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Figure 10. Valve outlines. A in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)

Figure 10. Valve outlines. A, Manduca rustica, BMNH sphingid preparation #1075. B, Neococytius cluentius, BMNH sphingid preparation #1082.

Figure 11. Right harpes, inner views. A in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)

Figure 11. Right harpes, inner views. A, Agrius godarti, BMNH sphingid preparation #1038. B, Coelonia fulvinotata, BMNH sphingid preparation #996. C, Coelonia brevis, BMNH sphingid preparation #1057. D, Coelonia solani, BMNH sphingid preparation #1042. E, Acherontia atropos, BMNH sphingid preparation #994. F, Megacorma obliqua, BMNH sphingid preparation #1026. G, Meganoton rubescens, BMNH sphingid preparation #989. H, Manduca hannibal, BMNH sphingid preparation #1077. I, Cocytius antaeus, BMNH sphingid preparation #1035; dense tuft of brown setae on dorsal surface not shown. J, Manduca rustica, BMNH sphingid preparation #1075.

Figure 9 in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)

Figure 9. Stylized drawings of plectral scales. A, Meganoton analis. B, Psilogramma menephron. C, Poliana micra.

Figure 8. Juxtas. A in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)

Figure 8. Juxtas. A, Manduca albiplaga, lateral (left) view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1014; showing posterior lip (lateral rim stippled). B, Cocytius antaeus, lateral (left) view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1035; showing anterior keel (lateral rim stippled). C, Manduca sexta, ventral view, BMNH sphingid preparation #981. D, Xanthopan morganii, ventral view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1012. E, Cocytius beelzebuth, ventral view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1028. F, Amphimoea walkeri, ventral view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1004.

Figure 5. Unci. A in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)

Figure 5. Unci. A, Cocytius antaeus, dorsal view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1035. B, Macropoliana ferax, dorsal view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1053. C, Agrius convolvuli, dorsal view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1000. D, Xanthopan morganii, dorsal view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1012. E, Cocytius beelzebuth, ventral view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1028. F, Meganoton rubescens, dorsal view, BMNH sphingid preparation #989.

Figure 1. Descaled labial palps, outer views. A in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)

Figure 1. Descaled labial palps, outer views. A, Cocytius beelzebuth, BMNH sphingid preparation #1028. B, Meganoton rubescens, BMNH sphingid preparation #989.

Figure 7 in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)

Figure 7. Tegumina, vincula and sacci, lateral (left) view. A, Manduca hannibal, BMNH sphingid preparation #1077. B, Macropoliana ferax, BMNH sphingid preparation #1053; posterior extension of vinculum arm along posterior margin of tegumen stippled. C, Acherontia lachesis, BMNH sphingid preparation #1010.

Figure 4 in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)

Figure 4. Stylized drawings of stridulatory curtain scales. A, Psilogramma menephron, dorsal/lateral view. B, Xanthopan morganii, dorsal/lateral view. C, Megacorma obliqua, long scales, dorsal and lateral views. D, Megacorma obliqua, short scales, dorsal and lateral views.

Figure 3 in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)

Figure 3. Stylized drawings of sphingid pretarsi (after Rothschild & Jordan, 1903: plate LXIV, Figs 9-12, 14,15). A, Pretarsus with fully developed arolium and paronychium with only apical lobe present. B, Pretarsus with fully developed arolium and paronychium with both apical and ventral lobes present. C, Pretarsus with vestigial arolium and paronychium with both apical and ventral lobes absent.

Figure 2. Descaled legs. A in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)

Figure 2. Descaled legs. A, Pantophaea favillacea, right foreleg, outer view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1046. B, Cocytius duponchel, left foreleg, inner view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1019. C, Megacorma obliqua, left midleg basitarsus, inner view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1026. D, Megacorma obliqua, left hindleg basitarsus, inner view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1026. E, Macropoliana ferax, right midleg basitarsus, inner view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1048. F, Macropoliana ferax, right hindleg basitarsus, inner view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1048.

Figure 6. Gnathi. A in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)

Figure 6. Gnathi. A, Agrius convolvuli, ventral view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1000. B, Megacorma obliqua, oblique ventroposterior view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1026. C, Macropoliana natalensis, oblique ventroposterior view, BMNH sphingid preparation #992. D, Cocytius lucifer, ventral view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1037. E, Cocytius mortuorum, ventral view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1034. F, Cocytius beelzebuth, ventral view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1028. G, Meganoton analis, ventral and lateral (left) views, BMNH sphingid preparation #1055. H, Manduca albiplaga, oblique dorsal view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1014. I, Meganoton rubescens, ventral and lateral (left) views, BMNH sphingid preparation #989.

Fig. 82 in The Osteology Of Alioramus, A Gracile And Long-Snouted Tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Late Cretaceous Of Mongolia

Fig. 82. Comparison between the holotype of Alioramus altai (A, C) and bones of subadult Tarbosaurus from the Institute of Paleobiology (Warsaw) collection (ZPAL MgD-I/29) (B, D). A, B: tibia (and additional tarsal bones in A) in anterior view; C, D: tibia (and additional tarsal bones in C) in posterior view. A and C are right elements that are shown reversed; B and D are left elements. Major differences between subadult Tarbosaurus and A. altai are indicated in the figure (distinctive features of subadult Tarbosaurus are listed) and described more fully in the text. Scale bar 5 5 cm. The Tarbosaurus tibia is from the same individual as the maxilla and the postorbital depicted in figure 81, and its near identical size to that of the A. altai holotype suggests that the body size of the two individuals was similar.

Fig. 80 in The Osteology Of Alioramus, A Gracile And Long-Snouted Tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Late Cretaceous Of Mongolia

Fig. 80. Pedal phalanges: Phalanx III-1 (A–F) and two additional phalanges (G–L; M–R). Each phalanx in anterior (extensor) (A, G, M), posterior (flexor) (B, H, N), lateral/medial (C, I, O), opposite lateral/medial (D, J, P), distal (E, K, Q), and proximal (F, L, R) views. Scale bars 5 5 cm.

Fig. 54. Cervical vertebra 10 in The Osteology Of Alioramus, A Gracile And Long-Snouted Tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Late Cretaceous Of Mongolia

Fig. 54. Cervical vertebra 10 of the holotype specimen of Alioramus altai (IGM 100/1844) in left lateral (A), right lateral (B), anterior (C), posterior (D), dorsal (E), and ventral (F) views. Scale bar 5 5 cm. Abbreviations as in figure 47.

Fig. 57. Dorsal vertebra C in The Osteology Of Alioramus, A Gracile And Long-Snouted Tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Late Cretaceous Of Mongolia

Fig. 57. Dorsal vertebra C of the holotype specimen of Alioramus altai (IGM 100/1844) in anterior (A), posterior (B), left lateral (C), right lateral (D), dorsal (E), and ventral (F) views. Scale bar 5 5 cm. Abbreviations as in figure 55.

Fig. 76 in The Osteology Of Alioramus, A Gracile And Long-Snouted Tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Late Cretaceous Of Mongolia

Fig. 76. Right proximal metatarsus and distal tarsals of the holotype specimen of Alioramus altai (IGM 100/1844) in anterior (extensor) (A), posterior (flexor) (B), proximal (C), lateral (D), and medial (E) views. Scale bar 5 5 cm. Abbreviations: alc, anterolateral corner of distal tarsal 4; dt3, distal tarsal 3; dt4,

Fig. 52. Cervical vertebra 8 in The Osteology Of Alioramus, A Gracile And Long-Snouted Tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Late Cretaceous Of Mongolia

Fig. 52. Cervical vertebra 8 of the holotype specimen of Alioramus altai (IGM 100/1844) in left lateral

Fig. 71 in The Osteology Of Alioramus, A Gracile And Long-Snouted Tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Late Cretaceous Of Mongolia

Fig. 71. Proximal region of the left femur of the holotype specimen of Alioramus altai (IGM 100/1844) in anterior (A), posterior (B), lateral (C), proximal (D), and medial (E) views. Scale bar 5 5 cm. Abbreviations: atr, accessory trochanter; cl, cleft between lesser and greater trochanters; gr, groove between greater and lesser trochanters on lateral surface of femur; gt, greater trochanter; h, head; itf, intertrochanteric fossa; lip, lip of bone separating the ligament sulcus from the proximal surface of the femur; lt, lesser (anterior) trochanter; ltcon, concavity on the lateral surface of the lesser trochanter; pcon, convexity on the posterior margin of the proximal femur; rid, ridge separating ligament sulcus and trochanteric fossa; sl, sulcus for femoral head ligament; tf, trochanteric fossa; ts, trochanteric shelf.

Fig. 66 in The Osteology Of Alioramus, A Gracile And Long-Snouted Tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Late Cretaceous Of Mongolia

Fig. 66. Right ilium of the holotype specimen of Alioramus altai (IGM 100/1844) in lateral (A) and medial (B) views, with B showing the left lateral surface of the sacrum. Scale bar 5 5 cm. Abbreviations: anti, antitrochanter; antrid, anterior ridge on lateral surface; bf, brevis fossa; cupfos, cuppedicus fossa; for, foramen; ip, ischial peduncle; lam, lamina linking sacral rib and transverse process; ll, lateral lamina of

Fig. 63 in The Osteology Of Alioramus, A Gracile And Long-Snouted Tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Late Cretaceous Of Mongolia

Fig. 63. Left dorsal rib of the holotype specimen of Alioramus altai (IGM 100/1844) in lateral (5 anterior) (A) and medial (5 posterior) (B) views. Scale bar 5 5 cm. Abbreviations: cap, capitulum; cg, costal groove; con, concavity on medial margin of neck between tuberculum and capitulum; fos, fossa confluent with pneumatic foramen; pf, pneumatic foramen; rid, ridge on medial surface of proximal region; tub, tuberculum.