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Fig. 3 in Effect of Mexican Hirsutella citriformis (Hypocreales: Ophiocordycipitaceae) strains on Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) and the predators Chrysoperla rufilabris (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Fig. 3. Mean mortality of Diaphorina citri caused by blastospores of 5 Hirsutella citriformis strains under controlled conditions (26 ± 1 °C, 76 ± 4% RH, 16:8 h L:D photoperiod) during 26 d post inoculation. Different letters indicate significant differences (Tukey's test, α = 0.05). Error bars represent the standard error (n = 7).

Fig. 2 in Effect of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on flower-visiting behavior of insects on Brassica napus (Brassicales: Brassicaceae)

Fig. 2. Daily number (mean ± SE, the number of Frankliniella intonsa was calculated per 10 min per 10 flowers) of flower visitors on Brassica napus in fire ant–excluded, fire ant–included, and fire-ant-and-aphid-included plots.

Fig. 4. Survival curves with 95 in Effect of temperature on growth, reproductive activity, and survival of the invasive bromeliad-eating weevil Metamasius callizona (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Fig. 4. Survival curves with 95% confidence intervals for Metamasius callizona adults at 3 temperatures. Numbers of individuals at time zero were: 16 °C, n = 54; 25 °C, n = 47; and 35 °C, n = 74.

Fig. 2 in Effect of humidity on fecundity and egg incubation of Frankliniella bispinosa and Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Fig. 2. Mean fecundity (± SE) per female of Frankliniella occidentalis at 12 h intervals in laboratory experiments at constant 23 °C and 4 relative humidity levels.

Fig. 1 in Effect of humidity on fecundity and egg incubation of Frankliniella bispinosa and Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Fig. 1. Mean fecundity (± SE) per female of Frankliniella bispinosa at 12 h intervals in laboratory experiments at constant 23 °C and 4 relative humidity levels.

Fig. 2 in Effect of temperature on growth, reproductive activity, and survival of the invasive bromeliad-eating weevil Metamasius callizona (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Fig. 2. Development rate of Metamasius callizona from A) egg collection to pupation and from B) pupation to adult emergence at 4 temperatures in the weevil's operational range.

Fig. 1 in Effect of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on flower-visiting behavior of insects on Brassica napus (Brassicales: Brassicaceae)

Fig. 1. Means (± SE) of species richness (A) and total number (B) of flower visitors on Brassica napus in fire ant–excluded, fire ant–included, and fire-antand-aphid-included plots.

Fig. 1. Proportion and 95 in Effect of temperature on growth, reproductive activity, and survival of the invasive bromeliad-eating weevil Metamasius callizona (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Fig. 1. Proportion and 95% confidence intervals of A) eggs, B) larvae, C) pupae, and D) adults surviving afer exposure to 1 of 7 temperatures for 1, 2, or 4 d, and E) adult survival rate afer exposure to 0 °C for 6 and 8 d. Confidence intervals were calculated using Wilson score intervals (α = 0.05; Wilson 1927). For each life stage, the average number and range of replicates per the temperatures and days to which they were exposed were: eggs, average 25, range 12 to 32; larvae, average 25, range 20 to 37; pupae, average 15, range 10 to 28; adults, average 23, range 17 to 38.

Fig. 4 in Effect of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on flower-visiting behavior of insects on Brassica napus (Brassicales: Brassicaceae)

Fig. 4. GC-EAD responses of Pieris rapae males to volatiles of Solenopsis invicta. GC-EAD active compounds: (1) n-tricosane; (2) 3-methyl tricosane; (3) unknown; (4) n-pentacosane; (5) 13-methyl pentacosane; (6) n-heptacosane; (7) 13,15-dimethyl heptacosane.

Fig. 4 in Effect of humidity on fecundity and egg incubation of Frankliniella bispinosa and Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Fig. 4. Mean time of egg hatch (± SE) for Frankliniella bispinosa and F. occidentalis in laboratory experiments at constant 23 °C and 4 relative humidity levels. Means with the same letter are not significantly different according to ANOVA and subsequent Tukey's HSD test (α = 0.05).

Fig. 3 in Effect of temperature on growth, reproductive activity, and survival of the invasive bromeliad-eating weevil Metamasius callizona (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Fig. 3. Oviposition rate of Metamasius callizona at 7 temperatures. Results with the same letter are statistically similar; determined using analysis of variance and Tukey's method of multiple comparisons; α = 0.05; data collected daily from 10 females ovipositing for 14 d.

Fig. 1 in Mixing male lures results in an effective multispecies bait for trapping Bactrocera (Diptera: Tephritidae) fruit flies

Fig. 1. Numbers of Bactrocera dorsalis male flies captured in traps baited with methyl eugenol (ME) alone or a mixture of ME and raspberry ketone (RK, a natural analogue of cue lure). Comparisons involved 3 mixtures in ME:RK ratios (wt:wt) of 95:5, 90:10, and 85:15. Symbols represent means (± SE) of 15 traps per lure type at 2 wk intervals over an 8 wk sampling period.

Fig. 1 in Effect of genetically modified Bt maize in an artificial diet on the survival of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Fig. 1. Probit response on log Bt concentration of Cydia pomonella larvae reared on a diet containing maize where the responses were: (A) larval mortality Y = 2.980 + 1.27(X); (B) delayed larval development, Y = 3.789 + 1.886(X) for experiment 1 and Y = 2.840 + 1.886(X) for experiment 2; (C) larvae leaving the diet, Y = 3.595 + 0.681(X); (D) total response or response A + B + C, Y = 4.133 + 2.344(X) for experiment 1 and Y = 3.592 + 2.344(X) for experiment 2. Y is the probit response and X is the log Bt concentration.

Fig. 2 in Sublethal effects of indoxacarb and beta-cypermethrin on Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) under laboratory conditions

Fig. 2. Effects of beta-cypermethrin and indoxacarb sub-lethal concentrations on age-specific survival rate and age-specific fecundity of Rhopalosiphum padi F1 generation. CK: control treatment; B-LC10: LC10 of beta-cypermethrin; BLC30: LC30 of beta-cypermethrin; I-LC10: LC10 of indoxacarb; I-LC30: LC30 of indoxacarb.

Fig. 1 in Sublethal effects of indoxacarb and beta-cypermethrin on Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) under laboratory conditions

Fig. 1. Comparisons of development times of nymphs (mean ± SE) across all treatments (different letters indicate significant differences between populations at the P <0.05 level). CK: control treatment; B-LC10: LC10 of beta-cypermethrin; B-LC30: LC30 of beta-cypermethrin; I-LC10: LC10 of indoxacarb; I-LC30: LC30 of indoxacarb.

Fig. 1 in Effect of soil moisture on Plectris aliena (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) oviposition

Fig. 1. Mean numbers of eggs laid by Plectris aliena in laboratory cages with soil moisture levels of 2%, 11%, and 20%. Means with the same letter are not significantly different from one another (Tukey's multiple comparison test, 5% level). Vertical bars are standard errors of the means.

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Fig. 3 in Post-fire effect of savannah vegetation on the establishment of new colonies of Atta sexdens rubropilosa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 3. Characterization of Atta sexdens rubropilosa surviving colonies in burned and unburned areas, afer 120 d of queen reclusion (female), in soils from 2 depths (0.0–10.0 cm and 10.1–20.0 cm). Means (and standard errors) followed by the same letter did not differ from each other (ANOVA, P> 0.05)

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Fig. 2 in Post-fire effect of savannah vegetation on the establishment of new colonies of Atta sexdens rubropilosa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 2. Characterization of Atta sexdens rubropilosa surviving colonies in burned and unburned areas, afer 120 d of queen reclusion (female). Means (and standard errors) followed by the same letter did not differ from each other (ANOVA, P> 0.05).

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Fig. 1 in Post-fire effect of savannah vegetation on the establishment of new colonies of Atta sexdens rubropilosa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 1. Microbial activity (mean and standard error) in soils collected at 2 depths (0.0 to 10.0 cm and 10.1 to 20.0 cm) in areas with burned and unburned vegetation in Ipameri, GO, Brazil. Means followed by the same letter (accumulated CO2 production at 10 d), for each depth where the soil was collected, did not differ from each other (Mann–Whitney U test, P> 0.05).

Fig. 1 in Effect of plant growth regulators on Blissus insularis (Hemiptera: Blissidae)

Fig. 1. Mean Blissus insularis densities (± SE) in St. Augustinegrass, Stenotaphrum secundatum, treated with mefluidide, trinexapac-ethyl, or untreated control. Means with the same letter within a sampling date did not differ statis- tically (ANOVA, P> 0.05); there were 5 replicates per treatment.