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Fig. 10 in New look on the geographical variation in Rhinolophus clivosus with description of a new horseshoe bat species from Cyrenaica, Libya
Fig. 10. Occlusal view on the right lower unicuspidal teeth (C–P4) of Rhinolophus horaceki sp. n. (NMP 49880, holotype). Scale bar – 1 mm.
Figure 2 in Integrative taxonomy resolves three new cryptic species of small southern African horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus)
Figure 2. Bayesian tree of partial Cytb sequences, with nodal support values based on Bayesian probabilities and bootstrap values for Maximum Likelihood and Maximum Parsimony. Samples included in all analyses (molecular, morphometric and bacular) are underlined.
Figure 14 in Integrative taxonomy resolves three new cryptic species of small southern African horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus)
Figure 14. Colony of R. lobatus showing present of orange apical tuft in flying males (Photographs by P. Naskrecki.)
Figure 5. Biplot showing the first and second principal components from a in Integrative taxonomy resolves three new cryptic species of small southern African horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus)
Figure 5. Biplot showing the first and second principal components from a PCA of 2D landmark data for small southern Africa Rhinolophus spp., including data from type specimens of R. swinnyi and R. s. rhodesiae. Deformation grids illustrate cranial shape changes associated with each PC.
Figure 7. Biplot showing the first and second principal components from a in Integrative taxonomy resolves three new cryptic species of small southern African horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus)
Figure 7. Biplot showing the first and second principal components from a PCA of eight bacular measurements for small southern Africa Rhinolophus taxa. Numbers indicate the position of taxa referred to in Table 5.
Figure 4 in Integrative taxonomy resolves three new cryptic species of small southern African horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus)
Figure 4. PCA variation for five log-transformed cranial variables for six proposed small southern Africa Rhinolophus spp. defined on molecular and morphological grounds.
Figure 3 in Integrative taxonomy resolves three new cryptic species of small southern African horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus)
Figure 3. Haplotype network using minimum-spanning inference method based on 667 base pairs of Cytb.
Figure 2 in Karyology of eight species of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Hainan Island, China
Figure 2 Conventional karyotypes of R. pusillus (A) and R. affinis (B) from Hainan Island, China. Secondary constrictions are indicated by arrows.
Figure 3 in Karyology of eight species of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Hainan Island, China
Figure 3 Conventional (A), G-banding (B), and C-banding karyotypes of Rhi- nolophus sinicus from Hainan Island, China. Secondary constrictions are indicated by arrows.
Figure 1 in Karyology of eight species of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Hainan Island, China
Figure 1 Conventional (A), G-banding (B), and C-banding karyotypes of Rhinolophus lepidus from Hainan Island, China. Secondary constrictions are indicated by arrows.
Figure 4 in Karyology of eight species of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Hainan Island, China
Figure 4 Karyotypes of Myotis horsfieldi (A), Min- iopterus australis (B), and M. schreibersii (C). Secondary constrictions are indicated by arrows.
Figure 5 in Karyology of eight species of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Hainan Island, China
Figure 5 Conventional (A), G-banding (B), and C-banding karyotypes of Pipistrellus abramus from Hainan Island, China.
Hearing sensitivity and amplitude coding in bats are differentially shaped by echolocation calls and social calls
Differences in auditory perception between species are influenced by phylogenetic origin and the perceptual challenges imposed by the natural environment, e.g. detecting prey- or predator-generated sounds and communication signals. Bats are well suited for comparative studies on auditory perception since they predominantly rely on echolocation to perceive the world, while their social calls and most environmental sounds have low frequencies. We tested if hearing sensitivity and stimulus level coding in bats differ between high and low frequency ranges by measuring auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) of 86 bats belonging to 11 species. In most species, auditory sensitivity was equally good at both high and low frequency ranges, while amplitude was more finely coded for higher frequency ranges. Additionally, we conducted a phylogenetic comparative analysis by combining our ABR data with published data on 27 species. Species-specific peaks in hearing sensitivity correlated with peak frequencies of echolocation calls and pup isolation calls, suggesting that changes in hearing sensitivity evolved in response to frequency changes of echolocation and social calls. Overall, our study provides the most comprehensive comparative assessment of bat hearing capacities to date and highlights the evolutionary pressures acting on their sensory perception.
Aerial attack strategies of hawks hunting bats, and the adaptive benefits of swarming
<p>Aggregation can reduce an individual's predation risk, by decreasing predator hunting efficiency or displacing predation onto others. Here we explore how the behaviors of predator and prey influence catch success and predation risk in Swainson's hawks Buteo swainsoni attacking swarming Brazilian free-tailed bats Tadarida brasiliensis on emergence. Lone bats including stragglers have a high relative risk of predation, representing ~5% of the catch but ~0.2% of the population. Attacks on the column were no less successful than attacks on lone bats, so hunting efficiency is not decreased by group vigilance or confusion. Instead, lone bats were attacked disproportionately often, representing ~10% of all attacks. Swarming therefore displaces the burden of predation onto bats outside the column – whether as isolated wanderers not benefitting from dilution through attack abatement, or as peripheral stragglers suffering marginal predation and possible selfish herd effects. In contrast, the hawks' catch success depended only on the attack maneuvers that they employed, with the odds of success being more than trebled in attacks involving a high-speed stoop or rolling grab. Most attacks involved one of these two maneuvers, which therefore represent alternative rather than complementary tactics. Hence, whereas a bat's survival depends on maintaining column formation, a hawk's success does not depend on attacking lone bats – even though their tendency to do so is sufficient to explain the adaptive benefits of their prey's aggregation behavior. A hawk's success instead depends on the flight maneuvers it deploys, including the high-speed stoop that is characteristic of many raptors.</p>
Data from: Functional diversity of phyllostomid bats in an urban-rural landscape: a scale-dependent analysis
<p>Urbanization is one of the most pervasive landscape transformational processes responsible for novel selection agents promoting functional community homogenization. Bats may persist in those human environments, but the mechanisms responsible for their adaptability and the spatial scales in which landscape imposes environmental filtering remain poorly studied in the Neotropics. We tested the hypothesis that landscape composition interacts with the spatial scale to affect the functional diversity of phyllostomids in an urban-rural gradient. Based on functional traits, we calculated indices of functional richness, divergence, evenness, community-weighted means of morphological traits, and classified species into functional groups. We evaluated the changes of those variables in response to forest, grassland, and urbanized areas at 0.5, 1.25 and, 2 km scales. The number of functional groups, functional richness, and functional evenness tended to be higher in areas far from cities and with higher forest cover, whereas functional divergence increased in more urbanized areas. Our results show that the mean value of wing loading in the assemblage was negatively associated to landscape transformation at several spatial scales. However, environmental filtering driven by grass cover was particularly robust at the 500 m scale, affecting big-sized species with long pointed wings. Retaining natural forest in cattle ranging systems at ~12 km<sup>2</sup> appears to favor bat abundance evenness among functional types in the urban-rural landscape. Recognizing the scale of the effect on phyllostomid functional responses appears to be a fundamental issue for elucidating the spatial extent to which phyllostomid conservation planning in urban-rural landscapes should be addressed.</p>
Data from: Evidence of female preference for odour of distant over local males in a bat with female dispersal
<p>Geographic variation of sexual selected male traits is common in animals. Female choice also varies geographically and several studies found female preference for local males, which is assumed to lead to local adaptation and therefore increases fitness. As females are the non-dispersing sex in most mammalian taxa, this preference for local males might be explained by learning of male characteristics. Studies on preference of females in female-dispersing species are lacking so far. To find out whether such females would also show preferences for local males, we conducted a study on greater sac-winged bats (<i>Saccopteryx bilineata</i>), a species where females disperse and males stay in their natal colony. Male greater sac-winged bats possess a wing pouch that is filled with odoriferous secretion and fanned towards females during courtship display. In a combination of chemical analysis and behavioural preference tests, we analysed whether the composition of wing sac secretion varies between two geographically distinct populations (300 km), and whether females show a preference for local or distant male scent. Using gas-chromatography, we found significant differences in the composition of the wing-sac odours between the two geographic distinct populations. In addition, the behavioural preference experiments revealed that females of both populations preferred scent of geographically distant males over local males. The wing-sac odour might thus be used to guarantee optimal outbreeding when dispersing to a new colony. This is – to our knowledge – the first study on odour preference of females of a species with female-biased dispersal.</p>
Fig. 1 in Interplay between co-divergence and cross-species transmission in the evolutionary history of bat coronaviruses
Fig. 1. Host association and geographical distribution of the CoV sequences analyzed here. Countries within large-scale geographical regions are colored according to the number of CoV analyzed. Pie charts indicate the host-association of the CoV sequences included within each geographical area, with the colors indicating the different families of bat hosts. The map was built using mapchart (https://mapchart.net).
Fig. 2 in Interplay between co-divergence and cross-species transmission in the evolutionary history of bat coronaviruses
Fig. 2. Phylogenetic overview of CoV sequences analyzed here. The tree reflects a Bayesian analysis of 935 bp of the RdRp gene (data set RdRp_CoV_1), rooted using two sequences from gamma coronaviruses (GenBank accession numbers EF584911-2). Genus specific clusters identified in our study are colored based on the host genus, as indicated. Posterior probabilities> 0.90 supporting each cluster are shown. Branch lengths are scaled according to the number of substitutions per site. The three bars around the tree show the frequency within each cluster of (i) host genera, (ii) host species and (iii) sampling locations, from the innermost to the most exterior. Sequences showing characters with frequency <10%, between 10 and 50%, and> 50% are colored black, grey and light grey, respectively. For the "host species" bar, only sequences belonging to the host genus characterizing the cluster (frequency> 50%) have been colored; sequences associated with hosts only characterized at the genus level are indicated in yellow. The ICTV classification of virus clusters is indicated when available. The figure was generated using iTOL.
Figure 3. A–C in Evolution of litter size in bats and its influence on longevity and roosting ecology
Figure 3. A–C, phylogenetically informed univariate regressions of the logarithm of litter size on the logarithm of forearm length (in millimetres; A), the logarithm of litter size on the logarithm of longevity (B) and the logarithm of litter size on the logarithm of group size (C). D, violin plot of the logarithm of litter size according to roost type (binary character).
Figure 2. A in Evolution of litter size in bats and its influence on longevity and roosting ecology
Figure 2. A, reconstructed pattern of the evolution of polytocy across Chiroptera (using make.simmap of phytools). B, detail showing families Miniopteridae, Cistugidae and Vespertilionidae. Coloured circles at the nodes indicate the posterior probabilities of the states. The tree shown includes 551 species and is based on the mammal tree presented at
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.