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Fig. 6 in The effects of exogenous 20-hydroxyecdysone on the feeding, development, and reproduction of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 6. The morphological changes in diamondback moth larvae and a pupae caused by ingestion of exogenous dietary 20-hydroxyecdysone. a, Exosmosis of ecdysial fluid and an additional molt (15 ×); b, failure to shed the head capsule (30 ×); c, failure to shed the exuvium (20×); d, bulging of the hindgut (10 ×); and e, deformed pupa (10 ×).

Fig. 4 in The effects of exogenous 20-hydroxyecdysone on the feeding, development, and reproduction of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 4. The correlation between the concentration of 20-hydroxyecdysone in diet and mean weight gain in 4th instars of diamondback moth. W0–24 h, W0–48 h, and W24–48 h represent mean weight gain at 24 h, at 48 h, and from 24 h to 48 h afer treatment, respectively. R represents the coefficient; the symbols * and ** next to the coefficient indicate that the correlation between X and Y was significant at P <0.05 and P <0.01, respectively.

Fig. 5 in The effects of exogenous 20-hydroxyecdysone on the feeding, development, and reproduction of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 5. The correlation between the concentration of 20-hydroxyecdysone in diet and mean weight of diamondback moth pupae. P1, P2, P3, and P4 represent mean weight of pupae developed from the treated 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th instars, respectively. R represents the coefficient; the symbol ** next to the coefficient indicates that the correlation between X and Y was significant at P <0.01.

Fig. 1 in The effects of exogenous 20-hydroxyecdysone on the feeding, development, and reproduction of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 1. The arrangement of 20-hydroxyecdysone-treated radish seedlings in a cage. Digit 0 represents the control; digits 1–4 represent the radish seedlings treated with 0.050, 0.100, 0.200, and 0.400 mg/mL of 20E solutions in water, respectively.

Fig. 2 in The effects of exogenous 20-hydroxyecdysone on the feeding, development, and reproduction of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 2. The correlation between the concentration of 20-hydroxyecdysone in diet and mean food consumption by diamondback moth larvae for each instar. C1, C2, C3, and C4 represent mean food consumption of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th instars, respectively. R represents the coefficient; the symbols * and ** next to the coefficient indicate that the correlation between X and Y was significant at P <0.05 and P <0.01, respectively.

Fig. 3 in The effects of exogenous 20-hydroxyecdysone on the feeding, development, and reproduction of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 3. The correlation between the concentration of 20-hydroxyecdysone in diet and mean duration of each instar of diamondback moth larvae. D1, D2, D3, and D4 represent mean duration of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th instars, respectively. R represents the coefficient; the symbol ** next to the coefficient indicates that the correlation between X and Y was significant at P <0.01.

Fig. 8 in The effects of exogenous 20-hydroxyecdysone on the feeding, development, and reproduction of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 8. The longevity of adults fed on diet with exogenous dietary 20-hydroxy- ecdysone. The different lowercase letters above bars indicate statistically significant differences between mean longevity of adults fed on diet with different concentrations of 20-hydroxyecdysone (Tukey test, α = 0.05).

Fig. 2 in Molecular cloning of heat shock protein gene HSP90 and effects of abamectin and double-stranded RNA on its expression in Panonychus citri (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae)

Fig. 2. Alignment of HSP90 amino acid sequence of P. citri McGregor and its homologus amino acid sequences from other species (Frankliniella occidentalis, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Pteromalus puparum, Tetranychus cinabarinus).

Fig. 3 in Effects of male age and mating status on response to the female sex pheromone of Copitarsia decolora (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Fig. 3. Activation latencies (black bars) and landing latencies (gray bars) (Q1 <Median <Q2) of virgin and mated Copitarsia decolora males to female sex pheromone extract (3FE) in wind tunnel bioassays. Mated males were tested 24 h and 48 h afer mating (24 AM and 48 AM, respectively). Bars within a behavior headed by the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey's mean separation test, n = 10, P <0.05).

Fig. 1 in Effects of male age and mating status on response to the female sex pheromone of Copitarsia decolora (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Fig. 1. Activation latencies (black bars) and landing latencies (gray bars) (Q1 <Median <Q2) by age group of virgin males in response to a glandular extract of female sex pheromone (3FE) in wind tunnel bioassays. Bars within a behavior headed by the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey's mean separation test, n = 10, P <0.05).

Fig. 6 in Comparison of the effects of neonicotinoids and pyrethroids against Oebalus pugnax (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in rice

Fig. 6. Comparison of percent time engaged in feeding activities by rice stink bug adults on treated and untreated rice panicles when given a choice between panicles treated with Karate or untreated and when given a choice between panicles treated with Tenchu or untreated. Control arenas contained two untreated panicles. Experiments were conducted in 2011 (a) and 2012 (b). Bars accompanied by same letter indicate that means on treated and untreated panicles in choice conditions are not significantly different from means on untreated panicles under no choice (control) conditions.

Fig. 3. 2013 in Comparison of the effects of neonicotinoids and pyrethroids against Oebalus pugnax (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in rice

Fig. 3. 2013. Mean ± SE rice stink bug nymphs (a) and adults (b) in 10 sweeps on untreated and insecticide treated rice small-plots. Means accompanied by different letters indicate a significant difference across treatments (P <0.05).

Fig. 1. 2011 in Comparison of the effects of neonicotinoids and pyrethroids against Oebalus pugnax (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in rice

Fig. 1. 2011. Mean ± SE numbers of rice stink bug nymphs (a) and adults (b) in 10 sweeps in untreated and insecticide-treated rice small-plots. Means accompanied by different letters indicate a significant difference across treatments (P <0.05, LSD). (CY = λ-cyhalothrin, TMX = thiamethoxam, DN = dinotefuran).

Fig. 2. 2012 in Comparison of the effects of neonicotinoids and pyrethroids against Oebalus pugnax (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in rice

Fig. 2. 2012. Mean ± SE numbers of rice stink bug nymphs (a) and adults (b) in 10 sweeps on untreated and insecticide-treated rice small-plots. Means accompanied by different letters indicate a significant difference across treatments (P <0.05, LSD). (CY = λ-cyhalothrin, TMX = thiamethoxam, DN = dinotefuran).

Fig. 1 in Toxicities and residual effects of toxic baits containing spinosad or malathion to control the adult Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Fig. 1. The mortality of Anastrepha fraterculus adult afer 1, 3, 5 and 7 days of exposure to toxic baits. (Vertical bars indicate the standard error of the mean). Mortality was calculated by the formula of Schneider-Orelli (1947).

Fig. 4 in Effects of male age and mating status on response to the female sex pheromone of Copitarsia decolora (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Fig. 4. Depolarization (mean ± SEM) of antennae in response to a glandular extract of female sex pheromone (3FE) of virgin and mated males. Mated males were tested 24 h and 48 h afer mating (24 AM and 48 AM, respectively). Bars headed by the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey's mean separation test, n = 6, P <0.05).

Fig. 1 in Effects of nucleopolyhedrovirus infection on the development of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and expression of its 20-hydroxyecdysone- and juvenile hormone-related genes

Fig. 1. Effect of HaSNPV infection on the larval body weight of Helicoverpa armigera. (A) ♦, ■, ▲, ×, —, and ● indicate larvae infected with HaSNPV at the concentrations 0, 105, 106, 107, 108, and 109 PIB/mL, respectively. (B) a, b, c, d, e, and f show H. armigera larvae on the 5th day afer infection with HaSNPV at the concentrations 0, 105, 106, 107, 108, and 109 PIB/mL, respectively.

Fig. 3 in Effects of nucleopolyhedrovirus infection on the development of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and expression of its 20-hydroxyecdysone- and juvenile hormone-related genes

Fig. 3. Expression analysis by qRT-PCR of the JH related genes MET, JHEH, HSP90, and JHi in Helicoverpa armigera larvae afer HaSNPV infection at 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h. The blank bars represent the larvae infected with sterile water (CK). The black bars represent the larvae infected with NPV at the concentration of 107 PIB/mL (NPV infection). The data represent the mean ± SD of 3 biological replicates. Statistically significant differences from gene expression are denoted by * (0.01 <P £ 0.05) and ** (P £ 0.01) as determined by the pairwise Student's t-test analysis in SPSS 17.0 sofware.

Fig. 2 in Effects of nucleopolyhedrovirus infection on the development of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and expression of its 20-hydroxyecdysone- and juvenile hormone-related genes

Fig. 2. Expression analysis by qRT-PCR of the 20E related genes ECR, USP, E75, BR, HR3, and NFT2 in Helicoverpa armigera larvae afer HaSNPV infection at 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h. The blank bars represent the larvae infected with sterile water (CK). The black bars represent the larvae infected with NPV at the concentration of 107 PIB/mL (NPV infection). The data represent the mean ± SD of 3 biological replicates. Statistically significant differences from gene expression are denoted by * (0.01 <P £ 0.05) and ** (P £ 0.01) as determined by the pairwise Student's t-test analysis in SPSS 17.0 sofware.