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2,327 results for “Placement”
Fig. 3. Anhanga modesta Distant, 1887, external genitalia. A–B in Rediscovering Anhanga: redescription and considerations on its taxonomic placement (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)
Fig. 3. Anhanga modesta Distant, 1887, external genitalia. A–B – genital plates in postero-ventral view; C–H – pygophore; C–D – dorsal view; E–F – posterior view; G–H – ventral view. Abbreviations: dr – dorsal rim; gc8 – gonocoxites VIII; gc9 – gonocoxites IX; la8 – laterotergites VIII; la9 – laterotergites IX; pa – paramere; pvr – process of ventral rim; slr – superior layer of ventral rim; vr – ventral rim; X – tenth segment. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Fig. 6 in Rediscovery of Andrea's keelback, Hebius andreae (Ziegler & Le, 2006): First country record for Laos and phylogenetic placement
Fig. 6. Bayesian phylogram based on all data combined and a single model. Numbers above and under branches are MP/ML bootstrap values and combined/partitioned Bayesian posterior probabilities (>50%), respectively. Hyphen and asterisk denote <50% and 100% values, respectively.
Fig. 4 in Rediscovery of Andrea's keelback, Hebius andreae (Ziegler & Le, 2006): First country record for Laos and phylogenetic placement
Fig. 4. Line drawing and colour painting of the right head side of Hebius andreae (VNUF R.2017.25) from Laos. Drawing T. Ziegler, painting C. Niggemann.
Fig. 3 in Rediscovery of Andrea's keelback, Hebius andreae (Ziegler & Le, 2006): First country record for Laos and phylogenetic placement
Fig. 3. Head views of the juvenile male of Hebius andreae (VNUF R.2017.25) from Laos in preservative. Photos T. Ziegler.
Figure 3 in A remarkable new genus and species of Rogadinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of uncertain tribal placement, from Papua New Guinea, resembling Betylobraconini stat. nov.
Figure 3. Cyranobracon depardeui gen. nov. et sp. nov. Holotype female: (A) fore wing; (B) hind wing.
Figure 2 from: Moreira-Muñoz A, Muñoz-Schick M (2020) Rediscovery and taxonomic placement of Solanum polyphyllum Phil. (Solanaceae), a narrow endemic from the Chilean Atacama Desert. PhytoKeys 156: 47-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.156.53703
Figure 2 Solanum polyphyllum at an alluvial cone at the Tarapacá precordillera A habitat B flower details C leaves D flower E calyx F fruits G seeds H habit. Photos by A. Moreira-Muñoz, drawings by M. Muñoz-Schick.
Figure 2 from: Medeiros H, de Carvalho Lopes J, Acevedo-Rodríguez P, Forzza RC (2020) A new species of Thinouia (Paullinieae, Sapindaceae) from the Amazon and its phylogenetic placement. PhytoKeys 165: 115-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.165.57341
Figure 2 Thinouia cazumbensisA fruiting branch B detail of leaf, abaxial view C racemiform inflorescence with a pair of basal tendrils D detail of inflorescence (cincinnus) E flower with removed petals showing a 5-lobed nectary disc F detail of fruit G infructescence (A–G) from H. Medeiros 3401 (RB). Photos by H. Medeiros.
Figure 1 from: Medeiros H, de Carvalho Lopes J, Acevedo-Rodríguez P, Forzza RC (2020) A new species of Thinouia (Paullinieae, Sapindaceae) from the Amazon and its phylogenetic placement. PhytoKeys 165: 115-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.165.57341
Figure 1 A bayesian 50% majority-rule consensus tree from a Bayesian analysis of the combined, two-marker dataset for Paulliniodae and outgroups B relationships of Thinouia and the congeneric Allosanthus [(=Thinouia trifoliata (Radlk.) Acev.-Rodr. & Ferrucci], including the newly-described Thinouia cazumbensis sp. nov. Bayesian posterior probability values are indicated above the branches.
Data from: A predictive model for improving placement of wind turbines to minimise collision risk potential for a large soaring raptor
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>1. With the rapid growth of wind energy developments worldwide, it is critical that the negative impacts on wildlife are considered and mitigated. This includes minimising the numbers of large soaring raptors which are killed when they collide with wind turbines.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>2. To reduce the likelihood of raptor collisions, turbines should be placed at locations which are least used by sensitive species. For resident or breeding species, this is often delineated crudely through the use of circular buffers centred on nest sites, which assume uniform habitat use around a nest site.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>3. Using GPS tracking data together with a digital elevation model we build and cross-validate a simple generalizable model, to classify the spatial likelihood of wind turbine collisions for resident adult Verreaux's eagles in any landscape where there are known nests. We apply our methods to operational developments in South Africa to validate the model and demonstrate its ability in predicting actual collision mortalities.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>4. Our Collision Risk Potential (CRP) model included the variables distance to nest, distance to conspecific nest, slope, distance to slope and elevation. Using our model, rather than a circular buffer, resulted in ca. 4–5% improvement in eagle protection while excluding development from the same amount (but not shape) of area. For an equal level of eagle protection, our model can make ca. 20–21% more area available for wind energy development compared to a circular buffer.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>5. Exploring collisions at operational wind farms in South Africa we show that our CRP model correctly predicted 87% of known collisions, while circular buffers (5.2km radius) only captured 50% of collisions.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>6. <i>Synthesis and applications</i>: We show that by using predictive models to account for habitat use, a greater area of land can be made available for wind energy development without increased mortality risk to raptors. Our predictive model can be used to provide robust guidance on wind turbine placement in South Africa in a way which minimizes the conflict between a vulnerable raptor species and the development of renewable energy. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: A critical appraisal of the placement of Xiphosura (Chelicerata) with account of known sources of phylogenetic error
Horseshoe crabs (Xiphosura) are traditionally regarded as sister to the clade of terrestrial chelicerates (Arachnida). This hypothesis has been challenged by recent phylogenomic analyses, but the non-monophyly of Arachnida has consistently been disregarded as artifactual. We reevaluated the placement of Xiphosura among chelicerates using the most complete phylogenetic dataset to date, expanding outgroup sampling and including data from whole genome sequencing projects. In spite of uncertainty in theplacement of some arachnid clades, all analyses show Xiphosura consistently nested within Arachnida as the sister group to Ricinulei (hooded tick spiders). It is apparent that the radiation of Arachnids is an old one and occurred over a brief period of time, resulting in several consecutive short internodes, and thus is a potential case for the confounding effects of incomplete lineage sorting (ILS). We simulated coalescent gene trees to explore the effects of increasing levels of ILS on the placement of horseshoe crabs. In addition, common sources of systematic error were evaluated, as well as the effects of fast evolving partitions and the dynamics of problematic long branch orders. Our results indicated that the placement of horseshoe crabs can not be explained by missing data, compositional biases, saturation, or incomplete lineage sorting. Interrogation of the phylogenetic signal showed that the majority of loci favor the derived placement of Xiphosura over a monophyletic Arachnida. Our analyses support the inference that horseshoe crabs represent a group of aquatic arachnids comparable to aquatic mites, breaking a long standing paradigm in chelicerate evolution and altering previous interpretations of the ancestral transition to the terrestrial habitat. Future studies testing chelicerate relationships should approach the task with a sampling strategy where the monophyly of Arachnida is not held as the premise.
Data from: Timing is everything: fishing‐season placement may represent the most important angling‐induced evolutionary pressure on Atlantic salmon populations
Fisheries‐induced evolution can change the trajectory of wild fish populations by selectively targeting certain phenotypes. For important fish species like Atlantic salmon, this could have large implications for their conservation and management. Most salmon rivers are managed by specifying an angling season of predetermined length based on population demography, which is typically established from catch statistics. Given the circularity of using catch statistics to estimate demographic parameters, it may be difficult to quantify the selective nature of angling and its evolutionary impact. In the River Etne in Norway, a recently installed trap permits daily sampling of fish entering the river, some of which are subsequently captured by anglers upstream. Here, we used 31 microsatellites to establish an individual DNA profile for salmon entering the trap, and for many of those subsequently captured by anglers. These data permitted us to investigate time of rod capture relative to river entry, potential body size‐selective harvest, and environmental variables associated with river entry. Larger, older fish entered the river earlier than smaller, younger fish of both sexes, and larger, older females were more abundant than males and vice versa. There was good agreement between the sizes of fish harvested by angling, and the size distribution of the population sampled on the trap. These results demonstrate that at least in this river, and with the current timing of the season, the angling catch reflects the population's demographics and there is no evidence of size‐selective harvest. We also demonstrated that the probability of being caught by angling declines quickly after river entry. Collectively, these data indicate that that the timing of the fishing season, in relation to the upstream migration patterns of the different demographics of the population, likely represents the most significant directional evolutionary force imposed by angling.
Data from: The family placement of Cyrtandromoea
Cyrtandromoea is a genus consisting of about 12 species of perennial caulescent herbs with a distribution in China, India, Myanmar, Thailand, and western Malesia. The genus has previously been associated with either Gesneriaceae or the tribe Mimuleae in Phrymaceae (in former Scrophulariaceae) with morphology in favor of the latter and molecular plastid ndhF data the former. We addressed the placement of this genus by assembling a four gene dataset (matK, ndhF, rps16 and trnL-F) comprising 270 ingroup samples representing 270 species and 51 families of the core asterids, including all families of Lamiales currently recognized. These included 111 species representing 66 genera of Gesneriaceae. We used maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses to reconstruct phylogenies that showed Cyrtandromoea to be placed in Phrymaceae. A fine-scale analysis focusing on Phrymaceae using ITS and trnL-F and 79 samples revealed that Cyrtandromoea is most closely related to a clade of genera in Phrymaceae that included Mimulus s. s. A combination of morphological synapomorphies such as cymose inflorescences, 5-angled toothed calyx, flowers with bilocular ovary with axile placentation with numerous small seeds with endosperm, and loculicidal dehiscing capsule support this placement. Our results strongly support the placement of Cyrtandromoea in Phrymaceae.
Ordered phylogenomic subsampling enables diagnosis of systematic errors in the placement of the enigmatic arachnid order Palpigradi
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The miniaturized arachnid order Palpigradi has ambiguous phylogenetic affinities, due to its odd combination of plesiomorphic and derived morphological traits. This lineage has never been sampled in phylogenomic datasets because of its small body size and fragility of most species, a sampling gap of immediate concern to recent disputes over arachnid monophyly. To redress this gap, we sampled a population of the cave-inhabiting species <i>Eukoenenia spelaea</i> from Slovakia and inferred its placement in the phylogeny of Chelicerata using dense phylogenomic matrices of up to 1450 loci, drawn from high-quality transcriptomic libraries and complete genomes. The complete matrix included exemplars of all extant orders of Chelicerata. Analyses of the complete matrix recovered palpigrades as the sister group of the long-branch order Parasitiformes (ticks) with high support. However, sequential deletion of long-branch taxa revealed that the position of palpigrades is prone to topological instability. Phylogenomic subsampling approaches that maximized taxon or dataset completeness recovered palpigrades as the sister group of camel spiders (Solifugae), with modest support. While this relationship is congruent with the location and architecture of the coxal glands, a long-forgotten character system that opens in the pedipalpal segments only in palpigrades and solifuges, we show that nodal support values in concatenated supermatrices can mask high levels of underlying topological conflict in the placement of the enigmatic Palpigradi. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Paternity analysis of wild-caught females shows that sperm package size and placement influence fertilization success in the bushcricket Pholidoptera griseoaptera
In species where females store sperm, males may try to influence paternity by the strategic placement of sperm within the female's sperm storage organ. Sperm may be mixed or layered in storage organs, and this can influence sperm use beyond a 'fair raffle'. In some insects, sperm from different matings is packaged into discrete packets (spermatodoses), which retain their integrity in the female's sperm storage organ (spermatheca), but little is known about how these may influence patterns of sperm use under natural mating conditions in wild populations. We examined the effect of the size and position of spermatodoses within the spermatheca and number of competing ejaculates on sperm use in female dark bushcrickets (Pholidoptera griseoaptera) that had mated under unmanipulated field conditions. Females were collected near the end of the mating season, and seven hypervariable microsatellite loci were used to assign paternity of eggs laid in the laboratory. Females contained a median of three spermatodoses (range 1–6), and only six of the 36 females contained more than one spermatodose of the same genotype. Both the size and relative placement of the spermatodoses within the spermatheca had a significant effect on paternity, with a bias against smaller spermatodoses and those further from the single entrance/exit of the spermatheca. A higher number of competing males reduced the chances of siring offspring for each male. Hence, both spermatodose size and relative placement in the spermatheca influence paternity success.
Data from: Internal cranial anatomy of Early Triassic species of †Saurichthys (Actinopterygii: †Saurichthyiformes): implications for the phylogenetic placement of †saurichthyiforms
Background: †Saurichthyiformes was a successful group of latest Permian-Middle Jurassic predatory actinopterygian fishes and constituted important and widely-distributed components of Triassic marine and freshwater faunas. Their systematic affinities have long been debated, with †saurichthyiforms often being aligned with chondrosteans, a group today comprising sturgeons and paddlefishes. However, their character-rich endocranial anatomy has not been investigated in detail since the first half of the 20th century. Since that time, major advances have occurred in terms of our understanding of early actinopterygian anatomy, as well as techniques for extracting morphological data from fossils. Results: We used µCT to study the internal cranial anatomy of two of the stratigraphically oldest representatives of †Saurichthys, from the Early Triassic of East Greenland and Nepal. Our work revealed numerous previously unknown characters (e.g., cryptic oticooccipital fissure; intramural diverticula of braincase; nasobasal canals; lateral cranial canal; fused dermohyal), and permitted the reevalution of features relating to the structure of cranial fossae, basicranial circulation and opercular anatomy of the genus. Critically, we reinterpret the former †saurichthyiform opercle as an expanded subopercle. For comparison, we also produced the first digital models of a braincase and endocast of a sturgeon (A. brevirostrum). New information from these taxa was included in a broad phylogenetic analysis of Actinopterygii. †Saurichthyiforms are resolved as close relatives of †Birgeria, forming a clade that constitutes the immediate sister group of crown actinopterygians. However, these and other divergences near the actinopterygian crown node are weakly supported. Conclusions: Our phylogeny disagrees with the historically prevalent hypothesis favoring the chondrostean affinities of †saurichthyiforms. Previously-proposed synapomorphies uniting the two clades, such as the closure of the oticooccipital fissure, the posterior extension of the parasphenoid, and the absence of an opercular process are widespread amongst actinopterygians. Others, like those relating to basicranial circulation, are found to be based on erroneous interpretations. Our work renders the †saurichthyiform character complex adequately understood, and permits detailed comparisons with other early crown actinopterygians. Our phylogenetic scheme highlights outstanding questions concerning the affinity of many crown actinopterygians, such as the Paleozoic-early Mesozoic deep-bodied forms, which are largely caused by lack of endoskeletal data.
Data from: Integrated analyses resolve conflicts over squamate reptile phylogeny and reveal unexpected placements for fossil taxa
Squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) are a pivotal group whose relationships have become increasingly controversial. Squamates include >9000 species, making them the second largest group of terrestrial vertebrates. They are important medicinally and as model systems for ecological and evolutionary research. However, studies of squamate biology are hindered by uncertainty over their relationships, and some consider squamate phylogeny unresolved, given recent conflicts between molecular and morphological results. To resolve these conflicts, we expand existing morphological and molecular datasets for squamates (691 morphological characters and 46 genes, for 161 living and 49 fossil taxa, including a new set of 81 morphological characters and adding two genes from published studies) and perform integrated analyses. Our results resolve higher-level relationships as indicated by molecular analyses, and reveal hidden morphological support for the molecular hypothesis (but not vice-versa). Furthermore, we find that integrating molecular, morphological, and paleontological data leads to surprising placements for two major fossil clades (Mosasauria and Polyglyphanodontia). These results further demonstrate the importance of combining fossil and molecular information, and the potential problems of estimating the placement of fossil taxa from morphological data alone. Thus, our results caution against estimating fossil relationships without considering relevant molecular data, and against placing fossils into molecular trees (e.g. for dating analyses) without considering the possible impact of molecular data on their placement.
Data from: Stepping in the direction of the fall: the next foot placement can be predicted from current upper body state in steady-state walking
During human walking, perturbations to the upper body can be partly corrected by placing the foot appropriately on the next step. Here, we infer aspects of such foot placement dynamics using step-to-step variability over hundreds of steps of steady-state walking data. In particular, we infer dependence of the 'next' foot position on upper body state at different phases during the 'current' step. We show that a linear function of the hip position and velocity state (approximating the body center of mass state) during mid-stance explains over 80% of the next lateral foot position variance, consistent with (but not proving) lateral stabilization using foot placement. This linear function implies that a rightward pelvic deviation during a left stance results in a larger step width and smaller step length than average on the next foot placement. The absolute position on the treadmill does not add significant information about the next foot relative to current stance foot over that already available in the pelvis position and velocity. Such walking dynamics inference with steady-state data may allow diagnostics of stability and inform biomimetic exoskeleton or robot design.
Data from: Phylogenetic placement of the unusual jumping spider Depreissia Lessert, and a new synapomorphy uniting Hisponinae and Salticinae (Araneae, Salticidae)
The relationships of the unusual salticid spider Depreissia from central Africa and Borneo have been difficult to resolve, obscured by its highly modified ant-like body. Phylogenetic analysis of the gene 28S strongly supports its placement outside the major clade Salticinae and within the clade of cocalodines, spartaeines and lapsiines, with weaker support for a relationship with the cocalodines in particular. Excluding the genus from the Salticinae is supported also by the presence of a median apophysis on the male palp, and by the lack of a cymbial apical groove cradling the tip of embolus, which is newly presented here as a synapomorphy of Hisponinae plus Salticinae.
Data from: Bias and sensitivity in the placement of fossil taxa resulting from interpretations of missing data
The utility of fossils in evolutionary contexts is dependent on their accurate placement in phylogenetic frameworks, yet intrinsic and widespread missing data make this problematic. The complex taphonomic processes occurring during fossilization can make it difficult to distinguish absence from non-preservation, especially in the case of exceptionally preserved soft-tissue fossils: is a particular morphological character (e.g. appendage, tentacle or nerve) missing from a fossil because it was never there (phylogenetic absence), or just happened to not be preserved (taphonomic loss)? Missing data has not been tested in the context of interpretation of non-present anatomy nor in the context of directional shifts and biases in affinity. Here, complete taxa, both simulated and empirical, are subjected to data loss through the replacement of present entries (1s) with either missing (?s) or absent (0s) entries. Both cause taxa to drift down trees, from their original position, toward the root. Absolute thresholds at which downshift is significant are extremely low for introduced absences (2 entries replaced, 6 % of present characters). The opposite threshold in empirical fossil taxa is also found to be low; two absent entries replaced with presences causes fossil taxa to drift up trees. As such, only a few instances of non-preserved characters interpreted as absences will cause fossil organisms to be erroneously interpreted as more primitive than they were in life. This observed sensitivity to coding non-present morphology presents a problem for all evolutionary studies that attempt to use fossils to reconstruct rates of evolution or unlock sequences of morphological change. Stem-ward slippage, whereby fossilization processes cause organisms to appear artificially primitive, appears to be a ubiquitous and problematic phenomenon inherent to missing data, even when no decay biases exist. Absent characters therefore require explicit justification and taphonomic frameworks to support their interpretation.
FIGURE 3 in The placement of Engiscaptomyza, Grimshawomyia, and Titanochaeta, three clades of endemic Hawaiian Drosophilidae (Diptera)
FIGURE 3. Male terminalia of Scaptomyza (Titanochaeta) chauliodon (Hardy).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.