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Figure 5 from: Žnidaršič N, Mrak P, Tušek-Žnidarič M, Strus J (2012) Exoskeleton anchoring to tendon cells and muscles in molting isopod crustaceans. ZooKeys 176: 39-53. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2445
Figure 5 - Anchoring junctions between the detached cuticle and the apical part of tendon cells in the prehatching embryo (5A, D, E) and marsupial mancas (5B, C, F) of Porcellio scaber (ultrathin cross-sections). The newly forming cuticle in marsupial mancas, consisting of the epicuticle and pre-ecdysal procuticle, was mechanically connected to tendon cells. Numerous bundles of fibers (arrows) running from tendon cells through the new cuticle and ecdysal space into the detached cuticle are evident. Microtubules were found in close proximity to electron dense plaques at the apical surface of tendon cells. DC detached cuticle NC new cuticle EC epicuticle ES ecdysal space PP pre-ecdysal procuticle TC tendon cell Mt microtubules.
Figure 1 from: Žnidaršič N, Mrak P, Tušek-Žnidarič M, Strus J (2012) Exoskeleton anchoring to tendon cells and muscles in molting isopod crustaceans. ZooKeys 176: 39-53. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2445
Figure 1 - A scheme showing the general architecture of the muscle attachment to the epidermis in arthropods (adapted from Mellon 1992, Lai-Fook and Beaton 1998, Bitsch and Bitsch 2002 and Subramanian et al. 2003). Specialized epithelial cells, named tendon cells, are anchored apically to the cuticle and basally to the muscle cell. aAJ apical adherens junction bAJ basal adherens junction icF intracuticular fibers Mf myofilaments Mt microtubules.
Figure 3 from: Ziegler A, Seidl B (2012) Electron microscopic and preparative methods for the analysis of isopod cuticle. ZooKeys 176: 73-85. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2294
Figure 3 - FE-SEM micrographs of polished sagittal plane through bulk tergite samples etched at pH 6.5 A, B, C and 8.0 D, E. A Fibres in the distal exocuticle (dex) and the isle-like structure of the proximal exocuticle (pex) caused by large pore canals (pc). Fibrils or fibres (arrowheads) in the pore canals are well visible. en, endocuticle. B, C Side views of tricorn sensilla. The epicuticular unmineralised material forming the sensilla is well distinguishable from the mineralised exo- and endocuticle. ep, epicuticle; sc, epicuticular scale. D, E Mild etching reveals regions containing mineral of different solubility. Mineral within the endocuticle appears etched whereas most regions within the exocuticle (ex) remain unaltered. Note etching within pore canals of the exocuticle.
Figure 3 from: Žnidaršič N, Mrak P, Tušek-Žnidarič M, Strus J (2012) Exoskeleton anchoring to tendon cells and muscles in molting isopod crustaceans. ZooKeys 176: 39-53. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2445
Figure 3 - Myotendinous junction in the dorsal parts of pereonites of premolt adult Ligia italica is an extensive anchoring junction. The entire zigzag folded basal and apical membranes of tendon and muscle cells, respectively, are engaged in this outstanding intercellular mechanical connection (3A). Prominent electron dense cytoplasmic plaques are evident along both cell membranes, separated by a thin layer of extracellular matrix (3B). MC muscle cell TC tendon cell.
Figure 7 from: Žnidaršič N, Mrak P, Tušek-Žnidarič M, Strus J (2012) Exoskeleton anchoring to tendon cells and muscles in molting isopod crustaceans. ZooKeys 176: 39-53. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2445
Figure 7 - Myotendinous junction in the Porcellio scaber prehatching embryo (7A, B) and marsupial mancas (7C, D). The cytoplasmic plaque of the anchoring junction at the basal membrane of tendon cell is more lucent and thinner than the accompanying plaque at the apical membrane of the muscle cell in the prehatching embryo (7A, B). Microtubules of the tendon cells are in close proximity to the basal dense plaques. TC tendon cell MC muscle cell Mt microtubules Myf myofilaments.
Figure 2 from: Žnidaršič N, Mrak P, Tušek-Žnidarič M, Strus J (2012) Exoskeleton anchoring to tendon cells and muscles in molting isopod crustaceans. ZooKeys 176: 39-53. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2445
Figure 2 - Exoskeleton – muscle attachment in the dorsal parts of pereonites in adult premolt Ligia italica. Overview of the muscle attachment in a specimen with a detached and a newly forming cuticle (2A a semithin section). The new cuticle is extensively connected to the underlying tendon cells already in the early premolt. Fibrous connections running from the apical region of tendon cells through the new pre-ecdysal cuticle and ecdysal space up to the exocuticle of the detached exoskeleton are evident (2B, C). Parallel arrays of microtubules and apical electron dense plaques are characteristic for tendon cells (2D). DC detached cuticle NC new cuticle ES ecdysal space MC muscle cell TC tendon cell Mt microtubules; arrowheads – fibrous connections.
Figure 1 from: Ziegler A, Seidl B (2012) Electron microscopic and preparative methods for the analysis of isopod cuticle. ZooKeys 176: 73-85. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2294
Figure 1 - TEM A, G, H, I and STEM B, C, D, E, F micrographs of decalcified and EPON embedded tergites of Porcellio scaber. A Sagittal overview showing epicuticle (ep), exocuticle (ex), endocuticle (en) and membranous layer (ml), ec, epithelial cell; n, nucleus; sc, epicuticular scale. B Proximal exocuticle. Dense network of pore canals (pc) containing fibrils or fibres following the direction of the pore canal. C, D Fibres of the distal exocuticle (dex) consisting of approximately 3 nm thick unstained chitin crystallites (arrowheads) surrounded by densely stained proteins. E, F In the endocuticle single fibrils form the twisted plywood structure. The pore canals contain vertical fibrils or fibres. G, H, I Section through a cuticular thickening. The increase in cuticle thickness is brought about by an increase of the stacking height in the distal exocuticle only. H, I Details of G confirm the typical structure of fibres within the distal exocuticle.
Figure 6 from: Žnidaršič N, Mrak P, Tušek-Žnidarič M, Strus J (2012) Exoskeleton anchoring to tendon cells and muscles in molting isopod crustaceans. ZooKeys 176: 39-53. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2445
Figure 6 - Electron dense plaques (hemidesmosome-like structures) at the apical surface of the tendon cells in the marsupial manca of Porcellio scaber. Electron dense plaques (arrows) are associated with microtubules (Mt) in the cytoplasm of the tendon cell and with the bundles of fibers (F) running through the ecdysal space (ES) on the opposite side. DC detached cuticle NC new cuticle.
Figure 2 from: Ziegler A, Seidl B (2012) Electron microscopic and preparative methods for the analysis of isopod cuticle. ZooKeys 176: 73-85. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2294
Figure 2 - STEM micrographs of non-decalcified tergites of Porcellio scaber. A Overview showing the mineralised exocuticle (ex) and endocuticle en and the unmineralised membranous layer (ml). The pore canals (arrows) are mineralised. B, C Exocuticle and epicuticle (ep). Approximately 25 nm thick fibres in the distal exocuticle (dex) and approximately 6 nm thick fibrils in the proximal exocuticle (pex). Pore canals arrows contain mineral. The inner epicuticle (iep) appears partly mineralised, and the outer epicuticle (oep) unmineralised, except epicuticular pore canals (epc). D, E Endocuticle with mineralised pore canal (arrow). Approximately 6 nm thick chitin-protein fibrils (black arrowheads) individually surrounded by mineral forming a twisted plywood structure. F, G Single mineral rods (white arrowheads) at the border between membranous layer and endocuticle.
Figure 1 from: Cordaux R, Pichon S, Ben Afia Hatira H, Doublet V, Grève P, Marcadé I, Braquart-Varnier C, Souty-Grosset C, Charfi-Cheikhrouha F, Bouchon D (2012) Widespread Wolbachia infection in terrestrial isopods and other crustaceans. ZooKeys 176: 123-131. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2284
Figure 1 - Phylogenetic tree of B-supergroup Wolbachia strains based on wsp sequences, using Minimum Evolution analysis. The tree is rooted with two A-supergroup Wolbachia strains. Bootstrap values inferred from 1000 replicates are shown as percentages. Strains are identified by the host species from which they were isolated. Wolbachia strains from terrestrial isopods and non terrestrial isopod crustaceans are shown in blue and red, respectively. New crustacean Wolbachia infections reported in this study are underlined. Wolbachia strains from insects are shown in black. Names assigned to groups of Wolbachia strains are shown on the right, following Cordaux et al. (2001).
Figure 6 from: Quadros A, Bugs P, Beatriz de Araujo P (2012) Tonic immobility in terrestrial isopods: intraspecific and interspecific variability. ZooKeys 176: 155-170. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2355
Figure 6 - Relationship between the time elapsed until the beginning of tonic immobility and the duration of response, for responsive individuals in experiment 2. The values indicate the results of the linear regression analysis.
Figure 5 from: Quadros A, Bugs P, Beatriz de Araujo P (2012) Tonic immobility in terrestrial isopods: intraspecific and interspecific variability. ZooKeys 176: 155-170. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2355
Figure 5 - Responsiveness of Balloniscus sellowii individuals in relation to size. The line models the probability of being responsive according to the individual size (after a logistic regression). The black and grey symbols show the responsive and non-responsive individuals, respectively.
Figure 3 from: Quadros A, Bugs P, Beatriz de Araujo P (2012) Tonic immobility in terrestrial isopods: intraspecific and interspecific variability. ZooKeys 176: 155-170. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2355
Figure 3 - A Percentage of responsive individuals to each specific stimulus, in relation to the total number of responsive individuals of each species. B Percentage of responsive males and females in relation to the total number of males and females of each species tested. The * indicates a significant difference between stimuli, after a χ2 test.
Figure 4 from: Quadros A, Bugs P, Beatriz de Araujo P (2012) Tonic immobility in terrestrial isopods: intraspecific and interspecific variability. ZooKeys 176: 155-170. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2355
Figure 4 - Size and response to the stimuli in A Porcellio dilatatus and B Balloniscus glaber. Responsive individuals are represented with black marks and non-responsive individuals with grey marks.
Figure 2 from: Quadros A, Bugs P, Beatriz de Araujo P (2012) Tonic immobility in terrestrial isopods: intraspecific and interspecific variability. ZooKeys 176: 155-170. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2355
Figure 2 - Responsiveness and tonic immobility duration in terrestrial isopods. A Percentage of responsive individuals in the three species tested. The * indicates a significant difference between species, after a G-test. B Mean tonic immobility duration in seconds for each terrestrial isopod (considering all stimuli pooled) in experiment 1. Different letters indicate significant differences, after ANOVA and Tukey test.
Figure 4 from: Antonović I, Brigić A, Sedlar Z, Bedek J, Šoštarić R (2012) Terrestrial isopod community as indicator of succession in a peat bog. ZooKeys 176: 171-188. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2379
Figure 4 - nMDS ordination of studied sites and Bray-Curtis similarities with superimposed results of cluster analysis. Site B – bog; Site E – edge; Site F – forest.
Figure 2 from: Antonović I, Brigić A, Sedlar Z, Bedek J, Šoštarić R (2012) Terrestrial isopod community as indicator of succession in a peat bog. ZooKeys 176: 171-188. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2379
Figure 2 - Soil temperature and soil humidity at the Dubravica bog and adjacent forest during 2008 and 2009. Temperature values are presented with different symbols and humidity values with bars. Site B – bog; Site E – edge; Site F – forest.
Figure 1 from: Quadros A, Bugs P, Beatriz de Araujo P (2012) Tonic immobility in terrestrial isopods: intraspecific and interspecific variability. ZooKeys 176: 155-170. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2355
Figure 1 - Terrestrial isopods studied in dorsal view: Balloniscus sellowii, Balloniscus glaber (Balloniscidae) and Porcellio dilatatus (Porcellionidae) (top) and their respective postures during tonic immobility (bottom). For Balloniscus sellowii a drawing made from a photograph is presented. Bars = 2 mm.
Figure 1 from: Antonović I, Brigić A, Sedlar Z, Bedek J, Šoštarić R (2012) Terrestrial isopod community as indicator of succession in a peat bog. ZooKeys 176: 171-188. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2379
Figure 1 - Sampling sites in the Dubravica bog and surrounding forest. Site B - bog Site E - edge Site F - forest.
Figure 3 from: Antonović I, Brigić A, Sedlar Z, Bedek J, Šoštarić R (2012) Terrestrial isopod community as indicator of succession in a peat bog. ZooKeys 176: 171-188. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.176.2379
Figure 3 - Protracheoniscus politus seasonal activity at three studied sites with different vegetation. Site B – bog; Site E – edge; Site F – forest; Y-axis shows total number of monthly caught individuals.
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