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Faecal samples analysed per bat species for each location, season and habitat type in northern Madagascar
<p>This table is part of the PhD thesis of Carme Tuneu-Corral, entitled '<strong>Bats and rice: promoting Integrated Pest Management to enhance biodiversity conservation</strong>'. It is the <strong><em>Table A4.1 </em></strong>of the supplementary material of the Chapter 5 '<em>Beyond borders: evaluating the role of protected areas in promoting bat-mediated pest suppression in rural areas of northern Madagascar</em>', and compiles the information on the number of samples analysed per bat species for each location, season and habitat type. Buildings were all located in rural villages outside protected areas, and caves and forest were all located inside protected areas.</p> <p>Methodology: </p> <p>Due to the subtropical climate of this country, we sampled bats in two periods representing the two main seasons for both Amber Mountain and Ankarana. Dry and wet season vary slightly in timing and extent, and we adjusted the field periods to cover the end of the dry season (October – November 2022), and the end of the wet season (May 2023, as in April one of the protected areas was inaccessible due to the poor state of the road caused by heavy rains). French Mountain was visited only in the dry season (October – November 2022) due to logistic limitations. We used mist-nets and harp traps to sample insectivorous bats in protected areas and rural villages. Bat captures were conducted for 7-10 consecutive nights in each protected area, changing sampling points daily to cover a wider area. We sampled bats in a total of six caves and four forest points in Ankarana; six caves and two forest points in French Mountain; and 10 forest points in Amber Mountain (there are no known caves in this protected area). Three school buildings were visited at 16 km from Ankarana borders, two public buildings at 3 km from Amber Mountain borders, and two school buildings at 1 km from French Mountain borders. When sampling forest habitats, mist-nets and harp traps were installed 30 minutes before sunset and remained open for at least four hours. When sampling bats at roost entrances (caves inside protected areas and buildings in rural villages), bats were captured before sunrise when returning to the colony after feeding. In these cases, we used mist-nets and harp traps set up four hours before dawn, which remained in place until 30 minutes after sunrise.</p> <p>All insectivorous bats captured were measured, weighed and identified using different bibliographic references. Bat captures and handling were conducted following guidelines approved by the American Society of Mammalogists (Sikes and Gannon, 2011). Bats were kept in clean cloth bags until they defecated, generally for a maximum of one hour. In case the bat individuals had not defecated within that time interval, they were released after being measured, weighted and identified. Faecal pellets of each individual were immediately collected and stored in 2 ml tubes with 95% ethanol and labelled accordingly. All bats were released at the same site where they were captured. We gathered a total of 500 samples to assess bat diet: 250 samples collected in the dry season and 250 samples in the wet season. The number of samples collected per species varied according to their rate of capture at the different sampling points.</p> <p>We were able to trap 15 different insectivorous bat species, 11 Madagascar endemics, and four regional endemics also occurring on nearby islands. Twelve bat species were captured exclusively inside the protected areas and those considered largely forest dependent are highlighted in bold (C<em>haerephon jobimena, Laephotis matroka, Macronycteris commersoni, Miniopterus aelleni, M. ambohitrensis, M. gleni, M. griveaudi, Myotis goudoti, Otomops madagascariensis, <strong>Paratriaenops auritus, Paremballonura tiavato</strong>, Triaenops menamena</em>), and two were captured exclusively outside the protected areas (<em>Chaerephon leucogaster, Mops leucostigma</em>). <em>Mormopterus jugularis</em> was the only species found roosting both in caves and buildings, although it was primarily captured in natural roosts in this study. We collected faecal samples for all these species, obtaining operational genetic material (i.e. OTUs representing more than 1% of the total dietary reads of each sample) from 454 of the 500 faecal samples analysed (Table A4.1). </p>
FIGURE 2 in A new genus, Ngankeecaris (Decapoda, Palaemonidae), with supplementary records of its type species, N. dardanicola (Bruce & Okuno, 2006) from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan
FIGURE 2. Ngankeecaris dardanicola (Bruce & Okuno, 2006) comb. nov. CMNH-ZC 2856, ♀, CL 4.3 mm. Fresh specimen, lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views. Photographs by R. Yoshida.
FIGURE 1 in A new genus, Ngankeecaris (Decapoda, Palaemonidae), with supplementary records of its type species, N. dardanicola (Bruce & Okuno, 2006) from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan
FIGURE 1. Ngankeecaris dardanicola (Bruce & Okuno, 2006) comb. nov. A, C, CMNH-ZC 2856, ♀, CL 4.3 mm; B, CMNHZC 1895, female (paratype of Periclimenes dardanicola), CL 3.6 mm. A, anterior part of carapace with rostrum, lateral; B, fourth and fifth thoracic sternites, ventral; C, right second pereiopod, distal part of merus, carpus and proximal part of palm, ventral.
FIGURES 1–4 in Taxonomy of the bee species Anthrenoides nigrinasis (Vachal, 1909) n. comb.: redescription of the type, description of the female, and new distribution records (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)
FIGURES 1–4. Lectotype male of Anthrenoides nigrinasis (Vachal) n. comb. 1, head in frontal view, 2, lateral habitus. 3, dorsal habitus. 4, ventral habitus. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURES 9–14 in Taxonomy of the bee species Anthrenoides nigrinasis (Vachal, 1909) n. comb.: redescription of the type, description of the female, and new distribution records (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)
FIGURES 9–14. Male genitalia and associated sterna of Anthrenoides nigrinasis (Vachal) n. comb. (Argentina, Tucumán). 9, S6 in ventral view. 10, S7 in ventral view. 11, S8 in ventral view. 12, genitalia in ventral view. 13, genitalia in dorsal view. 14, genitalia in lateral view. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.
FIGURES 5–8 in Taxonomy of the bee species Anthrenoides nigrinasis (Vachal, 1909) n. comb.: redescription of the type, description of the female, and new distribution records (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)
FIGURES 5–8. Female of Anthrenoides nigrinasis (Vachal) n. comb. (Argentina, Tucumán). 5, head in frontal view. 6, lateral habitus. 7, dorsal view of mesosoma. 4, ventral habitus. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURE 4 in Identification of type materials of the species of Protypotherium Ameghino, 1885 and Patriarchus Ameghino, 1889 (Notoungulata: Interatheriidae) erected by Florentino Ameghino
FIGURE 4. Patriarchus leptocephalus, holotype MACN-A 3989, incomplete skull, in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views. Patriarchus altus, holotype MACN-A 4001, incomplete skull, in ventral (C) and dorsal (D) views. Patriarchus icochiloides, holotype MACN-A 4021, right maxillary fragment with alveolus of P1 and P2–M3, in occlusal view (E); holotype MACN-A 4022, right mandibular fragment with alveoli of p2–3 and p4–m3, in occlusal view (F). Scale bar = 10 mm.
FIGURE 3 in Identification of type materials of the species of Protypotherium Ameghino, 1885 and Patriarchus Ameghino, 1889 (Notoungulata: Interatheriidae) erected by Florentino Ameghino
FIGURE 3. Patriarchus palmidens, holotype MACN-A 9651a, mandibular symphysis with right i1–p1 and left i1–2 and the alveolus of i3, in labial (A), occlusal (B) and antero-labial (C) views; reproductions of figures 2 (D), 2a (E) and 2b (F) from Ameghino (1889, plate 15). Patriarchus furculosus, syntype MACN-A 3970, left maxillary fragment with P2–M3, in occlusal view (G); syntype MACN-A 3972, right mandibular fragment with p2–m3, in occlusal view (H); syntype MACN-A 3977, incomplete skull, dorsal view (I). Patriarchus distortus, holotype MACN-A 9634 to MACN-A 9638: MACN-A 9634, skull, ventral (J) and dorsal (K) views; MACN-A 9636, proximal epiphysis of right femur, in anterior view (L); MACN-A 9637 and MACN-A 9638, proximal epiphyses of right tibia and fibula, articulated with the distal epiphysis of right femur, in lateral view (M). Patriarchus rectus, holotype MACN-A 4005, right maxillary fragment (vertically rotated) with alveolus of C and series P1–M3, in occlusal view (N); holotype MACN-A 4006, left maxillary fragment (vertically rotated) with M1–3, in occlusal view (O); holotype MACN-A 4007, mandibular fragment with incomplete symphysis, broken alveoli of left and right i1-2 and complete left i3–m3 series, in occlusal view (P). Patriarchus diastematus, holotype MACN-A 4044, two maxillae with alveoli of C–P1 and right P2–M3 and left P2–M2, in occlusal view (Q). Scale bar = 10 mm.
FIGURE 2 in Identification of type materials of the species of Protypotherium Ameghino, 1885 and Patriarchus Ameghino, 1889 (Notoungulata: Interatheriidae) erected by Florentino Ameghino
FIGURE 2. Protypotherium attenuatum, syntype MACN-A 524, left maxilla with P2–M3 but lacking P1, in occlusal view (A); syntype MACN-A 628, right fragmented mandible with alveoli of i1–3 and c (broken)–m1 but lacking m2–3, in labial (B) and occlusal (C) views; reproductions of figures 21 (D), 20 (E) and 20a (F) from Ameghino (1889, plate 14). Protypotherium obstructum, holotype MACN-A 1677, lower premolar in labial, oclusal and lingual views (G); reproduction of figure 19 (H) from Ameghino (1889, plate 15). Protypotherium claudum, holotype MACN-A 551, right mandibular fragment with alveolus of p2 and p3–m2, in labial (I) and occlusal (J) views; reproductions of figures 22 (K) and 22a (L) from Ameghino (1889, plate 14). Protypotherium globosum, holotype MACN-A 4049, skull, in ventral (M) and dorsal (N) views. Protypotherium convexidens, holotype MACN-A 4054, right maxillary fragment with P3–M2 (broken), in occlusal view (O). Protypotherium diversidens, holotype MACN-A 4052, right maxillary fragment with alveolus of P1 and P2–M3, in occlusal view (P). Protypotherium compressidens, holotype MACN-A 4029, left maxillary fragment with P3–M3, in occlusal view (Q); holotype MACN-A 4030, left mandibular fragment with p4 (talonid)–m3, in occlusal view (R). Protypotherium lineare, holotype MACN-A 4039, right mandibular fragment with alveolus of p1 and p2–m1, in occlusal view (S); holotype MACN-A 4038, left mandibular fragment with p3–m2, in occlusal view (T). Scale bar = 10 mm.
FIGURE 1. Protypotherium antiquum, lectotype ZMK 21 in Identification of type materials of the species of Protypotherium Ameghino, 1885 and Patriarchus Ameghino, 1889 (Notoungulata: Interatheriidae) erected by Florentino Ameghino
FIGURE 1. Protypotherium antiquum, lectotype ZMK 21/1877, right mandibular fragment with p4-m3, in labial (A) and occlusal (B) views; reproductions of figures 1 (C) and 1a (D) from Ameghino (1889, plate 15); and MACN-A 1288, cast of lectotype, in labial (E) and occlusal (F) views. Protypotherium australe, MACN-A 1338, cast of the holotype, in occlusal view (G). Protypotherium praerutilum, holotype MACN-A 1081, incomplete skull, in ventral (H) and dorsal (I) views; holotype MACN-A 1082, incomplete mandible, in lateral (J) and occlusal (K) views; reproductions of figures 6 (L) and 6a (M) from Ameghino (1889, plate 14); reproductions of figures 7 (N) and 7a (O) from Ameghino (1889, plate 14). Scale bar = 10 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Both non-type species of Molytophilus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae) are transferred to Oreoscotus
FIGURE 1. Molytophilus carinatus. Lectotype (A–E), paralectotype (F) and a non-type specimen from Somalia (G). Habitus, dorsal (A, G), lateral (B) and ventral (F); aedeagus dorsal (C), ventral (D) and lateral (E).
FIGURE 2 in Both non-type species of Molytophilus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae) are transferred to Oreoscotus
FIGURE 2. Holotypes of Oreoscotus affinis (Hustache, 1936) comb. n. (A, B; image copyright: NHMUK) and O. puncticollis (Hustache, 1936) comb. n. (C, D).
FIGURE 2 in Two new species of bent toed geckos, Cyrtodactylus Gray, 1827 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Northeast India with comments on name-bearing types from the region
FIGURE 2. Dorsal and ventral view of Cyrtodactylus khasiensis (female lectotype BMNH 1906.8.10.4) (A–B), C. gubernatoris (male holotype ZSIK 17275) (C–D) and Cyrtodactylus himalayicus comb. nov. (male holotype ZSIK 15716) (E– F). Scale bars 10 mm.
FIGURE 6 in Two new species of bent toed geckos, Cyrtodactylus Gray, 1827 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Northeast India with comments on name-bearing types from the region
FIGURE 6. Cyrtodactylus bhupathyi sp. nov. in life (female holotype BNHS 2255; A), Cyrtodactylus tripuraensis sp. nov. in life (paratype BNHS 2236; B).
FIGURE 9 in Two new species of bent toed geckos, Cyrtodactylus Gray, 1827 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Northeast India with comments on name-bearing types from the region
FIGURE 9. Cyrtodactylus tripuraensis sp. nov. in life, paratypes: female BNHS 2230 (A), male BNHS 2243 (B), male BNHS 2238 (C), female BNHS 2240 (D), male BNHS 2236 (E).
FIGURE 1 in Two new species of bent toed geckos, Cyrtodactylus Gray, 1827 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Northeast India with comments on name-bearing types from the region
FIGURE 1. Elevation map of Indo-Burma showing the type localities of the new species and other Cyrtodactylus west of the Ayeyarwaddy. 1, Cyrtodactylus markuscombaii and C. martinstolii; 2, Cyrtodactylus himalayicus comb. nov.; 3, Cyrtodactylus bhupathyi sp. nov.; 4, C. gubernatoris; 5, C. khasiensis; 6, Cyrtodactylus tripuraensis sp. nov.; 7, C. ayeyarwadyensis; 8, C. gansi; 9, C. slowinskii; 10, C. annandalei; 11, C. mandalayensis; 12, C. russelii; 13, C. tamaiensis; 14, C. cayuensis. Latitude and longitude marked in increments of 2°.
FIGURE 8 in Two new species of bent toed geckos, Cyrtodactylus Gray, 1827 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Northeast India with comments on name-bearing types from the region
FIGURE 8. Head of Cyrtodactylus tripuraensis sp. nov. (male holotype, BNHS 2244), dorsal (A), lateral (B) and ventral (C) view. Scale bars 10 mm.
FIGURE 4 in Two new species of bent toed geckos, Cyrtodactylus Gray, 1827 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Northeast India with comments on name-bearing types from the region
FIGURE 4. Dorsal view (A), ventral view (B) and details of dorsal pholidosis (C) of Cyrtodactylus bhupathyi sp. nov. (female holotype, BNHS 2255). Scale bars 10 mm.
FIGURE 5 in Two new species of bent toed geckos, Cyrtodactylus Gray, 1827 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Northeast India with comments on name-bearing types from the region
FIGURE 5. Head of Cyrtodactylus bhupathyi sp. nov. (female holotype, BNHS 2255), dorsal (A), lateral (B) and ventral (C) view. Scale bars 10 mm.
FIGURE 3. Male Cyrtodactylus khasiensis BNHS 2249 in Two new species of bent toed geckos, Cyrtodactylus Gray, 1827 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Northeast India with comments on name-bearing types from the region
FIGURE 3. Male Cyrtodactylus khasiensis BNHS 2249 (A) and male C. gubernatoris BNHS 2207 (B) in life.
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