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Figure 6 from: Egger C, Neusser TP, Norenburg J, Leasi F, Buge B, Vannozzi A, Cunha RL, Cox CJ, Jörger KM (2020) Uncovering the shell game with barcodes: diversity of meiofaunal Caecidae snails (Truncatelloidea, Caenogastropoda) from Central America. ZooKeys 968: 1-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.968.52986
Figure 6 A–ECaecum heptagonumA specimen USNM 1618866 juvenile specimen with larval shell still attached B–E specimen ZSM-Mol-20200030, juvenile specimen already resembling closely the adult form B light microscopic picture CSEM scan D close-up of mucro and E microsculpture F–IC. cooperi, specimen MNHN-IM-2019-32 F light microscopic picture GSEM scan H close-up of mucro and I microsculpture whole specimen and close-up of mucro and microsculpture J–MC. debile, specimen MNHN-IM-2019-27 J light microscopic picture KSEM scan L close-up of mucro and M microsculpture N–QC. striatum, specimen ZSM-Mol-20100322 N light microscopic picture OSEM scan P close-up of mucro and Q microsculpture R–UC. clathratum, specimen MNHN-IM-2019-17 R light microscopic picture SSEM scan T close-up of mucro and U microsculpture. Scale bars: 10 µm (D, E, I, Q); 20 µm (H, M, P, U); 100 µm (A, B, C, L, N, O, T); 200 µm (F, G, J, K whole specimen); 300 µm (R, S).
Figure 3 from: Egger C, Neusser TP, Norenburg J, Leasi F, Buge B, Vannozzi A, Cunha RL, Cox CJ, Jörger KM (2020) Uncovering the shell game with barcodes: diversity of meiofaunal Caecidae snails (Truncatelloidea, Caenogastropoda) from Central America. ZooKeys 968: 1-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.968.52986
Figure 3 Optimal ML tree of the concatenated 28S rRNA, 16S rRNA and COI genes partitioned by genes and COI codon positions. Bootstrap values (below nodes) of the ML analysis are shown for values > 80% and posterior probability support (above nodes) of the BI analysis are shown for values > 0.95. Specimens previously classified as Meioceras are indicated in yellow color. Smooth, translucent specimens, lacking diagnostic features and summarized in the ´Caecum glabrum-like complex` are indicated in blue. C. = Caecum, M. = Meioceras, MOTU I/ MOTU II = molecular operational taxonomic unit within the ´Caecum glabrum-like complex`. Figured specimens are all to the same scale. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIG. 11. — A in The shell industry in Final Neolithic societies in Sardinia: characterizing the production and utilization of Glycymeris da Costa, 1778 valves
FIG. 11. — A, Archaeological shell with use-wear traces (B-D) on the dorsal face (Cuccuru s'Arriu, Cabras, Italy) related to contact with a mineral matter, clay. Scale bars: A, 5 cm; B, C, D, 100 µm.
Data associated with: Going round the twist – An empirical analysis of shell coiling in helicospiral gastropods
<p>The logarithmic helicospiral has been the most widely accepted model of regularly coiled mollusc form since it was proposed by Moseley (1838) and popularised by Thompson (1942) and Raup (1966). It is based on an explicit assumption that shells are isometric and grow exponentially, and an implicit assumption that the external form of the shell follows the internal shape, which implies that the parameters of the spiral could, theoretically, be reconstructed from the external whorl profile. In this contribution, we show that these assumptions fail on all 25 gastropod species we examine. Using a dataset of 176 fossil and modern gastropod shells, we construct an empirical morphospace of coiling using the familiar three parameters of whorl expansion rate, translation rate, and rate of increasing distance from coiling axis, plus rate of aperture shape change, from their best-fit models. We present a case study of change in shell form through geological time in the austral family Struthiolariidae to demonstrate the utility of our approach for evolutionary paleobiology. We fit various functions to the four shell-coiling parameters, to demonstrate that the best morphological model is not the same for each parameter. We present a set of R routines that will calculate helicospiral parameters from sagittal sections through coiled shells and allow workers to compare models and choose appropriate sets of parameters for their own datasets. Shell form parameters in the Struthiolariidae highlight a hitherto-neglected hypothesis of relationship between Antarctic <i>Perissodonta</i> and the enigmatic Australian genus <i>Tylospira</i> that fits the biogeographic and stratigraphic distribution of both genera.</p>
FIGURE 2. Shell measurement protocol. H height L length W width. a in New taxonomic and phylogeographic data on three nominal species of the genus Septaria Férussac, 1807 (Gastropoda: Cycloneritida: Neritidae)
FIGURE 2. Shell measurement protocol. H height L length W width. a apex, ms muscle scar, s septum.
Data from: Preparation of core–shell structured CaCO 3 microspheres as rapid and recyclable adsorbent for anionic dyes
Core–shell structured CaCO3 microspheres (MSs) were prepared by a facile, one-pot method at room temperature. The adsorbent dosage and adsorption time of the obtained CaCO3 MSs were investigated. The results suggest that these CaCO3 MSs can rapidly and efficiently remove 99–100% of anionic dyes within the first 2 min. The obtained CaCO3 MSs have a high Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area (211.77 m2 g−1). In addition, the maximum adsorption capacity of the obtained CaCO3 MSs towards Congo red was 99.6 mg g−1. We also found that the core–shell structured CaCO3 MSs have a high recycling capability for removing dyes from water. Our results demonstrate that the prepared core–shell structured CaCO3 MSs can be used as an ideal, rapid, efficient and recyclable adsorbent to remove dyes from aqueous solution.
Data from: A new approach using high-resolution computed tomography to test the buoyant properties of chambered cephalopod shells
The chambered shell of modern cephalopods functions as a buoyancy apparatus, allowing the animal to enter the water column without expending a large amount of energy to overcome its own weight. Indeed, the chambered shell is largely considered a key adaptation that allowed the earliest cephalopods to leave the ocean floor and enter the water column. It has been argued by some, however, that the iconic chambered shell of Paleozoic and Mesozoic ammonoids did not provide a sufficiently buoyant force to compensate for the weight of the entire animal, thus restricting ammonoids to a largely benthic lifestyle reminiscent of some octopods. Here we develop a technique using high-resolution computed tomography to quantify the buoyant properties of chambered shells without reducing the shell to ideal spirals or eliminating inherent biological variability by using mathematical models that characterize past work in this area. This technique has been tested on Nautilus pompilius and is now extended to the extant deep-sea squid Spirula spirula and the Jurassic ammonite Cadoceras sp. hatchling. Cadoceras is found to have possessed near-neutral to positive buoyancy if hatched when the shell possessed between three and five chambers. However, we show that the animal could also overcome degrees of negative buoyancy through swimming, similar to the paralarvae of modern squids. These calculations challenge past inferences of benthic life habits based solely on calculations of negative buoyancy. The calculated buoyancy of Cadoceras supports the possibility of planktonic dispersal of ammonite hatchlings. This information is essential to understanding ammonoid ecology as well as biotic interactions and has implications for the interpretation of geochemical data gained from the isotopic analysis of the shell.
Data from: Mollusc-shell debris can mitigate the deleterious effects of organic pollution on marine sediments
Organic pollution is widespread in coastal areas and can have profound impacts on the seabed. Coastal sediments play an important role at a global scale in the recycling of organic matter, and this process is influenced by the habitat complexity of the sediments, among other factors. Mollusc shells are produced as a waste product from a range of anthropogenic activities, but we demonstrate that they can be used to increase the habitat complexity of sediments. We studied the effect of mussel-shell debris (shell-hash) on the biogeochemical processes of marine sediments affected by organic pollution, using a mesocosm experiment simulating the bioturbation effects of macrofauna. We found that shell-hash improved the ecological status of organically polluted sediments by reducing the accumulation of sulphide from anaerobic metabolic pathways. Additionally, when shell-hash was present in an organically polluted sediment, there was a decrease in ammonium release to the water column, thus preventing the negative ecological consequences of eutrophication. Synthesis and applications. Our study indicates that shell-hash debris can be used as a potential tool to mitigate the effects of organic enrichment on marine sediments. A density of shell-hash debris of 1900 g m−2 in the sediment can diminish toxic by-products (sulphides and ammonium) derived from the stimulation of anaerobic metabolic pathways by organic pollution, at levels that are biologically relevant. The mitigation effect of shell-hash is more pronounced in sediments where macrofauna is not present.
Data from: Gene expression correlated with delay in shell formation in larval Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) exposed to experimental ocean acidification provides insights into shell formation mechanisms
Despite recent work to characterize gene expression changes associated with larval development in oysters, the mechanism by which the larval shell is first formed is still largely unknown. In Crassostrea gigas, this shell forms within the first 24 hours post fertilization, and it has been demonstrated that changes in water chemistry can cause delays in shell formation, shell deformations and higher mortality rates. In this study, we use the delay in shell formation associated with exposure to pCO2-acidified seawater to identify genes correlated with initial shell deposition. By fitting linear models to gene expression data in ambient and low aragonite saturation treatments, we are able to isolate 37 annotated genes correlated with initial larval shell formation, which can be categorized into 1) ion transporters, 2) shell matrix proteins and 3) protease inhibitors. Clustering of the gene expression data into co-expression networks further supports the result of the linear models, and also implies an important role of dynein motor proteins as transporters of cellular components during the initial shell formation process. This work provides a foundation for further studies on how genetic variation in these identified genes could affect fitness of oyster populations subjected to future environmental changes, such as ocean acidification.
Data from: Brachiopod shell thickness links environment and evolution
While it is well established that the shapes and sizes of shells are strongly phylogenetically controlled, little is known about the phylogenetic constraints on shell thickness. Yet, shell thickness is likely to be sensitive to environmental fluctuations and has the potential to illuminate environmental perturbations through deep time. Here we systematically quantify the thickness of the anterior brachiopod shell which protects the filtration chamber and is thus considered functionally homologous across higher taxa of brachiopods. Our data comes from 66 genera and ten different orders and shows well-defined upper and lower boundaries of anterior shell thickness. For Ordovician and Silurian brachiopods we find significant order-level differences and a trend of increasing shell thickness with water depth. Modern (Cenozoic) brachiopods, by comparison, fall into the lower half of observed shell thicknesses. Among Ordovician – Silurian brachiopods, older stocks commonly have thicker shells, and thick-shelled taxa contributed more prominently to the Great Ordovician Biodiversification, but suffered more severely during the Late Ordovician Mass Extinction. Our data point at a significant reduction in maximum and minimum shell thickness following the Late Ordovician mass extinction. This points towards stronger selection pressure for energy-efficient shell secretion during times of crisis.
Data from: Experimental measurements of water molecule binding energies for the second and third solvation shells of [Ca(H2O)n]2+ complexes
Further understanding of the biological role of the Ca2+ ion in an aqueous environment requires quantitative measurements of both the short- and long-range interactions experienced by the ion in an aqueous medium. Here, we present experimental measurements of binding energies for water molecules occupying the second and, quite possibly, the third solvation shell surrounding a central Ca2+ ion in [Ca(H2O)n]2+ complexes. Results for these large, previously inaccessible, complexes have come from the application of finite heat bath theory to kinetic energy measurements following unimolecular decay. Even at n = 20, the results show water molecules to be more strongly bound to Ca2+ than would be expected just from the presence of an extended network of hydrogen bonds. For n > 10, there is very good agreement between the experimental binding energies and recently published density functional theory calculations. Comparisons are made with similar data recorded for [Ca(NH3)n]2+ and [Ca(CH3OH)n]2+ complexes.
Data from: Ocean acidification and temperature increase impacts mussel shell shape and thickness: problematic for protection?
Ocean acidification threatens organisms that produce calcium carbonate shells by potentially generating an under-saturated carbonate environment. Resultant reduced calcification and growth, and subsequent dissolution of exoskeletons, would raise concerns over the ability of the shell to provide protection for the marine organism under ocean acidification and increased temperatures. We examined the impact of combined ocean acidification and temperature increase on shell formation of the economically important edible mussel Mytilus edulis. Shell growth and thickness along with a shell thickness index and shape analysis were determined. The ability of M. edulis to produce a functional protective shell after 9 months of experimental culture under ocean acidification and increasing temperatures (380, 550, 750, 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750, 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C) was assessed. Mussel shells grown under ocean acidification conditions displayed significant reductions in shell aragonite thickness, shell thickness index, and changes to shell shape (750, 1000 μatm pCO2) compared to those shells grown under ambient conditions (380 μatm pCO2). Ocean acidification resulted in rounder, flatter mussel shells with thinner aragonite layers likely to be more vulnerable to fracture under changing environments and predation. The changes in shape presented here could present a compensatory mechanism to enhance protection against predators and changing environments under ocean acidification when mussels are unable to grow thicker shells. Here, we present the first assessment of mussel shell shape to determine implications for functional protection under ocean acidification.
High-efficient fabrication of core-shell-shell structured SiO2@GdPO4:Tb@SiO2 nanoparticles with improved luminescence
<p>SiO2@GdPO4:Tb@SiO2 nanoparticles with core-shell-shell structure were successfully synthesized by a cheap silane coupling agent grafting method at room temperature. This method not only homogeneously coated rare earth phosphate nanoparticles on the surface of silica spheres, but also saved the use of rare earth resources. The obtained nanoparticles are consisted of SiO2 core with a diameter of ~210 nm, GdPO4:Tb intermediate shell with thickness of ~7 nm, and SiO2 outer shell with thickness of ~20 nm. This unique core-shell-shell structured nanoparticles exhibited strong luminescence properties compared with GdPO4:Tb nanoparticles. The core-shell-shell structured nanoparticles can effectively quench the intrinsic fluorescence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) through a static quenching mode. The as-synthesized nanoparticles show great potential in biological cell imaging and cancer treatment.</p>
Data from: Acute ischemic stroke thrombi have an outer shell that impairs fibrinolysis
Objectives. Thrombi responsible for large vessel occlusion (LVO) in the setting of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) are characterized by a low recanalization rate after intravenous thrombolysis. To test whether AIS thrombi have inherent common features that limit their susceptibility to thrombolysis, we analyzed the composition and ultrastructural organization of AIS thrombi causing LVO. Methods. A total of 199 endovascular thrombectomy-retrieved thrombi were analyzed by immunohistology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and subjected to ex vivo thrombolysis assay. The relationship between thrombus organization and thrombolysis resistance was further investigated in vitro using thrombus produced by recalcification of citrated whole blood. Results. SEM and immunohistology analyses revealed that, although AIS thrombus composition and organization was highly heterogeneous. AIS thrombi shared a common remarkable structural feature in the form of an outer shell made of densely compacted thrombus components including fibrin, von Willebrand factor, and aggregated platelets. In vitro thrombosis experiments using human blood indicated that platelets were essential to the formation of the thrombus outer shell. Finally, in both AIS and in vitro thrombi, the thrombus outer shell showed a decreased susceptibility to t-PA-mediated thrombolysis as compared to the thrombus inner core. Interpretation. Irrespective of their etiology and despite their heterogeneity, intracranial thrombi causing LVO have a core-shell structure that influences their susceptibility to thrombolysis.
Data from: Synthesis and photoluminescence properties of silica-modified SiO2@ANA-Si-Tb@SiO2, SiO2@ANA-Si-Tb-L@SiO2 core-shell-shell nanostructured composites
Three novel core-shell nanostructured composites SiO2@ANA-Si-Tb, SiO2@ANA-Si-Tb-L (L = second ligand) with SiO2 as the core and terbium organic complex as the shell were successfully synthesized. The core and shell were connected together by covalent bonds. The terbium ion was coordinated with organic ligand forming terbium organic complex in the shell layer. The organosilane (HOOCC5H4NN(CONH(CH2)3Si(OCH2CH3)3)2 (abbreviated as ANA-Si) was used as the first ligand and 1, 10-phenanthroline (phen) or 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA) was used as the second ligand. Furthermore, silica-modified SiO2@ANA-Si-Tb@SiO2, SiO2@ANA-Si-Tb-L@SiO2 core-shell-shell nanostructured composites were also synthesized by sol-gel chemical route, which involved the hydrolysis and polycondensation processes of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) using cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as a surface-active agent. An amorphous silica shell was coated around the SiO2@ANA-Si-Tb, SiO2@ANA-Si-Tb-L core-shell nanostructured composites. The core-shell and core-shell-shell nanostructured composites exhibited excellent luminescence in solid state. Meanwhile, an improved luminescent stability property of the core-shell-shell nanostructured composites was observed for the aqueous solution. This type of core-shell-shell nanostructured composites exhibited bright luminescence, high stability and good solubility, which may present potential applications in the fields of optoelectronic devices, bio-imaging, medical diagnosis, and study on the structure of function composite materials.
FIGURE 1 in Redescription, shell variability and geographic distribution of Plagiodontes dentatus (Wood, 1828) (Gastropoda: Orthalicidae: Odontostominae) from Uruguay and Argentina
FIGURE 1. Geographic distribution of genus Plagiodontes Doering, 1876.
FIGURE 2 in Redescription, shell variability and geographic distribution of Plagiodontes dentatus (Wood, 1828) (Gastropoda: Orthalicidae: Odontostominae) from Uruguay and Argentina
FIGURE 2. Shell measurements and teeth nomenclature in Plagiodontes spp.
Supplementary material 2 from: Salvador RB, Breure ASH (2024) Pilsbrylia, a dextral-shelled door snail from South America (Gastropoda, Clausiliidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 9-14. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.110105
Bayesian inference tree of the Clausilioidea showing the complete set of terminal taxa
Figure 1 from: Salvador RB, Breure ASH (2024) Pilsbrylia, a dextral-shelled door snail from South America (Gastropoda, Clausiliidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 9-14. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.110105
Figure 1 Shells of the three known species of Pilsbrylia in apertural, lateral, and dorsal views. A.P. paradoxa, holotype MLP-Ma 11337 (Museo de La Plata, Argentina); B.P. hyltonae, lectotype MLP-Ma 3991-1; C.P. dalli, holotype MZSP 133161 (Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil). Scale bar: 5 mm.
Figure 2 from: Salvador RB, Breure ASH (2024) Pilsbrylia, a dextral-shelled door snail from South America (Gastropoda, Clausiliidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 9-14. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.110105
Figure 2 Bayesian inference tree of the Clausilioidea. The crown group is collapsed to facilitate visualization (see Suppl. material 2 for a full view). Posterior probabilities are shown on nodes. Scale bar is substitutions per site.
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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