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5,108 results for “North America”
Systemic infection of Bryoria (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota) by Athelia (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) in western North America
<p><em><span>Bryoria</span></em><span> (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) is one of the dominant genera of hair lichens in western North America and is characteristic of high-elevation conifer forest ecosystems. In areas where <em>Bryoria</em> is abundant, it is common to find thalli in which the thalline filaments become conglutinated, forming brittle dead zones. After sampling <em>Bryoria</em> <em>thalli</em> across western Canada and the northwestern United States at different times of the year, we found this dieback phenomenon is associated with the winter growth of a mold-forming basidiomycete. We report that this fungus belongs to <em>Athelia</em> (Atheliaceae, Basidiomycota) a genus known to contain lichen pathogens, most notably <em>A. arachnoidea</em>. By sequencing a combination of genetic markers – nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS), partial nuc 28S rDNA (28S), and partial translation elongation factor 1-α (<em>TEF1</em>) – paired with morphometric analyses, we reveal the involvement of at least three additional lineages of lichen-associated <em>Athelia</em> and describe one as a new species, <em>Athelia abscondita</em>. <em>A. abscondita</em> is morphologically distinguished from other <em>Athelia</em> species by its basidia and basidiospores, was found to frequently infect members of <em>Bryoria</em> sect. <em>Implexae</em>, and was occasionally on other foliose and fruticose species within Parmeliaceae.</span></p>
Snakes on a plain: Complex biotic and abiotic factors determine venom variation in North America's widest-ranging rattlesnake
<p><strong>Background</strong>. Snake venoms are trophic adaptations that represent an ideal model to examine the evolutionary factors that shape polymorphic traits under strong natural selection. Venom compositional variation is substantial within and among venomous snake species. However, the forces shaping this phenotypic complexity, as well as the potential integrated roles of biotic and abiotic factors, have received little attention. Here, we investigate geographic variation in venom composition in a wide-ranging rattlesnake (<em>Crotalus viridis viridis</em>) and contextualize this variation by investigating dietary, phylogenetic, and environmental variables that covary with venom.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>. Using shotgun proteomics, venom biochemical profiling, and lethality assays, we identify 2 distinct divergent phenotypes that characterize major axes of venom variation in this species: a myotoxin-rich phenotype and a snake venom metalloprotease (SVMP)-rich phenotype. We find that dietary availability and temperature-related abiotic factors are correlated with geographic trends in venom composition.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong>. Our findings highlight the potential for snake venoms to vary extensively within species, for this variation to be driven by biotic and abiotic factors, and for the importance of integrating biotic and abiotic variation for understanding complex trait evolution. Links between venom variation and variation in biotic and abiotic factors indicate that venom variation likely results from substantial geographic variation in selection regimes that determine the efficacy of venom phenotypes across populations and snake species. Our results highlight the <a>implicit </a>influence of abiotic factors on biotic factors that ultimately shape venom phenotype, providing evidence for a central role of local selection as a key driver of venom variation.</p>
Figure 2 in Identification of Chironomus (Chironomus) melanescens Keyl, 1962 in North America
Figure 2. Anal tubule of North American larva.
Ecogeographic drivers of the spatial spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in Europe and North America, 2016–2022
<p>H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 have caused outbreaks in Europe among wild and domestic birds since 2016 and were introduced to North America via wild migratory birds in December 2021. We examined the spatiotemporal extent of HPAI viruses across continents and characterize ecological and environmental predictors of virus spread between geographic regions through constructing a Bayesian phylodynamic generalized linear model (phylodynamic-GLM). Findings demonstrate localized epidemics of H5Nx throughout Europe in the first several years of the epizootic, followed by a singular branching point where H5N1 viruses were introduced to North America, likely via stopover locations throughout the North Atlantic. Once in the US, H5Nx viruses spread at a greater rate between US-based regions and no evidence demonstrated spread back to any European region. We establish that geographic proximity is a predictor of virus spread between regions, which implies that inter-continental transport across the Atlantic Ocean is relatively rare. Increase in mean ambient temperature over time was predictive of reduced H5Nx virus spread, which may reflect the effect of climate change on declines in host species abundance, decreased persistence of the virus in the environment, or changes in migratory patterns due to ecological alterations. Our data provide new knowledge about the spread and directionality of H5Nx virus dispersal in Europe and North America during an actively evolving inter-continental outbreak, including predictors of virus movement between regions, which will contribute to surveillance and mitigation strategies as the outbreak unfolds, and in future instances of uncontained avian spread of HPAI viruses.</p>
Data from: A test of the green wave hypothesis in omnivorous brown bears across North America
<p>Herbivorous animals tend to seek out plants at intermediate phenological states to improve energy intake while minimizing consumption of fibrous material. In some ecosystems, the timing of green-up is heterogeneous and propagates across space in a wave-like pattern, known as the green wave. Tracking the green wave allows individuals to prolong access to higher-quality forage. While there is a plethora of empirical support for such behavior in herbivorous taxa, the green wave hypothesis (GWH) is nuanced based on factors such as body morphometrics and digestive capacity. Furthermore, little is known about whether other taxa, such as omnivores, track the green wave. Our objective was to assess whether the GWH can be extended to explain the movements of omnivores. Using GPS collar data from seven populations (n = 127 individuals) of brown bears (<em>Ursus</em> <em>arctos</em>) across their entire North American range, we first tested whether bears tracked the green wave. Using conditional resource selection functions, we found that variation in proxies of vegetative forage quality better-explained movement and habitat selection than proxies of forage biomass in over half of the bears in our study, providing evidence of green wave tracking. Second, we assess factors that explained variation in green wave tracking using linear mixed-effects models. Green wave tracking in brown bears was explained by the variation in availability of green-up within spring home ranges, and how green-up transitioned across those home ranges. Our results demonstrate that the GWH can partially explain movement of a non-migratory omnivorous species, extending the generality of the GWH as a broad predictor of animal space use. The green wave is another resource wave brown bears track, and our findings help predict brown bear space use, which can be used to guide conservation and habitat restoration efforts.</p>
Fig. 35 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 35. Known distribution of Tolteca Huber, 2000.
Population genomic analysis of an emerging pathogen Lonsdalea quercina affecting various species of oaks in western North America
<p>Previously unrecognized diseases continue to threaten the health of forest ecosystems globally. Understanding processes leading to disease emergence is important for effective disease management and prevention of future epidemics. Utilizing whole genome sequencing, we studied the phylogenetic relationship and within diversity of two populations of the bacterial oak pathogen <em>Lonsdalea</em> <em>quercina</em> from western North America (Colorado and California) and compared these populations to other <em>Lonsdalea</em> species found worldwide. Phylogenetic analysis separated Colorado and California populations into two well-supported clades within the genus <em>Lonsdalea</em>, with an average nucleotide identity between them near species boundaries (95.31%) for bacteria, suggesting long isolation. Populations comprise distinct patterns in genetic structure and distribution. Genotypes collected from different host species and habitats were randomly distributed within the California cluster, while most Colorado isolates from introduced planted trees were distinct from isolates collected from a natural stand of CO native <em>Q. gambelii,</em> indicating the presence of cryptic population structure. The distribution of clones in California varied, while Colorado clones were always collected from neighboring trees. Despite its recent emergence, the Colorado population had higher nucleotide diversity, possibly due to migrants moving with nursery stock. Overall results suggest independent pathogen emergence in two states likely driven by changes in host-microbe interactions due to ecosystem conditions changing. To our knowledge, this is the first study on <em>L. quercina</em> population structure. Further studies are warranted to understand evolutionary relationships among <em>L. quercina</em> populations from different areas, including the native habitat of red oak in northeastern USA.</p>
Arctic warming drives striking 21st century ecosystem shifts in Great Slave Lake (Subarctic Canada), North America's deepest lake
<p>Great Slave Lake, one of the world's largest and North America's deepest lake, has undergone an aquatic ecosystem transformation in response to 21st-century accelerated Arctic warming that is unparalleled in at least the past two centuries. Algal remains from a series of high-resolution palaeolimnological records retrieved from the West Basin provide baseline limnological data that we compared to historical limnological and phycological surveys undertaken on Great Slave Lake between the 1940s and 1990s. We document the rapid restructuring of algal community composition ca. 2000 CE that is consistent with recent increases in regional air temperature, as well as declines in ice cover and wind speed, that would collectively alter habitats for aquatic biota (e.g. thermal regime, vertical mixing, turbidity, light and nutrients). This new limnological regime initiated the first observation of scaled chrysophytes and favoured the rapid proliferation of small planktonic cyclotelloid diatoms that replaced the long-established dominance of large filamentous <em>Aulacoseira islandica</em> in West Basin sedimentary assemblages. Such rapid transformations in the primary producers of this socio-ecologically valuable "northern Great Lake" may have widespread implications for the entire food web with unknown consequences for aquatic ecosystem functioning and fisheries, which many northern and Indigenous communities depend upon.</p>
Follow-up Study to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of a HPV Vaccine (580299) in North America
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00546078. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 2. Publications: 1.
Flibanserin for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Postmenopausal Women in North America
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01057901. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 2. Publications: 1.
A Study of Lanadelumab in Persons With Hereditary Angioedema (HAE) Type I or II in North America
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03845400. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 3. Publications: 4.
Multi-targeted management of upland game birds at the agroecosystem interface in Midwestern North America
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Leprocaulon beechingii (Leprocaulaceae), a new species from the southern Appalachian Mountains of eastern North America
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Data from: Population structure, genetic connectivity, and adaptation in the Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida) along the west coast of North America
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Mycorrhizal colonization and root diameter of native and invasive plants of eastern North America
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Habitat-scale ecological data for the <em>Adiantum pedatum</em> complex in northeastern North America
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Data from: A review of the lichen genus Phlyctis in North America (Phlyctidaceae) including the description of a new widespread saxicolous species from eastern North America
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Data from: Population genomic diversity and structure at the discontinuous southern range of the Great Gray Owl in North America
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Seasonality structures avian functional diversity and niche packing across North America
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Data From: Spatiotemporal synchrony of climate and fire across North America (1750-1880)
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.