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opennotspecifiedNov 2014View details →

FIG. 1. A in A recent bat survey reveals Bukit Barisan Selatan Landscape as a chiropteran diversity hotspot in Sumatra

FIG. 1. A — The location of Bukit Barisan Selatan Landscape (marked as the black star) in Southeast Asia; B — Map of 12 study sites in Bukit Barisan Selatan Landscape. Filled circles: forested sites; filled squares: polyculture coffee plantations; filled diamonds: monoculture coffee plantations; open triangle: cave site. The shaded area refers to the territory of Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park. 1 — Sukabanjar Forest; 2 — Sukaraja Forest; 3 — Way Canguk Forest; 4 — Kuyung Arang Village; 5 — Lombok Village; 6 — Pemerihan Village; 7 — Sukabanjar Village; 8 — Sukaraja Village; 9 — Sumber Rejo Village; 10 — Sidodadi Village; 11 — Sumberjaya Village; 12 — Sridadi Cave

opennotspecifiedNov 2013View details →

APPENDIX III A in A review of the bats (Chiroptera) of the Republic of Congo, including eight species new to the country

APPENDIX III A gazetteer of localities in the Congo from which specimens are recorded (see Appendix I)

opennotspecifiedNov 2015View details →

FIG. 6 in Bat diversity in the Simandou Mountain Range of Guinea, with the description of a new white-winged vespertilionid

FIG. 6. Outlines of the left tragus in N. rendalli (left), N. tenuipinnis (middle; both redrawn after Rosevear 1965), and N. isabella sp. nov. (holotype)

opennotspecifiedNov 2013View details →

FIG. 9 in A review of the bats (Chiroptera) of the Republic of Congo, including eight species new to the country

FIG. 9. Skulls of two species of Glauconycteris, including lateral view of right upper incisors and occlusal view of left mandibular dentition [left] and left maxillary dentition [right] of (A): G. beatrix, HZM.1.40181, ♀ and (B): G. alboguttata, HZM.1.40172, ♀. Scales for skulls and occlusal views of toothrows (left and right) = 2 mm; scale for upper incisors (centre) = 1 mm

opennotspecifiedMar 2006View details →

List of tissue specimens of Hipposideros spp. used for cytochrome b sequencing and phylogenetic inference, with geographical data. Voucher refers to the location and/or accession number of the voucher, and tissue collection refers to the collection where the tissue is kept, and accession or collector numbers. Acronyms are as follows: Estación Biológica de DoZana, Sevilla, Spain (EBD), South Australia Museum, Adelaide, Australia (SAM), Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (SMF), Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa, México (IEX), Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA (LSU), Charles M. Francis, Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (CMF), Lao Department of Forestry, Vientiane, Lao PDR, no catalogued (LAO). Next column indicates GenBank accession numbers. More information about the specimens is available in the GenBank records in A new species of bat of the Hipposideros bicolor group (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae) from Central Laos, with evidence of convergent evolution with Sundaic taxa

List of tissue specimens of Hipposideros spp. used for cytochrome b sequencing and phylogenetic inference, with geographical data. Voucher refers to the location and/or accession number of the voucher, and tissue collection refers to the collection where the tissue is kept, and accession or collector numbers. Acronyms are as follows: Estación Biológica de DoZana, Sevilla, Spain (EBD), South Australia Museum, Adelaide, Australia (SAM), Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (SMF), Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa, México (IEX), Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA (LSU), Charles M. Francis, Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (CMF), Lao Department of Forestry, Vientiane, Lao PDR, no catalogued (LAO). Next column indicates GenBank accession numbers. More information about the specimens is available in the GenBank records

opennotspecifiedMar 2006View details →

FIG. 5 in A new species of bat of the Hipposideros bicolor group (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae) from Central Laos, with evidence of convergent evolution with Sundaic taxa

FIG. 5. Schematic drawing of rostral chambers in dorsal view, mouth above. Dotted areas correspond to dense bone and bone walls, while white areas indicate cavities. A — H. khaokhouayensis ROM 116793; B — H. rotalis IEX-M0095, ♀; C — H. orbiculus SMF 57092; D — H. ridleyi SMF 69291. a) Anterior rostral chamber, b) Postero-lateral rostral chamber, c) and c') postero-median rostral chamber. Notice that in A and B the posterior chambers are not separated by the intermediate wall, and that in D, the posterior median chamber is split in two, c and c'

Data from: Anatomical diversification of a skeletal novelty in bat feet

Neomorphic, membrane-associated skeletal rods are found in disparate vertebrate lineages, but their evolution is poorly understood. Here we show that one of these elements—the calcar of bats (Chiroptera)—is a skeletal novelty that has anatomically diversified. Comparisons of evolutionary models of calcar length and corresponding disparity-through-time analyses indicate that the calcar diversified early in the evolutionary history of Chiroptera, as bats phylogenetically diversified after evolving the capacity for flight. This interspecific variation in calcar length and its relative proportion to tibia and forearm length is of functional relevance to flight-related behaviors. We also find that the calcar varies in its tissue composition among bats, which might affect its response to mechanical loading. We confirm the presence of a synovial joint at the articulation between the calcar and the calcaneus in some species, which suggests the calcar has a kinematic functional role. Collectively, this functionally-relevant variation suggests that adaptive advantages provided by the calcar led to its anatomical diversification. Our results demonstrate that novel skeletal additions can become integrated into vertebrate body plans and subsequently evolve into a variety of forms, potentially impacting clade diversification by expanding the available morphological space into which organisms can evolve.

Data from: High detectability with low impact: Optimising large PIT tracking systems for cave-dwelling bats

Passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag technology permits the 'resighting' of animals tagged for ecological research without the need for physical re-trapping. While this is effective if animals pass within centimetres of tag readers, short-distance detection capabilities have prevented the use of this technology with many species. To address this problem, we optimised a large (15 m-long) flexible antenna system to provide a c. 8 m2 vertical detection plane for detecting animals in flight. We installed antennas at two roosting caves, including the primary maternity cave, of the critically endangered southern bent-winged bat (Miniopterus orianae bassanii) in south-eastern Australia. Testing of these systems indicated PIT-tags could be detected up to 105 cm either side of the antenna plane. Over the course of a three-year study, we subcutaneously PIT-tagged 2966 bats and logged over 1.4 million unique detections, with 97% of tagged bats detected at least once. The probability of encountering a tagged bat decreased with increasing environmental 'noise' (unwanted signal) perceived by the system. During the study we mitigated initial high noise levels by earthing both systems, which contributed to an increase in daily detection probability (based on the proportion of individuals known to be alive that were detected each day) from <0.2 (noise level ≥30%) to 0.7-0.8 (noise level 5-15%). Conditional on a low (5%) noise level, model-based estimates of daily encounter probability were highest (>0.8) during peak breeding season when both female and male southern bent-winged bats congregate at the maternity cave. In this paper we detail the methods employed and make methodological recommendations for future wildlife research using large antennas, including earthing systems as standard protocol and quantifying noise metrics as a covariate influencing the probability of detection in subsequent analyses. Our results demonstrate that large PIT antennas can be used successfully to detect small volant species, extending the scope of PIT technology and enabling a much broader range of wildlife species to be studied using this approach.

Data from: Chronic traffic noise increases food intake and alters gene expression associated with metabolism and disease in bats

<ol> <li>Anthropogenic noise exposure has deleterious effects on the foraging ecology of many animals. However, the effects of chronic anthropogenic noise on food intake and health condition in wildlife remain largely unknown.</li> <li>We tested whether traffic noise exposure over multiple days would change food intake and would have effects on the health of Asian particoloured bats. We broadcast traffic noise to the bats of two noise-exposure groups (group A, 5 bats; group C, 6 bats) and broadcast silence files to the bats of two control groups (group B, 5 bats; group D, 6 bats) for 12 days. We measured the changes in food intake, body weight, and concentration of faecal triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in groups A and B. We compared the transcriptional profiles in brain, kidney and liver tissues between bats in groups C and D.</li> <li>The bats exposed to traffic noise had a significantly higher daily food intake and a significantly greater body weight than bats in control group during the period of playback. Faecal T3 and T4 were higher in the noise-exposure group after playback had been on for more than one day.</li> <li>We found a total of 169 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between noise-exposure and control groups. Some DEGs related to stress response were up-regulated in the bats exposed to noise. The 169 DEGs were mainly enriched in Gene Ontology (GO) terms associated with metabolism, fundamental cellular processes, stress response and immune response. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways affected by noise exposure were linked with metabolism, disease, apoptosis, autophagy, phagosome and ribosome.</li> </ol> Synthesis and applications. Our results suggest that bats exposed to chronic traffic noise while roosting may need more energetic intake and have a greater motivation to forage than others not exposed to noise, probably as a result of a stress response. Furthermore, chronic traffic noise may increase the risk of metabolic dysregulation, immune disorders, and other diseases. Management measures for reducing noise disturbance, for example, implementing sound barriers, are essential.

Data from: The patterns and possible causes of global geographical variation in the body size of the greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum)

Aim: Geographical variations in endotherm body size (e.g., Bergmann's rule/James's rule and Allen's rule) have long been tested. However, the patterns and causes of geographical variation in body size within bat species, especially within widespread hibernating species, are little known. Here, we evaluated the possible causes of geographical size variation patterns in the greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), a bat species widely distributed across the Palearctic. Location: Palearctic Methods: We collected body size data (body mass and forearm length) from 1172 adult bats via direct measurements or from the literature. We used high-resolution environmental data for the sampled sites. We applied multiple linear regressions and an information-theoretic approach on separate female and male datasets to estimate the support for various hypotheses. Results: Temperature and latitude failed to predict body mass in both females and males. The best model showed that populations with longer forearms in both sexes were associated with higher mean temperatures (in the warmest quarter) and lower mean temperatures (in the coldest quarter). The independent contribution of these temperature parameters to forearm length in both sexes was higher than that of all other variables. Main conclusion: The observed relationship between temperature and body mass was not consistent with James's rule, and thus failed to support the heat conservation hypothesis. Our results are consistent with the predictions of Allen's rule and indicated that direct heat dissipation from the wing may be the most likely mechanism underlying geographical variation in forearm length. We suggest that the evaluation of the relative importance of multiple causal mechanisms may improve our understanding of patterns of geographical variation in endotherms.

opencc-zeroAug 2020View details →

National bat monitoring programme roost counts dataset

<ol> <li>Many long-term wildlife population monitoring programmes rely on citizen scientists for data collection. This can offer several benefits over traditional monitoring practices as it is a cost-effective, large-scale approach capable of providing long time series data and raising public environmental awareness. Whilst there is a debate about the quality of citizen science data, a standardised sampling design can allow citizen science data to be of a similar quality to those collected by professionals. However, many programmes use subjective, opportunistic selection of monitoring sites and this introduces several types of bias, which are not well understood.</li> <li>Using bat roost counts as a case study, we took a 'virtual ecologist' approach to simulate the effect of opportunistic site selection and uneven observer retention on our ability to accurately detect abundance trends. We simulated populations with different levels of temporal variability and site fidelity.</li> <li>Our simulations reveal that opportunistic site selection and low observer retention can result in biased trends and that these biases are magnified when monitored populations exhibit high levels of inter-annual variation and low site fidelity. These results show that the synergistic effects of observer behaviour, site selection, and population dynamics lead to biased abundance trends in monitoring programmes.</li> <li>This study highlights the value of engaging and retaining citizen science observers, a standardised sampling design, and the collection of meta-data. We conclude that monitoring programmes need to be aware of their focal species' temporal variability and site fidelity to adequately assess the potential bias caused by opportunistic site selection and low observer retention.</li> <li> Synthesis and applications. Accurate data on population changes are key for conservation success. Therefore, it is important that citizen science monitoring programmes assess and potentially quantify the biases present in their data. We demonstrate the applicability of an established simulation framework to assess the effect of biases on our ability to correctly detect abundance trends. Our findings highlight that monitoring programmes need to be aware of their study species' temporal variability and site fidelity to assess and account for the effects of biased site selection and observer retention.</li> </ol> The National Bat Monitoring Programme (NBMP) is run by Bat Conservation Trust, in partnership with the Joint Nature Conservation Committee, and supported and steered by Natural England, Natural Resources Wales, Northern Ireland Environment Agency, and Scottish Natural Heritage. The NBMP is indebted to all observers who contribute data to the programme.

opennotspecifiedMar 2007View details →

FIG. 1 in Bats of the Sangkulirang limestone karst formations, East Kalimantan - a priority region for Bornean bat conservation

FIG. 1. Map of the Sangkulirang peninsula, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, showing settlements and major rivers as well as the major karst formations (dark grey shading) and forest cover (light grey shading). Base camps used at the formations are marked by circles. Map produced by Paul Banks using a forest coverage (including plantations and burnt areas) from the Berau Forest Management Project, and karst and geographic information from Regional Development Agency (BAPPEDA) in Berau, and Anon (1973)

FIGURE 26 in Systematics of big-eyed bats, genus Chiroderma Peters, 1860 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)

FIGURE 26. Skull and mandible, in lateral view, of A) Chiroderma trinitatum (USNM 581934—Perú, Amazonas) and B) C. gorgasi (USNM 335294—Panamá, San Blas).

FIGURE 25 in Systematics of big-eyed bats, genus Chiroderma Peters, 1860 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)

FIGURE 25. Dorsal (A) and ventral (C) views of the skull of Chiroderma trinitatum (USNM 581934—Perú, Amazonas) and dorsal (B) and ventral (D) view of C. gorgasi (USNM 335294—Panamá, San Blas).

FIGURE 17 in Systematics of big-eyed bats, genus Chiroderma Peters, 1860 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)

FIGURE 17. Lateral view of part of the right dentary of A) Chiroderma salvini (LSUMZ 25649—Panamá, Darién) and B) C. scopaeum (USNM 511378—México, Nayarit). The lower left canine was removed from the image.

FIGURE 29 in Systematics of big-eyed bats, genus Chiroderma Peters, 1860 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)

FIGURE 29. Dorsal (A) and ventral (C) views of the skull of Chiroderma improvisum (TTU 31403—Montserrat) and dorsal (B) and ventral (D) views of C. villosum (USNM 520557—Panamá).

FIGURE S6. Dice-Leeras diagrams showing 95 in Systematics of big-eyed bats, genus Chiroderma Peters, 1860 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)

FIGURE S6. Dice-Leeras diagrams showing 95% of the confidence interval of the first component (PC1) from an analysis of 13 cranio-dental measurements of male and female Chiroderma villosum from three distinct regions. M = male; F = female.

FIGURE S5. Dice-Leeras diagrams showing 95 in Systematics of big-eyed bats, genus Chiroderma Peters, 1860 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)

FIGURE S5. Dice-Leeras diagrams showing 95% of the confidence interval of the first component (PC1) from an analysis of 13 cranio-dental measurements of male and female Chiroderma (C. salvini, C. scopaeum, C. trinitatum, C. gorgasi and C. d. doriae) from the same area. M = male; F = female.

FIGURE 8 in Systematics of big-eyed bats, genus Chiroderma Peters, 1860 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)

FIGURE 8. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view of the mandible of Chiroderma villosum (USNM 408644) from San Juan, Amazonas, Venezuela.

FIGURE 7 in Systematics of big-eyed bats, genus Chiroderma Peters, 1860 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)

FIGURE 7. Collecting localities of the Chiroderma specimens analyzed in this study. The localities are compiled in the gazetteer (Appendix 1).