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Figure 4 in Position and development of oocytes in velvet worms shed light on the evolution of the ovary in Onychophora and Arthropoda

Figure 4. Internal organization of the exogenous ovary in Opisthopatus roseus (A, B) and Peripatopsis balfouri (C). Transmission electron micrographs. A, cross-section through the middle of the ovary. Dorsal is up. Note the unpaired lumen (lu) and the separation of the ovarian epithelium into a dorsal sterile epithelium (se) and a ventral germinal epithelium (ge). B, stalked oocytes enclosed by a vitelline membrane (= primary egg membrane). C, detail of a stalk. Arrows indicate intermediate filaments, arrowheads point to hemidesmosomes. Inset shows continuity of the basal lamina covering a stalk and a maturating oocyte that bulges into the haemocoel of the female. Abbreviations: bl, basal lamina; ct, connective tissue; ge, germinal epithelium; hc, haemocoel; lu, ovarian lumen; nl, nucleolus; nu, nucleus; oc, maturating oocytes; se, sterile epithelium; st, stalk; vm, vitelline membrane.

Figure 6 in Position and development of oocytes in velvet worms shed light on the evolution of the ovary in Onychophora and Arthropoda

Figure 6. Internal organization of the pseudoendogenous ovary in Metaperipatus inae (A–E) and Metaperipatus blainvillei (F). Light micrographs (A, B) and transmission electron micrographs (C–F). A, cross-section of the ovary (dorsal is up). Note the lateral position of the crescent-shaped ovarian lumen (lu) and the central position of the germinal epithelium (ge). B, detail of stalked oocytes (oc) from the germinal epithelium, which do not bulge into the haemocoel but retain their position within the ovary. C, detail of cells (ce) surrounding a maturating oocytes in the germinal epithelium. D, detail of a stalk. Arrows indicate the intermediate filaments. E, detail of the lumen and ovarian epithelia. The epithelial cells are connected by an apical junction (arrowhead). F, lateral ovarian wall consisting of the sterile epithelium (se) and connective tissue containing muscle cells (mc), a haemocyte (he), and sperm (sh). Abbreviations: bl, basal lamina; ce, cells associated with an oocyte; cg, collagen fibres; ct, connective tissue; ge, germinal epithelium; hc, haemocoel; he, haemocyte; lu, ovarian lumen; mc, muscle cell; mv, microvilli; nl, nucleolus; nu, nucleus; oc, maturating oocyte; se, sterile epithelium; sh, sperm head; st, stalk; sw, sterile ovarian wall.

Figure 3 in Position and development of oocytes in velvet worms shed light on the evolution of the ovary in Onychophora and Arthropoda

Figure 3. Diagram of internal organization of the three major ovarian types in Onychophora: exogenous ovary (A, D), pseudoendogenous ovary (B, E), and endogenous ovary (C, F). A, cross-section of the exogenous ovary with separate ovarian tubes that occur, e.g. in Euperipatoides rowelli, Phallocephale tallagandensis, and Ooperipatellus insignis (Australian Peripatopsidae). B, cross-section of the pseudoendogenous ovary of Metaperipatus inae (Peripatopsidae, Chile). C, cross-section of the endogenous ovary of Epiperipatus biolleyi (Peripatidae, Costa Rica). Note the complete lack of a sterile epithelium. D, detail of the composition of the ovarian wall in Opisthopatus roseus (Peripatopsidae, South Africa). E, detail of the ovary in Met. inae. F, detail of the ovarian wall in Ep. biolleyi. Abbreviations: bl, basal lamina; ct, connective tissue; fc, flattened cell; ge, germinal epithelium; hc, haemocoel; lu, ovarian lumen; mc, muscle cell; oc, oocyte; se, sterile epithelium; st, stalk; tr, tracheae.

Figure 1 in Position and development of oocytes in velvet worms shed light on the evolution of the ovary in Onychophora and Arthropoda

Figure 1. Simplified diagrams of paired versus variously fused structure of the ovarian tubes in Onychophora. Tissues are represented in light grey, ovarian lumen in dark grey. A, exogenous ovary of Typhloperipatus williamsoni (South-East Asian Peripatidae). Modified and complemented according to descriptions given by Kemp (1914). B–D, exogenous ovaries in three species of Peripatopsidae. B, Euperipatoides rowelli (Australia). Note the completely separate ovarian tubes in the middle of the ovary and the fused ovarian lumens at the anterior and posterior ends. A similar ovarian organization has been described in Peripatoides novaezealandiae from New Zealand (Sheldon, 1890: fig. 26). C, Peripatopsis balfouri (South Africa, cf. Fig. 2A). Although the ovarian tubes are fused, their lumens are separate along their entire length. D, Opisthopatus roseus (South Africa). Note the unpaired ovarian structure with a single lumen. E, pseudoendogenous ovary of Metaperipatus inae (Peripatopsidae, Chile, cf. Fig. 2B) with fused ovarian tubes but separate lumens. F, endogenous ovary of Epiperipatus biolleyi (Neotropical Peripatidae, cf. Fig. 2C) with lumens communicating only at the posterior end. G, endogenous ovary of Mesoperipatus tholloni (Peripatidae, Tropical Africa), modified and complemented after Bouvier (1905). Each ovarian tube is completely separate in this species.

Figure 10 in Position and development of oocytes in velvet worms shed light on the evolution of the ovary in Onychophora and Arthropoda

Figure 10. Mapping of three major types of onychophoran ovaries on simplified trees representing three different hypotheses on the phylogenetic relationships of Onychophora. Onychophoran subgroups are designated by their geographical distribution. Note that the suggestion of the exogenous type as an ancestral feature of Onychophora is consistent with all three phylogenetic hypotheses. A, both Peripatopsidae and Peripatidae are monophyletic (phylogeny modified from Monge-Nájera, 1995: fig. 10). B, Peripatidae are nonmonophyletic (phylogeny simplified from Reid, 1996: fig. 29). C, Peripatopsidae are nonmonophyletic (phylogeny simplified from Reid, 1996: fig. 28).

Figure 11 in Cranial morphology of Bachia bicolor (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) and its postnatal development

Figure 11. Right orbitosphenoid of neonate in dorsal view. Anterior to the top (UIS-R-1452). A, photograph. B, schematic drawing where cartilage is represented in black; mineralization of membranous ossifications is represented in grey, and endochondral ossification is represented in white. Scale bar = 0.25 mm.

Figure 8 in Cranial morphology of Bachia bicolor (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) and its postnatal development

Figure 8. Neonate skull and mandible of Bachia bicolor (UIS-R-1452). White dotted areas denote cartilage; black dotted areas denote scattered mineralization, suggesting membranous ossification. A, skull, lateral view. B, skull, ventral view. C, skull, dorsal view. D, mandible, lingual view. E, mandible, labial view. Key: ar, articular bone; bcf, basicranial fenestra; et, egg tooth; frpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; mc, Meckel's cartilage; nc, nasal cupola; or, orbitosphenoid; pa, processus ascendens of the tectum synoyicum; potf, post-temporal fossa; sa, surangular; sap, spheno-occipital tubercle apophyseal ossification; tc, trabecula communis. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 9 in Cranial morphology of Bachia bicolor (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) and its postnatal development

Figure 9. Progressive closure of the frontoparietal fontanelle fusion of frontals and parietals, and the differentiation of the frontoparietal suture during postnatal development. White dotted areas denote mineralization, suggesting membranous ossification in the neonate. The fontanelle is highlighted in grey. A, neonate (UIS-R-1452). B, UISR-1451. C, UISR-1245. D, full-grown adult (UIS-R-1442). Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 6. Palatal bones. A in Cranial morphology of Bachia bicolor (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) and its postnatal development

Figure 6. Palatal bones. A, vomer, dorsal view. B, vomer, lateral view. C, articulated vomer and septomaxilla in lateral view. D, articulated vomer and septomaxilla in ventral view. E, articulated palatine and pterygoid in dorsal view. Key: ap, anterior process; al, anterolateral process; cf, columellar fossa; dc, dorsal crest; fjo, fenestra for the Jacobson's organ; lp, lateral process; mp, maxillary process; plp, posterolateral process; pmp, posteromedial process; ptp, pterigoid process; qp, quadrate process; smx, septomaxilla; tf, transverse flange; tp, transverse process; v, vomer; vc, ventral crest; vp, vomerine process. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 10 in Cranial morphology of Bachia bicolor (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) and its postnatal development

Figure 10. Progressive ossification of the trabecular cartilage and the cartilage trabecula communis, showing morphological intraspesific variation in the basisphenoid rostrum during postnatal development. Ventral view. A, neonate (UIS-R-1452). B, UIS-R-1451. C, UISR-1443. D, UISR-1437. E, full ossified adult (UIS-R-1453). Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figure 4 in Cranial morphology of Bachia bicolor (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) and its postnatal development

Figure 4. Overlapped surfaces of nasal, frontal, and parietal in dorsal view, denoted by dashed lines. Key: frf, frontal facets on the parietal; ns, nasal shelves; tp, triangular processes. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 2 in Cranial morphology of Bachia bicolor (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) and its postnatal development

Figure 2. The hyoid apparatus of Bachia bicolor. Dotted areas denote cartilage. Key: b, basihyal; cbI, first ceratobranchial; eh, epihyal; hc, hyoid cornus; pl, processus lingualis. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 1 in Cranial morphology of Bachia bicolor (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) and its postnatal development

Figure 1. Adult skull and mandible of Bachia bicolor (UIS-R-1459). A, skull, lateral view. B, skull, palatal view. C, skull, dorsal view. D, left mandible, lingual view. E, left mandible, labial view. F, skull, posterior view. Dashed lines in (F) indicate the sutures between the neurocranial elements. Key: an, angular; ca, columella; ci, crista interfenestralis; cor, coronoid; ct, crista tuberalis; d, dentary; ecp, ectopterygoid; ep, epipterygoid; f, frontal; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; or, orbitosphenoid; p, parietal; paocp, paroccipital process; pasc, supraoccipital processus ascendens; pdc, postdentary compound bone; pl, palatine; pmx, premaxilla; pof, postfrontal; por, postorbital; prf, prefrontal; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; soct, spheno-occipital tubercle; smx, septomaxilla; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; tb, tympanic bulla; v, vomer; X, vagal foramen; XII, hypoglossal foramina. Scale bar = 1 mm.

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Fig. 11 in Unusual early development in a cyclostome bryozoan from the Ukrainian Miocene

Fig. 11: Model of larval metamorphosis in the Polupanivka Miocene cyclostome compared with a conventional cyclostome (based on NIELSEN 1970: fig. 2, 1995: fig. 24.3). The ciliated larva (far left) is vertically sectioned to reveal the apical invagination (black) and the invaginated adhesive sac (grey). Normally (top row) during metamorphosis the adhesive sac evaginates to attach the larva to a substrate. However, in the Polupanivka Miocene cyclostome (bottom row), evagination of the adhesive sac apparently occurred while the larva was still floating in the plankton and the adhesive sac no role in attaching the larva to a substrate.

Figure 11 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 11. The shells of the holotypes of the four new species. A, Bostrycapulus latebrus (FMNH 282358). B, B. odites (Natal Museum V9447/T1783). C, B. pritzkeri (Australian Museum #C400000). D, B. urraca (ANSP 412178). Scale bar = 10 mm.

Figure 4 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 4. Unrooted haplotype network of COI sequences from Bostrycapulus calyptraeformis. Slashes on branches show the number of differences between the haplotypes. Branches without slashes have a length of one. Size of the circles represent the number of individuals with that haplotype.

Figure 1 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 1. Photographs of (A) Bostrycapulus calyptraeformis from Venado Beach in Panama and (B) B. odites sp. nov. from the subtidal of Playa Orengo (the three shells on the right) and the intertidal zone of nearby San Antonio Oeste (the shell on the left), Argentina. Both plates show the variation in shell colour and spine development found in samples collected from the same site. Samples from within a site do not differ in more than three or four base pairs in COI sequences. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Figure 8. A, 2 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 8. A, 2-week-old larva of Bostrycapulus calyptraeformis showing the velar pigment, shell sculpture (on the top of the shell) and large foot. Scale bar = 300 Mm. B, intracapsular larva of B. aculeatus showing the welldeveloped velum with pigment spots and body pigmentation. Scale bar = 200 Mm.

Figure 7 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 7. Embryos of Bostrycapulus urraca sp. nov. A, early postgastrula stage where the embryo is covered with a thin ciliated epithelium. B, mid-veliger stage, showing the granulated shell sculpture, the operculum behind the well-developed foot, the single embryonic kidneys and the reduced velum. C, Hatching stage, showing the well-developed shell sculpture. Scale bar = 150 Mm.

Figure 3 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 3. The Bayesian best estimate topology of the phylogeny of Bostrycapulus based on 16S. Numbers above the branches represent bootstrap percentages and those below the branches are Bayesian support. Branches are labelled with the collecting locality and the individual code. * = type individual.