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FIG. 2 in The equids represented in cave art and current horses: a proposal to determine morphological differences and similarities

FIG. 2. — The three species of equids studied: A, Heck's tarpan Equus ferus caballus Linnaeus, 1758; B, Konik tarpan Equus ferus caballus Linnaeus, 1758; C, E. caballus przewalskii Poliakov, 1881; D, E. hemionus Pallas, 1775. Pictures from Wikipedia: A, "Two Heck horses in the zoo of Stadt Haag, Austria." by Christian Jansky – Own work, licensed under CC BY-SA 2.5. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Two_Tarpans.jpg, last consultation: 14/01/2019; B, "Koniks3" by Gerard M. (presumed – based on copyright claims). Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Koniks3.JPG, last consultation: 14/01/2019; C, Przewalskipferd (Kölner Zoo). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Przewalskipferd_cologne.jpg, last consultation: 14/01/2019; D, "Equus kiang holdereri (Prague Zoo)" by Bodlina – Own work, licensed under CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Equus_kiang_holdereri04.jpg, last consultation: 14/01/2019.

Fig. 8 in Management proposal based on the timing of oral incubation of eggs and juveniles in the sentinel species Genidens genidens (Siluriformes: Ariidae) in a tropical estuary

Fig. 8. Histological section of ovary of adult female smaller than 20 cm of Genidens genidens in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Where: AF – atretic follicles; YB – yellow bodies.

Fig. 9. Relationship between fecundity and a. total length, b. total weight and c in Management proposal based on the timing of oral incubation of eggs and juveniles in the sentinel species Genidens genidens (Siluriformes: Ariidae) in a tropical estuary

Fig. 9. Relationship between fecundity and a. total length, b. total weight and c. gonad weight of Genidens genidens females, in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Fig. 5 in Management proposal based on the timing of oral incubation of eggs and juveniles in the sentinel species Genidens genidens (Siluriformes: Ariidae) in a tropical estuary

Fig. 5. Genidens genidens reproductive cycle in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Fishes images are a modification of Fischer et al. (2011).

Fig. 6 in Management proposal based on the timing of oral incubation of eggs and juveniles in the sentinel species Genidens genidens (Siluriformes: Ariidae) in a tropical estuary

Fig. 6. Lengths of sexual maturation for males and females of Genidens genidens in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Points are the observed values and the continuous line the calculated values.

Fig. 7 in Management proposal based on the timing of oral incubation of eggs and juveniles in the sentinel species Genidens genidens (Siluriformes: Ariidae) in a tropical estuary

Fig. 7. Frequency of gonad development stages of Genidens genidens females (N = 730) per total length class in Gua- nabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. There was no capture of females on lengths classes 8 cm, 42 cm and 44 cm. The values at the top indicate the number of females caught in each length class.

Fig. 3 in Management proposal based on the timing of oral incubation of eggs and juveniles in the sentinel species Genidens genidens (Siluriformes: Ariidae) in a tropical estuary

Fig. 3. Monthly distribution of the gonad development stages, GSI (mean ± CI) and ΔK (mean ± CI) of Genidens genidens females and males in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from January 2014 to January 2015. a. frequency of gonad development stages of females (N = 730); b. frequency of gonad development stages of males (N = 377); c. females GSI (N = 715); d. males GSI (N = 352); e. females ΔK (N = 715); f. males ΔK (N = 352). The values at the top of the graphs indicate the number of individuals caught each month. The juveniles were excluded from GSI and ΔK analyzes.

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Fig. 1. Clupeocephalan relationships proposed from 1973 in Otomorphs (= otocephalans or ostarioclupeomorphs) revisited

Fig. 1. Clupeocephalan relationships proposed from 1973 to 1994. a. after Rosen 1973, 1974; b. after Rosen, 1982; c. after Fink, Weitzman, 1982; d. after Lauder, Liem, 1983; e. after Fink, 1984; f. after Rosen, 1985; g. after Begle, 1991, 1992; h. after Lecointre, Nelson, 1996. E = Euteleostei. Characters 1 = nuptial tubercles; 2 = stegural; 3 = adipose fin; 4 = absence of tooth plate over basibranchial 4; 5 = pleurostyle; 6 = fusion of hypural 2 with first ural centrum; 7 = fusion of extrascapulars and parietal bones; 8 = fusion of hemal arches and centra anterior to preural centrum 2. (Modified from Lecointre, Nelson, 1996: fig. 1).

Fig. 4 in Management proposal based on the timing of oral incubation of eggs and juveniles in the sentinel species Genidens genidens (Siluriformes: Ariidae) in a tropical estuary

Fig. 4. Monthly distribution of the relative frequency (%) of Genidens genidens males (N = 377) performing oral incuba- tion of eggs and juveniles in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from January 2014 to January 2015. The values at the top indicate the total number of adult males caught each month.

Fig. 2 in Management proposal based on the timing of oral incubation of eggs and juveniles in the sentinel species Genidens genidens (Siluriformes: Ariidae) in a tropical estuary

Fig. 2. Monthly distribution of Genidens genidens males and females in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from January 2014 to January 2015. The values at the top indicate the number of individuals caught each month. (*) Signifi- cant difference (p <0.05).

Fig. 1 in Management proposal based on the timing of oral incubation of eggs and juveniles in the sentinel species Genidens genidens (Siluriformes: Ariidae) in a tropical estuary

Fig. 1. Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, indicating the sampling stations: 1- Bancários, 2- Magé, 3- Paquetá Island, 4- Fundão Island, 5- central channel. Black circles indicate artisanal fishing landing sites and white circles indicate experimental sampling sites.

Fig. 9 in Defining the reproductive period of freshwater fish species using the Gonadosomatic Index: a proposed protocol applied to ten species of the Patos Lagoon basin

Fig. 9. Monthly variation of Parapimelodus nigribarbis GSI values (adult females only) in Guaíba Lake (white) and Casamento Lake (dark gray), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (median, 25-75% quartiles and lower-upper GSI limits by month and site). Three GSI cut-off values were tested with rspect to the maximum GSI recorded for each species, for delimitation of reproductive months: 20% (G20), 30% (G30) and 40% (G40).

Fig. 11 in Defining the reproductive period of freshwater fish species using the Gonadosomatic Index: a proposed protocol applied to ten species of the Patos Lagoon basin

Fig. 11. Monthly variation of Pachyurus bonariensis GSI values (adult females only) in Guaíba Lake (white) and Casamento Lake (dark gray), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (median, 25-75% quartiles and lower-upper GSI limits by month and site). Three GSI cut-off values were tested with respect to the maximum GSI recorded for each species, for delimitation of reproductive months: 20% (G20), 30% (G30) and 40% (G40).

Fig. 1 in Defining the reproductive period of freshwater fish species using the Gonadosomatic Index: a proposed protocol applied to ten species of the Patos Lagoon basin

Fig. 1. Sampling locations in a. Guaíba Lake and b. Casamento Lake in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil.

Fig. 8 in Defining the reproductive period of freshwater fish species using the Gonadosomatic Index: a proposed protocol applied to ten species of the Patos Lagoon basin

Fig. 8. Monthly variation of Loricariichthys anus GSI values (adult females only) in Guaíba Lake (white) and Casamento Lake (dark gray), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (median, 25- 75% quartiles and lower-upper GSI limits by month and site). Three GSI cut-off values were tested with respect to the maximum GSI recorded for each species, for delimitation of reproductive months: 20% (G20), 30% (G30) and 40% (G40).

Fig. 6 in Defining the reproductive period of freshwater fish species using the Gonadosomatic Index: a proposed protocol applied to ten species of the Patos Lagoon basin

Fig. 6. Monthly variation of Oligosarcus robustus GSI values (adult females only) in Guaíba Lake (white) and Casamento Lake (dark gray), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (median, 25-75% quartiles and lower-upper GSI limits by month and site). Three GSI cut-off values were tested with respect to the maximum GSI recorded for each species, for delimitation of reproductive months: 20% (G20), 30% (G30) and 40% (G40).

Fig. 7 in Defining the reproductive period of freshwater fish species using the Gonadosomatic Index: a proposed protocol applied to ten species of the Patos Lagoon basin

Fig. 7. Monthly variation of Hoplosternum littorale GSI values (adult females only) in Guaíba Lake (white) and Casamento Lake (dark gray), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (median, 25-75% quartiles and lower-upper GSI limits by month and site). Three GSI cut-off values were tested with respect to the maximum GSI recorded for each species, for delimitation of reproductive months: 20% (G20), 30% (G30) and 40% (G40).

Fig. 10 in Defining the reproductive period of freshwater fish species using the Gonadosomatic Index: a proposed protocol applied to ten species of the Patos Lagoon basin

Fig. 10. Monthly variation of Trachelyopterus lucenai GSI values (adult females only) in Guaíba Lake (white) and Casamento Lake (dark gray), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (median, 25-75% quartiles and lower-upper GSI limits by month and site). Three GSI cut-off values were tested with respect to the maximum GSI recorded for each species, for delimitation of reproductive months: 20% (G20), 30% (G30) and 40% (G40).

Fig. 4 in Defining the reproductive period of freshwater fish species using the Gonadosomatic Index: a proposed protocol applied to ten species of the Patos Lagoon basin

Fig. 4. Monthly variation of Hoplias malabaricus GSI values (adult females only) in Guaíba Lake (white) and Casamento Lake (dark gray), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (median, 25-75% quartiles and lower-upper GSI limits by month and site). Three GSI cut-off values were tested with respect to the maximum GSI recorded for each species, for delimitation of reproductive months: 20% (G20), 30% (G30) and 40% (G40).