong></p> <p>If you want to use this in an HPC environment, use <code>tools/hpc</code> as a template. As an example, to run the evaluation on Imperial HPC using PBS (Portable Batch System), use:</p> <pre><code>qsub -v REPO_ROOT=$(pwd),TYPE=evaluate tools/hpc/job_imperial.sh</code></pre> <p><strong>Copyright and License</strong></p> <p>Copyright and licensing information are included at the top of source files or as separate files in folders.</p> <p><strong>References</strong></p> <p>Meyer, D., Schoetter, R., Riechert, M., Verrelle, A., Tewari, M., Dudhia, J., Masson, V., Reeuwijk, M., & Grimmond, S. (2020). WRF‐TEB: implementation and evaluation of the coupled Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and Town Energy Balance (TEB) model. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ms001961">https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ms001961</a></p>
A deep learning reconstruction of mass balance series for all glaciers in the French Alps: 1967-2015
<p>Glacier mass balance (MB) data are crucial to understand and quantify the regional effects of climate on glaciers and the high-mountain water cycle, yet observations cover only a small fraction of glaciers in the world. We present a dataset of annual glacier-wide surface mass balance of all the glaciers in the French Alps for the 1967-2015 period. This dataset has been reconstructed using deep learning (i.e. a deep artificial neural network), based on direct MB observations and remote sensing annual estimates, meteorological reanalyses and topographical data from glacier inventories. The method’s validity was assessed through an extensive cross-validation against a dataset of 32 glaciers , with an estimated average error (RMSE) of 0.55 m.w.e. a<sup>-1</sup>, an explained variance (r2) of 75% and an average bias of -0.021 m.w.e. a<sup>-1</sup>. We estimate an average regional area-weighted glacier-wide MB of -0.71±0.21 (1 sigma) m.w.e. a<sup>-1</sup> for the 1967-2015 period, with negative mass balances in the 1970s (-0.44 m.w.e. a<sup>-1</sup>), moderately negative in the 1980s (-0.16 m.w.e. a<sup>-1</sup>), and an increasing negative trend from the 1990s onwards, up to -1.34 m.w.e. a<sup>-1</sup> in the 2010s. A comparison with ASTER-derived geodetic MB for the 2000-2015 period showed important differences with the photogrammetric geodetic MB used to train our model. When recalibrating our reconstructions with the new ASTER-derived geodetic MB, the estimated average regional area-weighted glacier-wide MB (1967-2015) is reduced to -0.64±0.21 (1 sigma) m.w.e. a<sup>-1</sup>. Following a topographical and regional analysis, we estimate that the massifs with the highest mass losses for the 1967-2015 period are the Chablais (-0.93 m.w.e. a<sup>-1</sup>), Champsaur and Haute-Maurienne (-0.86 m.w.e. a<sup>-1</sup> both) and Ubaye ranges (-0.83 m.w.e. a<sup>-1</sup>), and the ones presenting the lowest mass losses are the Mont-Blanc (-0.69 m.w.e. a<sup>-1</sup>), Oisans and Haute-Tarentaise ranges (-0.75 m.w.e. a<sup>-1</sup> both). This dataset provides relevant and timely data for studies in the fields of glaciology, hydrology and ecology in the French Alps, in need of regional or glacier-specific annual net glacier mass changes in glacierized catchments.</p> <p>The MB dataset is presented in two different formats: (a) A single netCDF file containing the MB reconstructions, the glacier RGI and GLIMS IDs and the glacier names. This file contains all the necessary information to correctly interact with the data, including some metadata with the authorship and data units. (b) A dataset comprised of multiple CSV files, one for each of the 661 glaciers from the 2003 glacier inventory (Gardent et al., 2014), named with its GLIMS ID and RGI ID with the following format: GLIMS-ID_RGI-ID_SMB.csv. Both indexes are used since some glaciers that split into multiple sub-glaciers do not have an RGI ID. Split glaciers have the GLIMS ID of their "parent" glacier and an RGI ID equal to 0. Every file contains one column for the year number between 1967 and 2015 and another column for the annual glacier-wide MB time series. Glaciers with remote sensing-derived estimates (Rabatel et al., 2016) include this information as an additional column. This allows the user to choose the source of data, with remote sensing data having lower uncertainties (0.35±0.06 () m.w.e. a<sup>-1</sup> as estimated in Rabatel et al. (2016)). Columns are separated by semicolon (;).</p>
Energy Balance and Time Dependence of a Magnetotail Electron Diffusion Region
<p>The data sets and python notebook included are for a submitted manuscript to the Journal of Geophysical Review: Space Physics.</p> <p>An IDL save file has also been included which contains variables from a reconstruction of the event in the manuscript. The time variable in tt2000. Other variables are in units of nW/m^3 by default. <br> <br> The purpose of the work is to determine how electromagnetic energy is converted into plasma energy in the electron diffusion region of magnetic reconnection. Using both spacecraft data and simulations, we investigate how the terms in Poynting's theorem change as reconnection begins and evolves in time. </p>
Thermal constraints on energy balance, behavior, and spatial distribution of grizzly bears
<p>1. Heat dissipation limit theory posits that energy available for growth and reproduction in endotherms is limited by their ability to dissipate heat. In mammals, endogenous heat production increases markedly during gestation and lactation, and thus female mammals may be subject to greater thermal constraints on energy expenditure than males. Such constraints likely have important implications for behavior and population performance in a warming climate.</p> <p>2. We used a mechanistic simulation model based on first principles of heat and mass transfer to study thermal constraints on activity (both timing and intensity) of captive female grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in current and future climate scenarios. We then quantified the relative importance of regulatory behaviors for maintaining heat balance using GPS telemetry locations of lactating versus non-lactating female bears from Yellowstone National Park, and assessed the degree to which costs of thermoregulation constrained the distribution of sampled bears in space and time.</p> <p>3. Lactating female bears benefitted considerably more from behavioral cooling mechanisms (e.g., partial submersion in cool water or bedding on cool substrate) than non-lactating females in our simulations; the availability of water for thermoregulation increased the number of hours during which lactating females could be active by up to 60% under current climatic conditions and by up to 43% in the future climate scenario. Moreover, even in the future climate scenario lactating bears were able to achieve heat balance 24 hrs/day by thermoregulating behaviorally when water was available to facilitate cooling.</p> <p>4. The most important predictor of female grizzly bear distribution in Yellowstone, regardless of reproductive status, was elevation. However, variables associated with the thermal environment occurred with greater frequency in rules for predicting the distribution of lactating than non-lactating female bears. </p> <p>5. Our results suggest that the costs of heat dissipation, which are modulated by climate, may impose constraints on the behavior and energetics of large endotherms like grizzly bears, and that access to water for cooling will likely be an increasingly important driver of grizzly bear distribution in Yellowstone as the climate continues to warm.</p>
Data for: Immigration counter-acts local micro-evolution of a major fitness component: migration-selection balance in free-living song sparrows
<p>Ongoing adaptive evolution, and resulting 'evolutionary rescue' of declining populations, requires additive genetic variation in fitness. Such variation can be increased by gene flow resulting from immigration, potentially facilitating evolution. But, gene flow could in fact constrain rather than facilitate local adaptive evolution if immigrants have low additive genetic values for local fitness. Local migration-selection balance and micro-evolutionary stasis could then result. However, key quantitative genetic effects of natural immigration, comprising the degrees to which gene flow increases the total local additive genetic variance yet counter-acts local adaptive evolutionary change, have not been explicitly quantified in wild populations. Key implications of gene flow for population and evolutionary dynamics consequently remain unclear. Our quantitative genetic analyses of long-term data from free-living song sparrows (<i>Melospiza melodia</i>) show that mean breeding value for local juvenile survival to adulthood, a major component of fitness, increased across cohorts more than expected solely due to drift. Such micro-evolutionary change should be expected given non-zero additive genetic variance and consistent directional selection. However, this evolutionary increase was counter-acted by negative additive genetic effects of recent immigrants, which increased total additive genetic variance but prevented a net directional evolutionary increase in total additive genetic value. These analyses imply an approximate quantitative genetic migration-selection balance in a major fitness component, and hence demonstrate a key mechanism by which substantial additive genetic variation can be maintained yet decoupled from local adaptive evolutionary change.</p>
Data from: Evolution of quantitative traits under a migration-selection balance: when does skew matter?
Quantitative-genetic models of differentiation under migration-selection balance often rely on the assumption of normally distributed genotypic and phenotypic values. When a population is subdivided into demes with selection toward different local optima, migration between demes may result in asymmetric, or skewed, local distributions. Using a simplified two-habitat model, we derive formulas without a priori assuming a Gaussian distribution of genotypic values, and we find expressions that naturally incorporate higher moments, such as skew. These formulas yield predictions of the expected divergence under migration-selection balance that are more accurate than models assuming Gaussian distributions, which illustrates the importance of incorporating these higher moments to assess the response to selection in heterogeneous environments. We further show with simulations that traits with loci of large effect display the largest skew in their distribution at migration-selection balance.
Data from: Cell cycle-dependent differentiation dynamics balances growth and endocrine differentiation in the pancreas
Organogenesis relies on the spatiotemporal balancing of differentiation and proliferation driven by an expanding pool of progenitor cells. In the mouse pancreas, lineage tracing at the population level has shown that the expanding pancreas progenitors can initially give rise to all endocrine, ductal, and acinar cells but become bipotent by embryonic day 13.5, giving rise to endocrine cells and ductal cells. However, the dynamics of individual progenitors balancing self-renewal and lineage-specific differentiation has never been described. Using three-dimensional live imaging and in vivo clonal analysis, we reveal the contribution of individual cells to the global behaviour and demonstrate three modes of progenitor divisions: symmetric renewing, symmetric endocrinogenic, and asymmetric generating a progenitor and an endocrine progenitor. Quantitative analysis shows that the endocrine differentiation process is consistent with a simple model of cell cycle–dependent stochastic priming of progenitors to endocrine fate. The findings provide insights to define control parameters to optimize the generation of β-cells in vitro.
Data from: Optimal numbers of matings: the conditional balance between benefits and costs of mating for females of a nuptial gift-giving spider
In species where females gain a nutritious nuptial gift during mating, the balance between benefits and costs of mating may depend on access to food. This means that there is not one optimal number of matings for the female but a range of optimal mating numbers. With increasing food availability, the optimal number of matings for a female should vary from the number necessary only for fertilization of her eggs to the number needed also for producing these eggs. In three experimental series, the average number of matings for females of the nuptial gift-giving spider Pisaura mirabilis before egg sac construction varied from 2 to 16 with food-limited females generally accepting more matings than well-fed females. Minimal level of optimal mating number for females at satiation feeding conditions was predicted to be 2–3; in an experimental test, the median number was 2 (range 0–4). Multiple mating gave benefits in terms of increased fecundity and increased egg hatching success up to the third mating, and it had costs in terms of reduced fecundity, reduced egg hatching success after the third mating, and lower offspring size. The level of polyandry seems to vary with the female optimum, regulated by a satiation-dependent resistance to mating, potentially leaving satiated females in lifelong virginity.
Data from: Sex in an uncertain world: environmental stochasticity helps restore competitive balance between sexually and asexually reproducing populations
Like many organisms, individuals of the freshwater ostracod species Eucypris virens can have either obligate sexual or asexual reproductive modes. Both types of individual routinely co-occur, including in the same temporary freshwater pond (their natural habitat in which they undergo seasonal diapause). Given the well-known two-fold cost of sex, this begs the question of how sexually reproducing individuals are able to co-exist with their asexual counterparts in spite of such overwhelming costs. Environmental stochasticity in the form of "false dawn" inundations (where the first hydration is ephemeral and causes loss of early hatching individuals) may provide an advantage to the sexual subpopulation, which exhibits greater variation in hatching times following inundation. We explore the potential role of environmental stochasticity in this system using life-history data analysis, climate data and matrix projection models. In the absence of environmental stochasticity, the population growth rate is significantly lower in sexual subpopulations. Climate data reveal that "false dawn" inundations are common. Using matrix projection modeling with and without environmental stochasticity, we demonstrate that this phenomenon can restore appreciable balance to the system, in terms of growth rates. This provides support for the role of environmental stochasticity in helping to explain the maintenance of sex and the occurrence of geographic parthenogenesis.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.