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FIGURE 1 in Mammalian distal humerus fossils from eastern Montana, USA with implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and the adaptive radiation of placentals

FIGURE 1. Map of humerus-bearing fossil localities from this study. Localities span the Lancian biozone (yellow circles), and early and late Puercan biozones (Pu1 and Pu3, in blue stars and green triangles, respectively), as well as the temporally mixed Lancian-Pu1 localities of the Bug Creek Anthills (red squares). Most localities are in Garfield and McCone counties; Fallon and Carter counties in Montana and Niobrara County in eastern Wyoming (not pictured) each have one locality. Locality names and details are given in Appendix 1. Modified from Wilson et al. 2014.

FIGURE 2 in Mammalian distal humerus fossils from eastern Montana, USA with implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and the adaptive radiation of placentals

FIGURE 2. Schematic of humerus measurements used in this study. Multituberculate specimen (UCMP 153039; left) in ventral (1), dorsal (2), and distal (3) views; eutherian specimen (UCMP 151964; right, reversed to appear as left) in anterior (4), posterior (5), and distal (6) views. See Table 1 for measurement descriptions. Abbreviations: AW, articular width; C, capitulum; CL, capitulum length; CD, capitulum depth; CW, capitulum width; EC, ectepicondyle; LC, lateral epicondyle (ectepicondyle); MC, medial epicondyle (entepicondyle); NC, entepicondyle; NCW, entepicondylar width; RC, radial condyle; RCL, radial condyle length; RCD, radial condyle depth; RCW, radial condyle width; TDW, total distal width; TL, trochlear length; TD, trochlear depth; TLW, total lateral width; TW; trochlear width; UC, ulnar condyle; UCL, ulnar condyle length; UCD, ulnar condyle depth; UCW, ulnar condyle width; UT, ulnar trochlea.

FIGURE 10 in Mammalian distal humerus fossils from eastern Montana, USA with implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and the adaptive radiation of placentals

FIGURE 10. Therian morphotype ThA (UCMP specimen 127391, from locality V88007; left) in anterior (1) and posterior (2) stereopair views, and in medial (3) view.

FIGURE 18 in Mammalian distal humerus fossils from eastern Montana, USA with implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and the adaptive radiation of placentals

FIGURE 18. Eutherian morphotype EuG (UCMP specimen 192678, from locality V74124; left) in anterior (1) and posterior (2) stereopair views, and in medial (3) and distal (4) views.

FIGURE 17 in Mammalian distal humerus fossils from eastern Montana, USA with implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and the adaptive radiation of placentals

FIGURE 17. Eutherian morphotype EuF (UCMP specimen 92928, from locality V72129; right) in anterior (1) and posterior (2) stereopair views, and in lateral (3), medial (4), and distal (5) views.

FIGURE 14 in Mammalian distal humerus fossils from eastern Montana, USA with implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and the adaptive radiation of placentals

FIGURE 14. Eutherian morphotype EuC (UCMP specimen 151991, from locality V71203; right) in anterior (1) and posterior (2) stereopair views, and in lateral (3), medial (4), and distal (5) views.

FIGURE 24 in Mammalian distal humerus fossils from eastern Montana, USA with implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and the adaptive radiation of placentals

FIGURE 24. Plots of Linear Discriminant Analysis of the pruned dataset according to locomotor group. (1) LD1 vs. LD2; (2) LD1 vs. LD3; and (3) LD2 vs. LD3.

FIGURE 13 in Mammalian distal humerus fossils from eastern Montana, USA with implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and the adaptive radiation of placentals

FIGURE 13. Eutherian morphotype EuB (UWBM specimen 97114, from locality C1115; left) in anterior (1) and posterior (2) stereopair views, and in distal (3), lateral (4), and medial (5) views.

FIGURE 7 in Mammalian distal humerus fossils from eastern Montana, USA with implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and the adaptive radiation of placentals

FIGURE 7. Multituberculate morphotype MuD (UCMP specimen 195990, from locality V5620; left), in ventral (1) and dorsal (2) stereopair views, and in medial (3), lateral (4), and distal (5) views.

FIGURE 7 in Telychian (Llandovery, Silurian) conodonts from the LaPorte City Formation of eastern Iowa, USA (East-Central Iowa Basin) and their implications for global Telychian conodont biostratigraphic correlation

FIGURE 7. Simple cone elements from Garrison Core. All specimens in lateral view except for 6. 1-2, Panderodus equicostatus, graciliform, GC 124.66–124.93 m, SUI 142251 (1) and graciliform, GC 121.92-121.88 m, SUI 142253 (2). 3-5, Panderodus panderi, graciliform, GC 124.66–124.93 m, SUI 142252 (3); arcuatiform, GC 131.95–132.23 m, SUI 142254 (4); and graciliform, GC 111.38–111.63 m, SUI 142255 (5). 6, Psuedooneotodus beckmanni, oral view, GC 135.65–136.10 m, SUI 142256. 7, Panderodus cf. P. unicostatus, falciform, GC 135.65–136.10 m, SUI 142257. 8- 11, Panderodus unicostatus, falciform, GC 131.95–132.23 m, SUI 142258 (8); fused cluster of 8 elements, GC 130.20–130.48 m, specimen destroyed processing for SEM (9); fused cluster of 6 elements, GC 131.95–132.23 m, SUI 142260 (10); and tortiform element, GC 131.95–132.23 m, SUI 142261 (11); 12-13, Walliserodus curvatus, dyscritiform, GC 134.06–134.31 m, SUI 142262 (12) and curvatiform, GC 128.85–129.11 m, SUI 142263 (13). 14-15, Panderodus greenlandensis, arcuatiform GC 118.20–118.41 m, SUI 142264 (14) and graciliform, GC 134.06–134.31 m, SUI 142265 (15). White scale bar represents 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 15 in The late Maastrichtian Belemnella kazimiroviensis group (Cephalopoda, Coleoidea) in the Middle Vistula valley (Poland) and the Maastricht area (the Netherlands, Belgium) - taxonomy and palaeobiological implications

FIGURE 15. Two-dimensional plot Lsn (standardised length form apex to the protoconch) vs. AV (ventral aspect) of guards of Bln. kazimiroviensis from central and southern Russia and Central Asia, as illustrated by Naidin (1975). The dashed lines indicate the variability of Bln. kazimiroviensis and Bln. skolozdrownae from the Maastricht and the Middle Vistula valley regions.

FIGURE 3 in Telychian (Llandovery, Silurian) conodonts from the LaPorte City Formation of eastern Iowa, USA (East-Central Iowa Basin) and their implications for global Telychian conodont biostratigraphic correlation

FIGURE 3. Cross section of Silurian strata in eastern Iowa. The lower two members of the Hopkinton Formation become indistinguishable in the western part of the cross section. The Sweeney and Marcus members are referred to as Hopkinton A, the Farmers Creek Quarry Member as Hopkinton B, and the Picture Rock Member as Hopkinton C in this manuscript. Note the change in datum at the CC core in Linn County. Modified from Witzke (1992, figure 6).

FIGURE 20 in The late Maastrichtian Belemnella kazimiroviensis group (Cephalopoda, Coleoidea) in the Middle Vistula valley (Poland) and the Maastricht area (the Netherlands, Belgium) - taxonomy and palaeobiological implications

FIGURE 20. Relationship of BI (Birkelund Index) vs Dp (dorso ventral diameter at the protoconch) (BI = Ls/Dp; compare with Figure 6) of guards of Bln. skolozdrownae from the Middle Vistula valley in Poland and the Maastricht area in the Dutch-Belgian border region, in addition to two specimens from Denmark (blank triangles) as illustrated in the scientific literature (Jeletzky, 1951, pl. 7, figure 1; Birkelund, 1957, pl. 6, figure 4).

FIGURE 17 in The late Maastrichtian Belemnella kazimiroviensis group (Cephalopoda, Coleoidea) in the Middle Vistula valley (Poland) and the Maastricht area (the Netherlands, Belgium) - taxonomy and palaeobiological implications

FIGURE 17. Belemnella (Neobelemnella) kazimiroviensis (Skołozdrówna, 1932). 1-4, NHMM JJ 4048/1, former Curfs-Ankerpoort quarry; basal Geulhem Member, Vroenhoven Horizon, + 0.00-0.05 m; 5-8, NHMM JJ 8339, former Blom quarry, Meerssen Member IVf-4; 9-12, NHMM MK 2516, Geulhemmerberg subterranean galleries near Geulhem, top of Meerssen Member (IVf-6); 13-16, MWGUW ZI/69/44, 17-20, ZI/69/47 and 21-24, ZI/69/51, respectively, from the "phosphatic layer" at Nasiłów quarry. All specimens are in natural size in following views: dorsal (1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21), lateral (2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22), longitudinally split specimen showing internal features (3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23), and close-up of alveolar part [x2] with the course of the bottom of ventral fissure – dashed line (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24).

FIGURE 11. P1 in Telychian (Llandovery, Silurian) conodonts from the LaPorte City Formation of eastern Iowa, USA (East-Central Iowa Basin) and their implications for global Telychian conodont biostratigraphic correlation

FIGURE 11. P1 elements of Wurmiella? polinclinata estonica and Wurmiella? polinclinata polinclinata. 1-11 are classified as W.? polinclinata polinclinata. 12 and 14 show some characteristics of each subspecies, but compare most closely to W.? polinclinata polinclinata. 13, 15-17 are classified as W.? polinclinata estonica. All specimens in lateral view. 1, GC 121.92–121.88 m, SUI 142321; 2, GC 128.85–129.11 m, SUI 142322; 3-5, GC 130.20–130.48 m, SUI 142323 (3), 142324 (4), and 142325 (5); 6, GC 130.79–131.09 m, SUI 142326; 7-11, GC 131.95–132.23 m, SUI 142327 (7), 142328 (8), 142329 (9), 142330 (10), and 142331 (11); 12-14, GC 134.06–134.31 m, SUI 142332 (12), 142333 (13), and 142334 (14); and 15-17, GC 135.65–136.10 m, SUI 142335 (15), 142336 (16), and 142337 (17).

FIGURE 14 in The late Maastrichtian Belemnella kazimiroviensis group (Cephalopoda, Coleoidea) in the Middle Vistula valley (Poland) and the Maastricht area (the Netherlands, Belgium) - taxonomy and palaeobiological implications

FIGURE 14. Two-dimensional plot Lsn (standardised length form apex to the protoconch) vs. AV (ventral aspect) of guards of Bln. kazimiroviensis and Bln. skolozdrownae from deposits in the Maastricht area (the Netherlands, Belgium). The dashed lines indicate the variability of Bln. kazimiroviensis and Bln. skolozdrownae from the Middle Vistula valley region (Poland).

FIGURE 8 in The late Maastrichtian Belemnella kazimiroviensis group (Cephalopoda, Coleoidea) in the Middle Vistula valley (Poland) and the Maastricht area (the Netherlands, Belgium) - taxonomy and palaeobiological implications

FIGURE 8. Relative distribution of size groups of Bln. gr. kazimiroviensis from the Maastricht area – Geulhemmerberg underground section above the Berg en Terblijt Horizon (the Netherlands) and Albert Canal sections above the Vroenhoven Horizon (Belgium).

FIGURE 7 in The late Maastrichtian Belemnella kazimiroviensis group (Cephalopoda, Coleoidea) in the Middle Vistula valley (Poland) and the Maastricht area (the Netherlands, Belgium) - taxonomy and palaeobiological implications

FIGURE 7. Relative distribution of size groups of Bln. gr. kazimiroviensis from the glauconitic sandstone and basal Siwak at Nasiłów (Poland).

FIGURE 9 in The late Maastrichtian Belemnella kazimiroviensis group (Cephalopoda, Coleoidea) in the Middle Vistula valley (Poland) and the Maastricht area (the Netherlands, Belgium) - taxonomy and palaeobiological implications

FIGURE 9. Relationship of BI (Birkelund Index) vs Dp (dorso-ventral diameter at the protoconch) (BI = Ls/Dp; compare with Figure 6) of all guards of the kazimiroviensis group from the Middle Vistula River valley, the Maastricht area, Denmark, central and southern Russia and Central Asia, inclusive of data of early ontogenetic stages measured on longitudinally split specimens. The growth relationship is best described by a logarithmic curve, indicating that small (young) specimens are relatively more slender than larger (adult) ones.

FIGURE 11 in The late Maastrichtian Belemnella kazimiroviensis group (Cephalopoda, Coleoidea) in the Middle Vistula valley (Poland) and the Maastricht area (the Netherlands, Belgium) - taxonomy and palaeobiological implications

FIGURE 11. Two-dimensional plot for PC 1 and PC 2 derived from the PCA of belemnites of the kazimiroviensis group of the Kazimierz Opoka (Opoka) and the glauconitic sandstone (Greensand) of the Middle Vistula valley, as well as of those from the Maastricht area (the Netherlands, Belgium) (Meerssen).