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FIG. 2. Mongolemys elegans paratype IGM 90 in New material of Mongolemys elegans Khosatzky and Mlynarski, 1971 (Testudines: Lindholmemydidae), from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia with comments on bone histology and phylogeny

FIG. 2. Mongolemys elegans paratype IGM 90/11, skull (cranium and lower jaw): A–B, dorsal view; C–D, ventrolateral view, removing the left ramus; E–F, ventral view, with the left ramus in place; G–H, lateral view; I–J, medial view of the left ramus and quadrate. Abbreviations: an, angular; ar, articular; bs, basisphenoid; cor, coronoid; den, dentary; fpc, foramen posterius canalis carotici; fr, frontal; fst, foramen stapedius temporalis; ju, jugal; mx, maxilla; pa, parietal; pf, prefrontal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; ppe, processus pterygoideus externus; pra, prearticular; pt, pterygoid; qu, quadrate; sa, surangular; scm, sulcus cartilaginous meckelii.

FIGURE 10 in New materials of Estesia mongoliensis (Squamata: Anguimorpha) and the evolution of venom grooves in lizards

FIGURE 10. The strict consensus tree of the morphology-only analysis. The clade in grey shade is the Monstersauria.

FIGURE 6 in New materials of Estesia mongoliensis (Squamata: Anguimorpha) and the evolution of venom grooves in lizards

FIGURE 6. The mandible of IGM 3/196 in dorsal and ventral views. Scale bar = 10 mm; abbreviations are listed in appendix 6.

FIGURE 9 in New materials of Estesia mongoliensis (Squamata: Anguimorpha) and the evolution of venom grooves in lizards

FIGURE 9. The strict consensus tree of the combined analysis of morphological and molecular data. Support values are labeled beneath branches. The number written before the slash is bootstrap value; the number written after the slash is Bremer support. Only bootstrap values above 50% are listed, so some branches show only Bremer support values.

FIGURE 3. A in New materials of Estesia mongoliensis (Squamata: Anguimorpha) and the evolution of venom grooves in lizards

FIGURE 3. A. Skull of IGM 3/196 in dorsal and ventral view (scale bar = 10 mm). B. Line drawings of the skull of IGM 3/196 in dorsal and ventral view (scale bar =10 mm). Abbreviations are listed in appendix 6.

FIG. 9 in New material of Mongolemys elegans Khosatzky and Mlynarski, 1971 (Testudines: Lindholmemydidae), from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia with comments on bone histology and phylogeny

FIG. 9. Mongolemys elegans, bone macrostructure and microstructure. Photographs of thin sections, all were taken in transmitted light, 40x otherwise is indicated. IGM 90/42, hatchling-juvenile specimen. A, external cortex and part of the cancellous bone of a costal; B–C, internal cortex and part of the cancellous bone of a costal; D, internal cortex and part of the cancellous bone of the hypoplastron; E, cancellous bone of the hypoplastron; F, external cortex of the hypoplastron. IGM 90/12, adult specimen. G, general view of the costal, showing the external, internal, and cancellous bone layers, photograph take in transmitted light, 10x. H, internal cortex of a costal; I, cancellous bone of a costal; J, external cortex of a costal. K–L, osteocytes in the cancellous bone, both taken in transmitted light, 63x oil lens. Abbreviations: cb, cancellous bone; ec, external cortex; ic, internal cortex; os, osteocyte; po, primary osteon; rb, reticular bone; sf, Sharpey's fiber; so, secondary osteon.

FIG. 5. Mongolemys elegans paratype IGM 90 in New material of Mongolemys elegans Khosatzky and Mlynarski, 1971 (Testudines: Lindholmemydidae), from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia with comments on bone histology and phylogeny

FIG. 5. Mongolemys elegans paratype IGM 90/11, articulated shell (carapace and plastron): A–B, carapace, dorsal view; C–D, carapace, ventral view; E–F, plastron, ventral view; G–H, plastron, dorsal view. Abbreviations: abd, abdominal scale; anl, anal scale; axb, axillary buttress; c, costal; ce, cervical scale; en, entoplastron; ep, epiplastron; fem, femoral scale; gul, gular scale; hum, humeral scale, hyo, hyoplastron; hyp, hypoplastron; if, inframarginal scale; ing, inguinal buttress; isc, ischium; lpp, anal scale m, marginal scale; n, neural; p, peripheral; pl, pleural scale; pub, pubis; py, pygal scale; s, suprapygal scale, v, vertebral scale; xip, xiphiplastron. Missing portions of bone in black, scales in dotted lines. Labels in bold indicate scales.

FIG. 3. Mongolemys elegans paratype IGM 90 in New material of Mongolemys elegans Khosatzky and Mlynarski, 1971 (Testudines: Lindholmemydidae), from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia with comments on bone histology and phylogeny

FIG. 3. Mongolemys elegans paratype IGM 90/11, isolated left otic chamber-quadrate: A–B, anterior view; C–D, medial view; E–F, posterior view. Abbreviations: ex, exoccipital; faf, fossa acustico-facialis; fnt, foramen nervi trigemini; ha, hiatus acusticus; op, opisthotic; pr, prootic; qu, quadrate; sa, surangular; scm, sulcus cartilaginous meckelii; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal.

FIG. 1 in New material of Mongolemys elegans Khosatzky and Mlynarski, 1971 (Testudines: Lindholmemydidae), from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia with comments on bone histology and phylogeny

FIG. 1. Location of Mongolia in Asia, and the Bugin Tsav locality inside of Mongolia. (World template figure downloaded from Paleobiology Database on April 23 2011.)

FIGURE 2 in The Illusory Evidence for Asian Brachiosauridae: New Material of Erketu ellisoni and a Phylogenetic Reappraisal of Basal Titanosauriformes

FIGURE 2. Photographs and line drawing reconstructions of the dorsal vertebra of the Bor Guvé titanosaur (IGM 100/3005) in anterior (A, D), lateral (B, E), and posterior (C, F) views. The neural spine was photographed separately and digitally reattached in E and F so as to avoid damage to the fragile specimen. Abbreviations: acc: accessory lamina (see text); acpl: anterior centroparapophyseal lamina; cpol: centropostzygapophyseal lamina; cprl: centroprezygapophyseal lamina; diap: diapophysis, int: internal structure of broken neural spine; spol: spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; ns: neural spine; para: parapophysis; pcdl: posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pcpl: posterior centroparapophyseal lamina; post: postzygapophysis; ppdl: parapodiapophyseal lamina; prez: prezygapophysis; spdl: spinodiapophyseal lamina.

FIGURE 4 in The Illusory Evidence for Asian Brachiosauridae: New Material of Erketu ellisoni and a Phylogenetic Reappraisal of Basal Titanosauriformes

FIGURE 4. Strict consensus of 60 MPTs (TL = 513) from phylogenetic analysis (45 taxa, 243 characters) using the matrix presented in appendix 4. Bremer support (decay index) values>1 are indicated above the branches they pertain to.

FIGURE 1 in The Illusory Evidence for Asian Brachiosauridae: New Material of Erketu ellisoni and a Phylogenetic Reappraisal of Basal Titanosauriformes

FIGURE 1. Photographs and line drawings of new cervical vertebrae of Erketu ellisoni (IGM 100/1803) in lateral view: cervical vertebra 7 (A, B), cervical vertebra 8 (C, D), cervical vertebra 9 (E, F). Note that deformation causes more of the dorsal surface of each element to be partially visible. Abbreviations: cond: condyle; cr: cervical rib; epi: epipophysis; ex: excavation on cervical rib; meta: metapophyses; pe: pre-epipophysis; pf: pneumatic fossa; pcdl: posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; podl: postzygodiapophyseal lamina; prdl: prezygodiapophyseal lamina; r post: right postzygapophysis; spol: spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; sprl: spinoprezygapophyseal lamina.

FIGURE 3 in The Illusory Evidence for Asian Brachiosauridae: New Material of Erketu ellisoni and a Phylogenetic Reappraisal of Basal Titanosauriformes

FIGURE 3. Caudal vertebrae of the Bor Guvé titanosaur (IGM 100/3005). Middle caudal in (A) anterior, (B) posterior, and (C) left lateral view. Posterior caudal vertebrae (D–L) in left lateral view and distal caudal vertebrae (M–O) in left lateral view.

Fig. 11 in New Craniodental Materials of Litolophus gobiensis (Perissodactyla, ''Eomoropidae'') from Inner Mongolia, China, and Phylogenetic Analyses of Eocene Chalicotheres

Fig. 11. Log-ratio diagram comparing the mean value of lower teeth dimensions of Litolophus gobiensis (V16149, V16150) (open squares), Grangeria canina (filled squares), Eomoropus amarorum (filled circles; as standard), G. anarsius (open triangles), and E. quadridentatus (filled triangles). Data sources from Lucas and Shoch (1989, table 23.2) (L, length; AW, trigonid width; PW, talonid width).

Fig. 3 in New Craniodental Materials of Litolophus gobiensis (Perissodactyla, ''Eomoropidae'') from Inner Mongolia, China, and Phylogenetic Analyses of Eocene Chalicotheres

Fig. 3. Right lateral view of the skull of Litolophus gobiensis (IVPP V16141-1, V16141-2). Abbreviation: pop: postorbital process; see legend for figure 2 for other abbreviations. Scale 5 3 cm.

Fig. 7 in New Craniodental Materials of Litolophus gobiensis (Perissodactyla, ''Eomoropidae'') from Inner Mongolia, China, and Phylogenetic Analyses of Eocene Chalicotheres

Fig. 7. Incisors of Litolophus gobiensis. A–B, lingual and buccal views of a left I2 (IVPP V16144.2); C–D, lingual and buccal views of a right I3 (V16144.4); E, lingual view of a left i1 (V16147); F–G, lingual and buccal views of a right i2 (V 16167.1); H–I, lingual and buccal views of a left i3 (V 16167.4). Scale 5 5 mm.

Fig. 2 in New Craniodental Materials of Litolophus gobiensis (Perissodactyla, ''Eomoropidae'') from Inner Mongolia, China, and Phylogenetic Analyses of Eocene Chalicotheres

Fig. 2. Skull of Litolophus gobiensis (IVPP V16139). (A) Ventral view, (B) left lateral view, and (C) dorsal view. Abbreviations: c, occipital condyle; fo, forman ovale; in, internal naris; o, orbit; oc, occipital crest; p, petrosal; pac, posterior opening of the alisphenoid canal; pc, parietal crest; pgp, postglenoid process; pm, premaxilla; pp, paroccipital process; ptp, posttympanic process; sc, sagittal crest; za, zygomatic arch; I2a: I2 alveolus; I3a: I3 alveolus. Scale 5 3 cm.

Fig. 4 in New Craniodental Materials of Litolophus gobiensis (Perissodactyla, ''Eomoropidae'') from Inner Mongolia, China, and Phylogenetic Analyses of Eocene Chalicotheres

Fig. 4. Occipital view of the skull of Litolophus gobiensis (IVPP V16139). Abbreviation: nld, nuchal ligament depression; see legend for figure 2 for other abbreviations. Scale 5 3 cm.

Fig. 5 in New Craniodental Materials of Litolophus gobiensis (Perissodactyla, ''Eomoropidae'') from Inner Mongolia, China, and Phylogenetic Analyses of Eocene Chalicotheres

Fig. 5. Ventral view of the right petrosal of Litolophus gobiensis (IVPP V16139). Abbreviations: feo, fenestra ovalis; fr, fenestra rotunda; nf, nutrient foramen; pr, promontorium; smf, stapedius muscles fossa; tafc, tympanic aperture of the facial canal. Scale 5 5 mm.

Fig. 1. Diagrammatic M3 and m3 in New Craniodental Materials of Litolophus gobiensis (Perissodactyla, ''Eomoropidae'') from Inner Mongolia, China, and Phylogenetic Analyses of Eocene Chalicotheres

Fig. 1. Diagrammatic M3 and m3 of Litolophus gobiensis, showing dental structures mentioned in the text. Abbreviations: co, cristid obliqua; ec, ectoloph; end, entoconid; hy, hypocone; hycd, hypoconulid; hyd, hypoconid; hyld, hypolophid; me, metacone; med, metaconid; mel, metaloph; meld, metalophid; mesd, ''metastylid''; pa, paracone; pac, paraconule; pad, paraconid; pald, paralophid; pas, parastyle; pr, protocone; prd, protoconid; prl, protoloph; prld, protolophid.