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Shell lengths of pteropod, Limacina helicina antarctica, collected from the PAL LTER sediment trap along the Western Antarctic Peninsula, 2004 - 2018, and from net tows 2017-2018.
Pteropod, Limacina helicina antarctica, is an abundant zooplankton along the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) and prey for higher trophic organisms. Changes in the pteropod (pelagic snail) phenology (life history) have important implications for regional food web dynamics. Pteropod shell lengths were collected from the PAL LTER sediment trap located along the northern continental shelf of the PAL LTER sampling grid, 2004-2018. PAL LTER has deployed a time-series trap near 64.5° S, 66.0° W since late 1992. The trap is moored in 300 m depth and collects sinking particles at 170 m. Pteropod samples are stored in 21 sample collection bottles on the sediment trap that were prepared with a Milli-Q deionized water rinse and filled with 7.5 g NaCl l-1 solution and 2% borate-buffered formalin in filtered seawater (34 ppt), with a final salinity concentration of 41 ppt. L. h. antarctica shell lengths also collected during the PAL LTER 2018 January offshore cruise and for four months at Palmer Station, Anvers Island (November 2017 to February 2018). L. h. antarctica and all other macrozooplankton collection on the PAL LTER cruise are performed with a 2 m square frame Metro net (700 µm mesh), towed obliquely to a depth of 120 m. At Palmer Station, pteropods are collected with a 1 m x 1 m square frame Metro net (700 µm mesh) and a 1 m diameter ring net (200 or 500 µm mesh), towed obliquely to a depth of ~50 m. Shell lengths are determined by measuring from the opening of the shell aperture directly across the diameter of the shell. The shell lengths analyzed within the WAP region are used to determine phenology patterns in pteropod population dynamics and changes thereof over time.
FIG. 2. — A in Beyond shells: first detailed morphological description of the mangrove-associated gastropod Haminoea cf. fusca (A. Adams, 1850) (Cephalaspidea, Haminoeidae), with a COI phylogenetic analysis
FIG. 2. — A, Hab River delta, Sindh Province, Balochistan Coast, Pakistan, showing estuary and associated oyster reefs; B, Haminoea cf. fusca (A. Adams, 1850) in situ; arrows show faecal matter tracks over muddy substrate; C, H. cf. fusca in situ, amongst green algae; D, egg-mass in situ, attached to muddy substrate; E, egg-mass in situ, submerged during low tide. Photograph: S. Aslam.
FIG. 4 in Beyond shells: first detailed morphological description of the mangrove-associated gastropod Haminoea cf. fusca (A. Adams, 1850) (Cephalaspidea, Haminoeidae), with a COI phylogenetic analysis
FIG. 4. — Haminoea cf. fusca (A. Adams, 1850): A, external view of male reproductive system, arrow denotes lateral bulge; B, detail of interior of atrium and fundus; C, figures modified from Bergh (1901: pl. 18, figs 44, 47, pl. 19, figs 4, 5), detail of radula with "a": central rachidian (pl. 18, fig. 44); detail of surface of gizzard plate (pl. 18, fig. 47); male reproductive system, "a": prostate (pl. 19, fig. 5); lateral view of gizzard plate (pl. 19, fig. 4); D, egg-mass. Abbreviations: as, atrium sheet; at, atrium; bc, body cavity; cg, central groove; fu, fundus; ga, genital aperture; llw, left lateral wall; lwg, grooves of lateral walls; pr, prostate; rlw, right lateral wall; rm, retractor muscles; sd, seminal duct; smg, seminal groove; w, soft warts. Scale bars: A, B, 0.5 mm; D, 1 cm.
FIG. 3 in Beyond shells: first detailed morphological description of the mangrove-associated gastropod Haminoea cf. fusca (A. Adams, 1850) (Cephalaspidea, Haminoeidae), with a COI phylogenetic analysis
FIG. 3. — Haminoea cf. fusca (A. Adams, 1850): A, live specimen, ex situ. Length c. 10 mm; B, shell, apertural view (left image) and adepertural view (right image), height, 7 mm; C, SEM, detail of radula with rachidian and first lateral teeth; D, lateral view of whole gizzard plate; E, SEM, dorsal surface of whole gizzard plate; F, SEM, detail of rodlets in dorsal part of gizzard plate. Scale bars: C, 20 µm; D, E, 100 µm; F, 2 µm.
Figure 3 from: Bogusch P, Hlaváčková L, Petr L, Bosch J (2020) Nest structure, pollen utilization and parasites associated with two west-Mediterranean bees (Hymenoptera, Apiformes, Megachilidae) nesting in empty snail shells. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 76: 113-125. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.76.49579
Figure 3 A Macrophotography of pollen of Lithodora fruticosa from a Hoplitis fertoni nest (locality S35). Photo by L. Petr. B macrophotography of pollen from an Osmia ferruginea nest (locality S7). Larger pollen grains are Thymus vulgaris; smaller grains are Cistus albidus. Photo by L. Petr.
Figure 2 from: Bogusch P, Hlaváčková L, Petr L, Bosch J (2020) Nest structure, pollen utilization and parasites associated with two west-Mediterranean bees (Hymenoptera, Apiformes, Megachilidae) nesting in empty snail shells. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 76: 113-125. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.76.49579
Figure 2 Diagrams of nest structures of nests of Hoplitis fertoni (right) and Osmia ferruginea (left). The nests are identified by locality snail codes (Cern – Cernuella sp., Ever – Eobania vermiculata, Iber – Iberellus sp., Olac – Otala lactea, Scan – Sphincterochila candidissima, Tpis – Theba pisana. Each box represents one brood cell, starting with the innermost cell on the left. Colours represent the various species recorded. White boxes represent intercalary cells.
Figure 1 from: Bogusch P, Hlaváčková L, Petr L, Bosch J (2020) Nest structure, pollen utilization and parasites associated with two west-Mediterranean bees (Hymenoptera, Apiformes, Megachilidae) nesting in empty snail shells. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 76: 113-125. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.76.49579
Figure 1 Structure of Hoplitis fertoni (A, D) and Osmia ferruginea (B, C, E) nests A shell of Sphincterochila candidissima with nest of H. fertoniB shell of S. candidissima with nest of O. ferrugineaC larva of O. ferruginea on pollen-nectar provision D nest structure of H. fertoniE nest structure of O. ferruginea. Photos and drawings by P. Bogusch.
Fig. 13 in Intra- and interspecific shell variability of the genus Urocythereis Ruggieri, 1950 (Ostracoda: Hemicytheridae) in the La Strea Bay (Ionian Sea, Italy)
Fig. 13. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (n-MDS) analysis. A. Results for "non-normalized area" mode. B. Results for "normalized area" mode.
Fig. 9 in Intra- and interspecific shell variability of the genus Urocythereis Ruggieri, 1950 (Ostracoda: Hemicytheridae) in the La Strea Bay (Ionian Sea, Italy)
Fig. 9. Comparison of valve outlines obtained by Morphomatica analysis. Results for "normalized area" mode. A. U. ilariae sp. nov. B. U. margaritifera (G.W. Müller, 1894). C. U. distinguenda (Neviani, 1928).
Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)/Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) Biohybrid Nanofibers Coated with a Biomineralized Calcium Deficient Hydroxyapatite (HA) Shell for Wound Dressing
<p>Here, for the first time, a nanofibrous (NF) wound dressing is developed based on biomineralized polyacrylonitrile<br> (PAN) nanofibers. In contrast to the majority of the currently available nanofibrous wound dressings that are based on<br> natural polymers, PAN employed in this study is a synthetic, industrial polymer that has rarely been considered for this<br> purpose. PAN NFs are first hydrolyzed to allow for tethering of biofunctional agents (here Bovine Serum Albumin<br> (BSA)). Later, the biofunctionlized PAN NFs are induced to biomineralize by immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF).<br> As a result, core-shell, calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (HA)/BSA/PAN nanofibers form, that are larger in<br> diameter (318 vs. 298 nm) and mechanically stronger (elastic modulus; 8.5 vs. 6 MPa) compared to the untreated PAN<br> NFs. The biomineralized PAN NFs showed promising bioactivity as reflected in the cell biology tests with fibroblast and<br> keratinocyte cells. Hs68 fibroblasts and HaCat keratinocytes were found to be more viable in the presence of the<br> biomineralized NFs than when they were co-cultured with the neat PAN NFs. Such mechanical and biological<br> characteristics of the novel PAN NFs are favorable for wound dressing applications. More importantly, given the simple<br> and cost-effective surface treatment approach presented here and the widely available knowledge for large scale,<br> industrial processing of PAN, the present nanofibrous material holds promise for medical translation and further<br> investigations leading to commercialization strategies.</p>
Diatom defence: Grazer induction and cost of shell-thickening
1. Diatoms account for 40 % of the ocean primary production and play a key role in the oceans' ability to sequester carbon. The evolutionary success of diatoms and their role in ocean biogeochemistry are related to the siliceous shell that provide partial protection against grazing. 2. The structure and function of phytoplankton communities are governed by environmental constraints and organismal trade-offs. Defence mechanisms may help explain the high diversity of phytoplankton (incl. diatoms) in the ocean, but only if the defence comes at a cost. Defence costs have been notoriously difficult to demonstrate and quantify in marine phytoplankton. 3. Here, we demonstrate for seven species of planktonic diatoms that their shell thickens and their growth rate declines when cells are exposed to chemical cues from copepods, important predators of diatoms. The responses are proportional to the concentration of grazer cues, but are also highly variable, both between and within species. 4. At our standard experimental condition, the typical decline in growth rate is 10 %, and the typical increase in cellular biogenic silica is 16 %. The latter value corresponds to a decline in grazing mortality due to small copepods of 11 %. Thus, silification in response to grazers is exactly warranted. 5. The similar magnitude of the costs and benefits of silification suggests a flat fitness landscape along the competition-defence axis. This may help explain the high diversity of coexisting diatoms in the ocean. 6. The significant but variable contribution of diatoms to the downward flux of organic carbon in the ocean depends to a large extent on the silica content of the cells. This is due less to the ballasting effect of silica, but mainly to the different life histories of more or less defended cells that are governed by evolutionary adaptations and – as demonstrated here - plastic responses to grazers.
Figure 2 in Gastropod shell utilisation pattern by the hermit crab Clibanarius symmetricus (Anomura: Diogenidae) in an Equatorial Amazon estuary
Figure 2. Biometric variables of gastropod shells occupied by Clibanarius symmetricus in the Marapanim River estuary (Brazil-Pará). (TSL= total shell length; SW= total shell width; SAL= shell aperture length; SAW= shell aperture width; and DW= dry weight).
Figure 1 in Gastropod shell utilisation pattern by the hermit crab Clibanarius symmetricus (Anomura: Diogenidae) in an Equatorial Amazon estuary
Figure 1. Shell utilization frequency of different gastropod species relative to CL size (Cephalothoracic shield length, in mm) of Clibanarius symmetricus in Marapanim River estuary (Brazil-Pará).
Figure 3 in Gastropod shell utilisation pattern by the hermit crab Clibanarius symmetricus (Anomura: Diogenidae) in an Equatorial Amazon estuary
Figure 3. Principal component analysis of morphometric data of gastropod shells occupied by Clibanarius symmetricus in the Marapanim River estuary (Brazil-Pará). TSL = total shell length; SW = total shell width; SAL = shell aperture length; SAW = shell aperture width; DW = dry weight.
Quantifying shell outline variability in extant and fossil Laqueus (Brachiopoda: Terebratulida): are outlines good proxies for long-looped brachidial morphology and can they help us characterize species?
<p>Extant and extinct terebratulide brachiopod species have been defined primarily on the basis of morphology. What is the fidelity of morphological species to biological species? And how can we test this fidelity with fossils? Taxonomically and phylogenetically, the most informative internal feature in the brachiopod suborder Terebratellidina is the geometrically complex long-looped brachidium, which, given their fragile nature, are not commonly preserved in the fossil record. In their absence, it is essential to test other sources of morphological data when trying to recognize and identify species. We analyzed valve outlines and brachidia in the genus <i>Laqueus</i> to explore the utility of shell shape in discriminating extant and fossil species. Using geometric morphometric methods, we quantified valve outline variability using elliptical Fourier methods and tested whether long-looped brachidial morphology correlates with shell outline shape. We then built classification models based on machine learning algorithms using outlines as shape variables to predict fossil species' identities. Our results demonstrate that valve outline shape is significantly correlated with long-looped brachidial shape and that even relatively simple outlines are sufficiently morphologically distinct to enable extant <i>Laqueus</i> species to be identified, validating current taxonomic assignments. These are encouraging results for the study and delimitation of fossil terebratulide species, and their recognition as biological species. In addition, machine learning algorithms can be successfully applied to help solve species recognition and delimitation problems in paleontology, especially when morphology can be characterized quantitatively and analyzed statistically.</p>
Thermal properties of Ag@Ni core-shell nanoparticles_experimental dataset
<p>This file contains the raw unprocessed experimental data for the results published in Vít Vykoukal et al., Thermal properties of Ag@Ni core-shell nanoparticles, Calphad, Volume 69, June 2020, 10174.</p>
Figure 5 from: Egger C, Neusser TP, Norenburg J, Leasi F, Buge B, Vannozzi A, Cunha RL, Cox CJ, Jörger KM (2020) Uncovering the shell game with barcodes: diversity of meiofaunal Caecidae snails (Truncatelloidea, Caenogastropoda) from Central America. ZooKeys 968: 1-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.968.52986
Figure 5 A–DMeioceras nitidum, specimen MNHN-IM-2013-72087 A light microscopic picture BSEM scan CSEM close-up of mucro and D microsculpture EM. cubitatum, specimen USNM 1618851 F, GC. cf. corrugulatum, specimen USNM 1618861 F light microscopic picture G light microscopic close-up of microstructure H MOTU II, specimen USNM 1618853 I–L MOTU I, specimen ZSM-Mol-20200039 I light microscopic picture JSEM scan KSEM close-up of mucro and L microsculpture MC. glabrum, specimen ZSM-Mol-20200096 NC. glabellum auctt. non Adams, specimen ZSM-Mol-20200074 O–RC. invisibile sp. nov., holotype ZSM-Mol-20100320 O light microscopic picture PSEM scan QSEM close-up of mucro and R microsculpture. Scale bars: 10 µm (R); 20 µm (C, K, L, Q); 50 µm (D, E) 100 µm (I, J, O, P); 200 µm (A, B, M, N).
Figure 7 from: Egger C, Neusser TP, Norenburg J, Leasi F, Buge B, Vannozzi A, Cunha RL, Cox CJ, Jörger KM (2020) Uncovering the shell game with barcodes: diversity of meiofaunal Caecidae snails (Truncatelloidea, Caenogastropoda) from Central America. ZooKeys 968: 1-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.968.52986
Figure 7 A–FCaecum pulchellumA, C, E, F specimen ZSM-Mol-20090485 B, D juvenile specimen ZSM-Mol-20200118 A, B light microscopic pictures C, DSEM scans E close-up of mucro and F microsculpture H–KC. donmoorei, specimen USNM 1618844 H–KC. regulare, specimen ZSM-Mol-20100321, juvenile H light microscopic picture ISEM scans J close-up of mucro and K microsculpture L–TC. cf. teres and C. cf. strangulatumL specimen ZSM-Mol-20200033, juvenile specimen with larval shell still attached M, N, Q, S specimen ZSM-Mol-20200032, juvenile M light microscopic picture NSEM scan Q close-up of mucro and S microsculpture O, P, R, TC. cf. strangulatum, specimen ZSM-Mol-20200038, juvenile O light microscopic picture PSEM scan R close-up of mucro and T microsculpture U–XC. cf. semilaeve, specimen ZSM-Mol-20200034 U Light microscopic picture VSEM scan W close-up of mucro and X microsculpture. Scale bars: 10 µm (F, S, T, W, X); 20 µm (J, K, Q, R); 50 µm (E); 100 µm (H, I, L–P, U, V); 200 µm (A–D).
Figure 1 from: Egger C, Neusser TP, Norenburg J, Leasi F, Buge B, Vannozzi A, Cunha RL, Cox CJ, Jörger KM (2020) Uncovering the shell game with barcodes: diversity of meiofaunal Caecidae snails (Truncatelloidea, Caenogastropoda) from Central America. ZooKeys 968: 1-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.968.52986
Figure 1 Morphology of Caecum (Caecidae) including important shell features used for morphological species identification. USNM 1618850 Caecum imbricatum – specimens to the left. Abbreviations: a, aperture; cgs, ciliated gliding sole; eg, egg; ey, eye; fp, fecal pellets; hf, retracted head and foot; mu, mucro; op, operculum; se, septum; st, shell structure (ornamentation); t, tentacle; tb, tube. Scale bar: 500 µm.
Figure 4 from: Egger C, Neusser TP, Norenburg J, Leasi F, Buge B, Vannozzi A, Cunha RL, Cox CJ, Jörger KM (2020) Uncovering the shell game with barcodes: diversity of meiofaunal Caecidae snails (Truncatelloidea, Caenogastropoda) from Central America. ZooKeys 968: 1-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.968.52986
Figure 4 Molecular based species delimitation of Central American Caecidae. Guide tree used for PTP and bPTP based on the optimal likelihood tree of the concatenated three-marker dataset. Color codes indicate our preliminary species hypothesis derived from the phylogenetic tree. Color bars reflect the species delimitation suggested by the four consulted species delimitation programs (including ML and Bayesian implementation for PTP and single and multiple threshold for GMYC). Bars are missing where no sequence data obtained.
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