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FIGURE 13 in Morphology and taxonomy of Isognomon spathulatus (Reeve, 1858), a cryptic bivalve from the mangroves of Thailand

FIGURE 13. Morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus (SEM; AMNH 319257; 63 mm). A—Right lateroventral view of ventral part of right ctenidium; B—Abfrontal surface of descending lamella of right demibranch in region of its fusion to ctenidial axis; close-up view of ciliated disks (inset); C—Right lateral view of middle part of right ctenidium; D—Abfrontal surface of lamella showing interfilamentar connections mediated by rows of ciliated disks. Abbreviations: cdr, row of ciliated disks; fg, food groove; id, inner demibranch; od, outer demibranch; ogf, ordinary gill filament; tf, tissue fusion. Scale bars: A: 200 Μm; B, C: 100 Μm; D: 500 Μm.

FIGURE 6 in Morphology and taxonomy of Isognomon spathulatus (Reeve, 1858), a cryptic bivalve from the mangroves of Thailand

FIGURE 6. Ligament and larval shell of Isognomon spathulatus (SEM; AMNH 319254). A—Right dorsolateral view of left (top) and right (bottom) prodissoconchs; B—Interior view of anterior region of left valve hinge showing terminal prodissoconch, anterior dentition, and ontogenetically earliest ligamental layers. Abbreviations: at, anterior subumbonal tooth; F1, ontogenetically first fibrous ligamental layer; mel, metamorphic line; P1, prodissoconch 1; P2, prodissoconch 2; re, resilifer. Scale bars: A: 150 Μm; B: 250 Μm.

FIGURE 12 in Morphology and taxonomy of Isognomon spathulatus (Reeve, 1858), a cryptic bivalve from the mangroves of Thailand

FIGURE 12. Morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus (transverse histological section, 5-µm, PAS stain of single inner demibranch; AMNH 319258; 52 mm). A—Section at distal-most edge of demibranch margin showing absence of serial interfilamentar tissue fusion; B—Section slightly proximal to that of A showing limited extent of interfilamental serial fusion restricted to narrow, median bridge; C—Section at mid-height of demibranch; D—Closeup of single lamella showing ciliation of ordinary filaments; E—Section though row of ciliated disks showing interfilamental junctions. Abbreviations: ac, apical cilia; cd, ciliated disk; fg, food groove; lc, lateral cilia; lfc, laterofrontal cilia; ogf, ordinary gill filament; tf, tissue fusion. Scale bars: A−C: 150 Μm; D: 50 µm; E: 100 µm.

FIGURE 5 in Morphology and taxonomy of Isognomon spathulatus (Reeve, 1858), a cryptic bivalve from the mangroves of Thailand

FIGURE 5. External and internal features of dorsal shell region of juvenile Isognomon spathulatus (SEM). A—Right lateral view of articulated shell (AMNH 319254; 5.53 mm). Lateral views of left (B) and right (C) valves showing ligamental area and hinge dentition (AMNH 319254; 7.72 mm). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; at, anterior subumbonal tooth; ats, anterior tooth socket; bn, byssal notch; Fn, fibrous ligamental layer (number corresponding to order of ontogenetic development); lga, ligamental area; P2, prodissoconch 2; pt, posterior submarginal tooth; pts, posterior tooth socket; re, resilifer. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Morphology and taxonomy of Isognomon spathulatus (Reeve, 1858), a cryptic bivalve from the mangroves of Thailand

FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, "catch" component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, "quick" component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber ("stomach"); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Morphology and taxonomy of Isognomon spathulatus (Reeve, 1858), a cryptic bivalve from the mangroves of Thailand

FIGURE 1. Isognomon spathulatus, lectotype (NHMUK 20130275/1; 39 mm). A—Original illustration by G.B. Sowerby II of a syntype here selected as lectotype (Reeve, 1858: pl. 6, fig. 28); B—H. Cuming's original label with the locality ("Isle of Negros") glued to the specimen box with markings by other scholars; C—Exterior of the right valve; D—Exterior of the left valve; E—Interior of the left valve; F—Interior of the right valve. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIGURE 4. Isognomon pearls. A—Free pearl from I. spathulatus, diameter 0.4 in Morphology and taxonomy of Isognomon spathulatus (Reeve, 1858), a cryptic bivalve from the mangroves of Thailand

FIGURE 4. Isognomon pearls. A—Free pearl from I. spathulatus, diameter 0.4 mm; B— Pair of free pears from I. ephippium, diameters 0.4 and 0.9 mm; C—The same pearls (indicated by arrows) as in B embedded in soft tissue proximal to hinge.

Figure 4 in Inconvenient hyperdiversity - the traditional concept of "PheIdole pallIdula" includes four cryptic species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 4. linear discriminant analysis of Pheidole balcanica nov. sp. (rhombs), Ph. koshewnikovi (squares) and Ph. pallidula (triangles). The position of types is indicated by letters: B – Ph. balcanica, K – Ph. koshewnikovi, O – Ph. orientalis, S – Ph. subdentata.

Figure 3 in Inconvenient hyperdiversity - the traditional concept of "PheIdole pallIdula" includes four cryptic species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 3. Hierarchical NC-Ward clustering of 72 nest samples of major workers of Pheidole balcanica sp.nov. and P. koshewnikovi after stepwise reduction to seven morphometric characters. The arrows indicate two samples of P. balcanica sp.nov. erroneously allocated to the P. koshewnikovi cluster. The misplacement was rectified by a wild-card run of a controlling linear discriminant function which agreed with non-hierarchical NC-K-means clustering by 100 %.

Figure 2 in Inconvenient hyperdiversity - the traditional concept of "PheIdole pallIdula" includes four cryptic species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 2. Hierarchical NC-Ward clustering of 110 nest samples of major workers of the three European species of the Pheidole pallidula species complex considering all 17 morphometric characters unselectively. The arrows mark two samples of P. pallidula erroneously allocated to the P. balcanica et koshewnikovi cluster. The misplacement was rectified by a wild-card run of a controlling linear discriminant function which agreed with non-hierarchical NC-K-means clustering by 100 %.

Figure 1 in Inconvenient hyperdiversity - the traditional concept of "PheIdole pallIdula" includes four cryptic species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 1. Morphometric characters in lateral aspect of mesosoma. The dotted line shows the level mesosomal longitudinal axis.

FIGURES 32–35 in Cryptic diversity and phylogeography of high alpine Sattleria — a case study combining DNA barcodes and morphology (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

FIGURES 32–35. Male genitalia of Sattleria (details of valva-vinculum complex). 32, S. graiaeella sp. nov., paratype, slide GEL 1135; 33, ditto, paratype, slide GEL 1136; 34, S. basistrigella Huemer, slide GEL 1139; 35, S. triglavica Povolný, paratype, slide Mus. Vind. 11202.

FIGURES 17–20 in Cryptic diversity and phylogeography of high alpine Sattleria — a case study combining DNA barcodes and morphology (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

FIGURES 17–20. Male genitalia of Sattleria. 17, S. graiaeella sp. nov., paratype, slide GEL 1135; 18, S. dzieduszyckii (Nowicki), slide Mus. Vind. 11242; 19, S. triglavica Povolný, paratype, slide Mus. Vind. 11241; 20, S. basistrigella Huemer, slide GEL 1139.

FIGURES 1–8 in Cryptic diversity and phylogeography of high alpine Sattleria — a case study combining DNA barcodes and morphology (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

FIGURES 1–8. Adults of Sattleria. 1–2, S. melalecuella (Constant), 1, 3, 2, Ƥ; 3, S. karsholti sp. nov., 3, holotype; 4, S. cottiella sp. nov., 3, holotype; 5, S. izoardi Huemer & Sattler, 3; 6, S. graiaeella sp. nov., 3, holotype; 7, S. basistrigella Huemer, 3; 8, S. triglavica Povolný, 3.

FIGURES 13–16 in Cryptic diversity and phylogeography of high alpine Sattleria — a case study combining DNA barcodes and morphology (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

FIGURES 13–16. Male genitalia of Sattleria. 13, S. pyrenaica (Petry), slide GEL 279; 14, S. cottiella sp. nov., paratype, slide GEL 1144; 15, S. izoardi Huemer, holotype, slide GEL 1145; 16, S. marguareisi Huemer & Sattler, paratype, slide GEL 150.

FIGURES 9–12 in Cryptic diversity and phylogeography of high alpine Sattleria — a case study combining DNA barcodes and morphology (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

FIGURES 9–12. Male genitalia of Sattleria. 9, S. melaleucella (Constant), slide LMP 76; 10, ditto, slide LMP 102; 11, S. arcuata Pitkin & Sattler, paratype, slide GEL 159; 12, S. karsholti sp. nov., paratype, slide LMP 71.

FIGURES 28–31 in Cryptic diversity and phylogeography of high alpine Sattleria — a case study combining DNA barcodes and morphology (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

FIGURES 28–31. Male genitalia of Sattleria (details of valva-vinculum complex). 28, S. cottiella sp. nov., paratype, slide GEL 1144; 29, ditto, paratype, slide GEL 1146; 30, S. izoardi Huemer & Sattler, holotype, slide GEL 1145; 31, ditto, slide GEL 1049.

FIGURES 24–27 in Cryptic diversity and phylogeography of high alpine Sattleria — a case study combining DNA barcodes and morphology (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

FIGURES 24–27. Male genitalia of Sattleria (details of valva-vinculum complex). 24, S. karsholti sp. nov., paratype, slide LMP 74; 25, ditto, paratype, slide LMP 71; 26, S. melalecuella (Constant), slide LMP 76; 27, ditto, slide LMP 102.

FIGURES 21–23 in Cryptic diversity and phylogeography of high alpine Sattleria — a case study combining DNA barcodes and morphology (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

FIGURES 21–23. Male genitalia of Sattleria. 21, S. breviramus Pitkin & Sattler, slide GEL 154; 22, S. stryriaca Pitkin & Sattler, paratype, slide 91/230 P.H.; 23, S. angustispina Pitkin & Sattler, paratype, slide CG 84.

FIGURE 36 in Cryptic diversity and phylogeography of high alpine Sattleria — a case study combining DNA barcodes and morphology (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

FIGURE 36. Neighbour joining tree of the Sattleria (Kimura 2 Parameter) based on sequences of the mtDNA COI gene (barcode fragment 5', 658 bp), except for S. arcuata (307 bp) and S. dzieduszyckii (623 bp).