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4,489 results for “transitivity”
Figure 14 in A new genus and species of eomysticetid (Cetacea: Mysticeti) and a reinterpretation of 'Mauicetus' lophocephalus Marples, 1956: Transitional baleen whales from the upper Oligocene of New Zealand
Figure 14. Axial skeleton and radius of Tokarahia kauaeroa gen. et sp. nov. holotype (OU 22235): A, associated and articulated ribs, thoracic vertebrae, and radius; B, thoracic vertebra I in anterior view (A) and posterior view (B); D, E, thoracic vertebra B and C in anterior view; F, G, left ribs in posterior view (F) and anterior view (G).
Figure 7 in A new genus and species of eomysticetid (Cetacea: Mysticeti) and a reinterpretation of 'Mauicetus' lophocephalus Marples, 1956: Transitional baleen whales from the upper Oligocene of New Zealand
Figure 7. Holotype left periotic (OU 22235) of Tokarahia kauaeroa gen. et sp. nov., whitened with ammonium chloride: A, ventral; B, dorsal; C, medial; D, lateral.
Figure 6 in A new genus and species of eomysticetid (Cetacea: Mysticeti) and a reinterpretation of 'Mauicetus' lophocephalus Marples, 1956: Transitional baleen whales from the upper Oligocene of New Zealand
Figure 6. Detail of internal acoustic meatus of Tokarahia kauaeroa gen. et sp. nov. holotype (OU 22235) right periotic: A, photograph; B, interpretive line drawing.
Figure 8 in A new genus and species of eomysticetid (Cetacea: Mysticeti) and a reinterpretation of 'Mauicetus' lophocephalus Marples, 1956: Transitional baleen whales from the upper Oligocene of New Zealand
Figure 8. Comparison of eomysticetid periotics in ventral view, whitened with ammonium chloride: A, holotype left periotic of Eomysticetus whitmorei (reversed); B, holotype right periotic of Tohoraata raekohao; C, holotype right periotic of T. kauaeroa gen. et sp. nov.; D, referred right periotic of Tokarahia sp., cf. T. kauaeroa gen. et sp. nov.; E, holotype right pars cochlearis of Tokarahia lophocephalus; F, referred right periotic of Tokarahia sp., cf. T. lophocephalus.
Figure 2 in A new genus and species of eomysticetid (Cetacea: Mysticeti) and a reinterpretation of 'Mauicetus' lophocephalus Marples, 1956: Transitional baleen whales from the upper Oligocene of New Zealand
Figure 2. Excavation of the Tokarahia kauaeroa gen. et sp. nov. holotype skull and skeleton: A, exposure of the skull and mandibles in a ventral-up position;B, removal of the large jacket containing the skull.
Figure 11 in A new genus and species of eomysticetid (Cetacea: Mysticeti) and a reinterpretation of 'Mauicetus' lophocephalus Marples, 1956: Transitional baleen whales from the upper Oligocene of New Zealand
Figure 11. Holotype left tympanic bulla (OU 22235) of Tokarahia kauaeroa gen. et sp. nov., whitened with ammonium chloride: A, medial; B, lateral; C, dorsal; D, ventral.
Figure 10 in A new genus and species of eomysticetid (Cetacea: Mysticeti) and a reinterpretation of 'Mauicetus' lophocephalus Marples, 1956: Transitional baleen whales from the upper Oligocene of New Zealand
Figure 10. Holotype right tympanic bulla (OU 22235) of Tokarahia kauaeroa gen. et sp. nov., whitened with ammonium chloride: A, medial; B, lateral; C, dorsal; D, ventral; E, posterior; F, anterior.
Figure 5 in A new nothrotheriid xenarthran from the early Pliocene of Pomata-Ayte (Bolivia): new insights into the caniniform-molariform transition in sloths
Figure 5. Photographs of the left humeri MNHN-Bol-V 012875 (A, B) and MNHN-Bol-V 003787 (C, D) referred to juvenile specimens of Aymaratherium jeani gen. nov., sp. nov. in anterior (A, C, proximal towards top and medial towards left) and posterior (B, D, anterior towards top, medial towards left) views. Scale bar = 50 mm.
Figure 1 in A new nothrotheriid xenarthran from the early Pliocene of Pomata-Ayte (Bolivia): new insights into the caniniform-molariform transition in sloths
Figure 1. Location map of the fossil-bearing locality of Pomata-Ayte. Left and centre, general location map; right, geographical location of Pomata-Ayte from which Aymaratherium jeani gen. nov., sp. nov. was recovered.
Figure 10 in A new nothrotheriid xenarthran from the early Pliocene of Pomata-Ayte (Bolivia): new insights into the caniniform-molariform transition in sloths
Figure 10. Hypothetical life reconstruction of Aymaratherium jeani gen. nov., sp. nov. by Jorge Gonzalez.
Figure 9 in A new nothrotheriid xenarthran from the early Pliocene of Pomata-Ayte (Bolivia): new insights into the caniniform-molariform transition in sloths
Figure 9. Most parsimonious trees (MPT1 and MPT2) and strict consensus tree (SCT) obtained based on phylogenetic analysis of nothrotheres using TNT (Goloboff et al., 2008a,b). Tree length = 114 steps, CI = 0.719, RI = 0.584; numbers at each node represent, from left to right, Bremer support, Bootstrap and Jackknife values. The SCT is illustrated in chronostratigraphic context, following the known stratigraphical ranges for the relevant taxa.
FIGURE. Map and phytophysiognomies of occurrence of species of Chamaecrista ser. Paniculatae. A. South America map highlighting the Phytogeographic Domain of Cerrado. B. Transition between Cerrado and Caatinga (Grão Mogol State Park, Minas Gerais). C. Cerrado típico (Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, Goiás). D. Cerrado ralo (Jalapão State Park, Tocantins). E. Cerrado denso (Serra de Cladas Novas State Park, Goiás). F. Campo rupestre (Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, Goiás). G. Cerrado rupestre (Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, Goiás). in Taxonomic review of Chamaecrista sect. Absus subsect. Absus ser. Paniculatae (Benth.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae)
FIGURE. Map and phytophysiognomies of occurrence of species of Chamaecrista ser. Paniculatae. A. South America map highlighting the Phytogeographic Domain of Cerrado. B. Transition between Cerrado and Caatinga (Grão Mogol State Park, Minas Gerais). C. Cerrado típico (Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, Goiás). D. Cerrado ralo (Jalapão State Park, Tocantins). E. Cerrado denso (Serra de Cladas Novas State Park, Goiás). F. Campo rupestre (Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, Goiás). G. Cerrado rupestre (Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, Goiás).
Myoglobin primary structure reveals multiple convergent transitions to semi-aquatic life in the world's smallest mammalian divers
<p>Identifying the phylogenomic underpinnings of specialized phenotypes that fueled evolutionary transitions into new adaptive zones is central to evolutionary biology. The order Eulipotyphla (e.g., moles, shrews, and hedgehogs) is ideally suited to address this question as semi-fossorial, fossorial, and semi-aquatic forms have repeatedly arisen from terrestrial forbearers. However, our understanding of the ecomorphological pathways leading to these diverse lifestyles has been confounded by a fragmentary fossil record and potential morphological convergence. The net surface charge of myoglobin (<i>Z</i><sub>Mb</sub>) is readily determined from its primary structure and provides an objective target to map ancient evolutionary transitions due to mechanistic linkages of <i>Z</i><sub>Mb</sub> with myoglobin concentration. Myoglobin facilitates O<sub>2</sub> storage and transport in muscle and its concentration is sharply elevated in breath-hold divers relative to terrestrial mammals, with fossorial and high-elevation species only showing minor increases. Here we trace the evolution of <i>Z</i><sub>Mb</sub> to unravel the history of lifestyle transitions in the clade containing the world's smallest endothermic divers. We first constructed a comprehensive phylogeny that resolved previously intractable intra-family relationships, and confirmed that <i>Z</i><sub>Mb</sub> accurately predicts aquatic habits within Eulipotyphla. Ancestral reconstructions of <i>Z</i><sub>Mb</sub>, which included representatives from all seven recognized semi-aquatic genera, provide key insights into the timing and mode of adaptations that underpin the evolution of the diverse ecomorphotypes within Eulipotyphla, and unambiguously revealed that semi-aquatic lifestyles evolved twice in moles, and three times in shrews. Our phylogenetically informed analysis supports <i>Z</i><sub>Mb</sub> as an effective tool to trace ancient secondary aquatic transitions of mammals based on protein sequence alone.</p>
Diversity patterns and community structure of the macrofauna along the beach-inland transition zone of small tropical islands: supporting raw data and code
<p>Biodiversity follows distinct and observable patterns. Where to systems meet, biodiversity is often increased, due to overlapping occurrence ranges and the presence of specialized species that can tolerate the dynamic conditions of the transition zones. One of the most pronounced transition zones occurs at shores, where oceans and terrestrial habitat collide, forming the shore-inland transition zone. The relevance of this transition zone in shaping a system's community structure is particularly pronounced on small islands due to their high shore-to-inland-area ratio. However, the community structure of insular faunas along this transition zone is unknown. Here, we investigated the diversity patterns along the beach-inland transition zone of small islands and tested the hypothesis that species diversity increases towards the transition zone where beach and interior habitat meet. By measuring environmental parameters, resource availability, and macrofauna diversity along transects running across the beach-inland transition zone, we show that a gradual change in species composition from beach to the inland exists, but neither taxa richness, Shannon diversity, nor overall abundance change significantly. These findings give important insight into insular community structure at the transition zone from sea to land that are relevant to better understand the dynamic and unique characteristics of insular ecosystems.</p>
Are evolutionary transitions in sexual size dimorphism related to sex determination in reptiles? - Electronic supplementary material
<p class="western"><span><span><span><span>Sex determination systems are highly variable in vertebrates, although neither the causes nor the implications of this diversity are fully understood. Theory suggests that sex determination is expected to relate to sexual size dimorphism, because environmental sex determination promotes sex-specific developmental bias in embryonic growth rates. Furthermore, selection for larger size in one sex or the other has been proposed to drive the evolution of different genetic sex determination systems. Here we investigate whether sex determination systems relate to adult sexual size dimorphism, using 250 species of reptiles (Squamata, Testudines, Crocodylia) representing 26 families. Using phylogenetically informed analyses, we find that sexual size dimorphism is associated with sex determination: species with TSDIa sex determination (i.e. in which the proportion of female offspring increases with incubation temperature), have more female-biased size dimorphism than species with TSDII (i.e., species in which males are produced at mid temperatures). We also found a trend that species with TSD ancestors had more male-biased size dimorphism in XY sex-chromosome systems than in ZW sex-chromosome systems. Taken together, our results support the prediction that sexual size dimorphism is linked to sex-dependent developmental variations caused by environmental factors and also by sex chromosomes. Since the extent of size dimorphism is related to various behavioural, ecological and life-history differences between sexes, our results imply profound impacts of sex determination systems for vertebrate diversity.</span></span></span></span></p>
Mantle transition zone topography and low-velocity zone locations in the Yellowstone Region
<p>Earth's mantle transition zone (MTZ) is a possible global water reservoir and may be responsible for long-term (~100 Ma) ocean-mass regulation. Estimates of water capacities in MTZ minerals are ~1 wt%, far greater than that of rocks of the surrounding mantle. When water-rich material is displaced from the MTZ, partial melting occurs, generating a sharp reduction in seismic velocities detectable with seismic receiver functions (RFs). We estimated RFs for the MTZ beneath the Yellowstone region using earthquakes recorded by ~200 stations of the Earthscope Transportable Array. We found many LVZs both above and below the MTZ, consistent with water release upon phase transformation of hydrated MTZ rock into upper- and lower-mantle mineral assemblages with low water capacities. The locations of LVZs are consistent with mid-mantle flow induced by descent of a Farallon-slab fragment and ascent of the deeply-rooted Yellowstone plume as imaged by seismic tomography.</p>
Brittle-ductile transition depth dataset
<p>Dataset for paper: Byrne et al. (2021) The Effects of Planetary and Stellar Parameters on Brittle Lithospheric Thickness, <em>J. Geophys. Res. Planets</em></p> <p>Dataset consists of 16 data files. Each data file gives brittle-ductile transition depth as a function of surface gravity, surface temperature, mantle temperature, and lithosphere thickness. Calculations were performed with a MATLAB code, available at Foley (2021) Brittle-ductile transition code. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5560138. </p> <p>The file format is as follows-Column1: surface gravity in m/s<sup>2</sup>; Column 2: surface temperature in K; Column 3: effective cooling age of the lithosphere in Myrs; Column 4: mantle temperature in K; Column 5: surface heat flux in mW/m<sup>2</sup>; Column 6: Total lithosphere thickness in km; Column 7: Brittle-ductile transition depth in km </p> <p>File names denote additional parameters. All file names give as lowTplas_dry_... assume pore pressure on faults is 0, while files with names lowTplas_wet_... assume hydrostatic pore pressure. The values of the parameters p & q are given in the file names as _p12q2_ for models where p=0.5 and q=2, and _p1q2_ for models where p=1 and q=2. Finally, the assumed strain rate is appended at the end of the file names as _e1e-13 for strain rate = 10<sup>-</sup><sup>13</sup> 1/s, _e1e-14 for strain rate = 10<sup>-</sup><sup>14</sup> 1/s, _e1e-15 for strain rate = 10<sup>-</sup><sup>15</sup> 1/s, and _e1e-16 for strain rate = 10<sup>-</sup><sup>16</sup> 1/s. </p>
Gaia per-transit RV uncertainty
Part of the one-dataum project
2016 Mercury Transit Observations at BBSO / FISS
<p>Data on the May 9 2016 solar transit of Mercury from the FISS instrument at Big Bear Solar Observatory. Covers both the sodium D lines at R~1.4e5</p>
FIGURE 8 in The genus Cyphoderopsis Carpenter (Collembola: Paronellidae) in Thailand and a faunal transition at the Isthmus of Kra in Troglopedetinae
FIGURE 8. Cyphoderopsis cavicola sp. nov., continued, (A) Foot complex and distal part of tibiotarsus III; (B) Trochanteral organ; (C) Antero-lateral side of ventral tube; (D) Postero-lateral side of ventral tube; (E) Mucrodens; (F) Female genital plate.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.