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1,817 results for “Late Cretaceous”
Data from: Marine life in a greenhouse world: cephalopod biodiversity and biogeography during the early Late Cretaceous
Two end-member models are proposed to explain marine biotic responses to greenhouse conditions. Global warming and increasing sea level may: (1) promote dispersal of marine species, leading to larger geographic ranges and decreased speciation and biodiversity, or (2) form isolated epicontinental basins that host endemic radiations, leading to smaller geographic ranges and increased speciation and biodiversity. The Cenomanian–Turonian (C–T) interval, marked by greenhouse warming, sea level rise, ocean anoxia, and biotic turnover, presents an opportunity to test these two end-member models. In particular, how cephalopods responded to these global changes has not been clear. A global database of 7,262 cephalopod occurrences was used to evaluate biodiversity changes through the C–T interval. Both species- and genus-level diversity peaked in the Late Cenomanian. The global diversity drop across the C/T boundary was modest; rather, diversity was low during the Middle Cenomanian and Middle Turonian, times of brief cooling. Regional variations in diversity responses may reflect the degree and timing of environmental perturbations within different oceanographic settings. Surprisingly, cephalopod faunas in the European Platform, Western Interior, and South Atlantic all shifted equatorward across the C/T boundary, whereas other regions saw no change in latitudinal distributions. Global generic geographic ranges did not change through the C–T interval, but the percentage of cosmopolitan genera did increase significantly across the C/T, both globally and within the Western Interior and Europe, whereas cosmopolitans dropped in the Pacific and South Atlantic. Neither end-member model for biodiversity change in a greenhouse world is supported for C–T cephalopods, as diversity increased without an associated increase in geographic range. It may be that sea level rise and global warming led to both endemic radiations in epicontinental basins and an increase in cosmopolitan taxa in some regions, demonstrating the importance of combining global and regional scale analyses.
Figure 7 in A Late Cretaceous diversification of Asian oviraptorid dinosaurs: evidence from a new species
Figure 7. Strict consensus of 33104 most parsimonious trees obtained by TNT, based on analysis of 43 taxa and 237 characters, showing the phylogenetic position of Tongtianlong limosus gen. et sp. nov. (Tree length = 566, consistency index = 0.484 and retention index = 0.676). Numbers adjacent to each node are Bremer support values. All the oviraptorid dinosaurs from southern China are in red.
Figure 6 in A Late Cretaceous diversification of Asian oviraptorid dinosaurs: evidence from a new species
Figure 6. Skull comparisons of oviraptorosaurs showing relative positions of the posterodorsal corner of the antorbital fenestra and the anteroventral corner of the external narial opening. (a) Incisivosaurus gauthieri; (b) Conchoraptor gracilis; (c) Wulatelong gobiensis; (no scale) (d) Banji long; (e) Anzu wyliei; (f) Khaan mckennai; (g) Citipati osmolskae; (no scale) (h) Huanansaurus ganzhouensis (reversed); (i) Yulong mini; (j) Oviraptor philoceratops; (k) Nemegtomaia barsboldi; l: "Oviraptor" mongoliensis; m: Tongtianlong limosus gen. et sp. nov. (a,b,f,g,j,k) and l are from Lü23; (c) is modified from Xu et al.18; (d) is modified from Xu and Han26; (e) is modified from Lamanna et al.41 (reversed), (i) is from Lü et al.10 and (h) is from Lü et al.29. External narial opening is in red, and antorbital fenenstra is in yellow. Note: The horizontal line projected through the posterodorsal corner of the antorbital fenestra is parallel to the line linking the articular end of the quadrate and the ventral margin of the premaxilla. Modified from Lü et al.29.
Figure 5 in A Late Cretaceous diversification of Asian oviraptorid dinosaurs: evidence from a new species
Figure 5. An artistic reconstruction, showing the last-ditch struggle of Tongtianlong limosus as it was mired in mud, one possible, but highly speculative, interpretation for how the specimen was killed and buried (Drawn by Zhao Chuang).
Figure 4 in A Late Cretaceous diversification of Asian oviraptorid dinosaurs: evidence from a new species
Figure 4. The photograph (a) and line drawing (b) of the skull: Tongtianlong limosus gen. et sp. nov. in right lateral view. Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fenestra; bc, braincase; d, dentary; emf, external mandibular fenestra; eo, exoccipital; f, frontal; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; ltf: lower temporal fenestra; m, maxilla; n, nasal;nar, narial opening; npc, nasopharyngeal canal; o, orbit; p, parietal; pm, premaxilla; pno, pneumatic opening; po, postorbital;q, quadrate;qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; sq, squamosal; stf, supratemporal fenestra. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Figure 2 in A Late Cretaceous diversification of Asian oviraptorid dinosaurs: evidence from a new species
Figure 2. The whole skeleton of the holotype Tongtianlong limosus gen. et sp. nov. in dorsal view (a) and lateral view (b). Scale bar = 10 cm.
Figure 3 in A Late Cretaceous diversification of Asian oviraptorid dinosaurs: evidence from a new species
Figure 3. The holotype of Tongtianlong limosus gen. et sp. nov.: whole skeleton (a), close-up of furcula (b), close up of humerus (c), dorsal view of skull (d) and dorsal view of middle cervical vertebrae. Scale bars = 10 cm in (a) and 2 cm in (b,d); Abbreviation: co, coracoids; f, frontal; fur, furcula; h, humerus; p, parietal; pfs, frontal/ parietal suture; pp, parietal process; sc, scapula; st, sternum; stf, supratemporal fenestra.
Figure 1 in A Late Cretaceous diversification of Asian oviraptorid dinosaurs: evidence from a new species
Figure 1. Map of the fossil locality near Ganzhou, Iiangxi Province, southern China. The solid five-pointed star represents the fossil site. Modified from Lü et al.29.
FIGURE 3. Eoverruca hewitti Withers, 1935 in A new record of the Late Cretaceous cirripede Eoverruca hewitti (Verrucomorpha, Proverrucidae) from southern Poland
FIGURE 3. Eoverruca hewitti Withers, 1935. All specimens from the upper lower Campanian at JeŻówka (Miechów Trough, southern Poland), from samples 3, 4A and 4B (see Fig. 1, Table 1). A, lateral valve (NHMM 2006 024/11), B, lateral valve (NHMM 2006 024/12); C, lateral valve, interior (NHMM 2006 024/13); D, lateral valve (NHMM 2006 024/ 14); E, lateral valve, interior (NHMM 2006 024/15); F, lateral valve (NHMM 2006 024/16). All SEM; scale bars equal 200 μm.
FIGURE 1 in A new record of the Late Cretaceous cirripede Eoverruca hewitti (Verrucomorpha, Proverrucidae) from southern Poland
FIGURE 1. Map of Poland (inset A), showing the extent of Cretaceous strata; arrow denotes the Miechów area); B shows the outcrop at JeŻówka, while C presents a simplified log of the section exposed there with numbered sample series in the left-hand column. Samples 3, 4A, 4B and 5 have yielded specimens of Eoverruca hewitti Withers, 1935 (see also Table 1).
FIGURE 2. Eoverruca hewitti Withers, 1935 in A new record of the Late Cretaceous cirripede Eoverruca hewitti (Verrucomorpha, Proverrucidae) from southern Poland
FIGURE 2. Eoverruca hewitti Withers, 1935. All specimens from the upper lower Campanian at JeŻówka (Miechów Trough, southern Poland), from samples 3, 4A and 4B (see Fig. 1, Table 1). A, movable tergum (NHMM 2006 024/1); B, movable tergum (NHMM 2006 024/2); C, movable tergum (NHMM 2006 024/3); D, movable scutum (NHMM 2006 024/4); E,?fixed tergum (NHMM 2006 024/5); F, lateral valve (NHMM 2006 024/6); G, carina (NHMM 2006 024/7); H, rostrum (NHMM 2006 024/8); I, carina (NHMM 2006 024/9); J, fixed scutum (NHMM 2006 024/10). All SEM; scale bars equal 200 μm, except in C, where it represents 500 μm. Note premordial valve in D [compare Vulcanolepas osheai (Buckeridge, 2000: fig. 4F, G); see also Southward & Jones, 2003].
FIGURE 6 in Barrosasaurus casamiquelai gen. et sp. nov., a new titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Anacleto Formation (Late Cretaceous: early Campanian) of Sierra Barrosa (Neuquén, Argentina)
FIGURE 6. Barrosasaurus casamiquelai gen. et sp. nov., holotype. Dorsal centra in ventral view: A, MCF-PVPH-447/ 3; B, MCF-PVPH-447/1; MCF-PVPH-447/2. Abbreviation: vk, ventral keel. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
FIGURE 5 in Barrosasaurus casamiquelai gen. et sp. nov., a new titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Anacleto Formation (Late Cretaceous: early Campanian) of Sierra Barrosa (Neuquén, Argentina)
FIGURE 5. Barrosasaurus casamiquelai gen. et sp. nov., holotype (MCF-PVPH-447/2). Posterior dorsal (ninth or tenth) vertebra in anterior (A), posterior (B), left (C), and right lateral (D) views. Abbreviations: acpl, anterior centroparapophyseal lamina; alp, aliform process; apcdl, accesory posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; aspdl, anterior spinodiapophyseal lamina; f, fossa; nc, neural canal; p, pleurocoel; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pcpl, posterior centroparapophyseal lamina; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; posl, postspinal lamina; prsl, prespinal lamina; prz, prezygapophysis; pz, postzygapophysis; r, rib; spol, spinoposztzygapophyseal lamina; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; tl, transverse lamina. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
FIGURE 2. A in Barrosasaurus casamiquelai gen. et sp. nov., a new titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Anacleto Formation (Late Cretaceous: early Campanian) of Sierra Barrosa (Neuquén, Argentina)
FIGURE 2. A) Photograph of the holotype material of Barrosasaurus casamiquelai gen. et sp. nov. during excavation. B) Map showing the original positions of the specimens. The grid is composed of 10 x 10 cm quadrats.
FIGURE 8 in Barrosasaurus casamiquelai gen. et sp. nov., a new titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Anacleto Formation (Late Cretaceous: early Campanian) of Sierra Barrosa (Neuquén, Argentina)
FIGURE 8. Comparison among posterior dorsal vertebrae of some selected titanosaurs. A, B, Barrosasaurus casamiquelai gen. et. sp. nov. (holotype, MCF-PVPH-447/2), ninth or tenth dorsal in posterior (A) and right lateral (B) views. C, D, Neuquensaurus australis (MCS-5), dorsal 9? in posterior (C) and right lateral (D) views. E, F, Argyrosaurus superbus (PVL 4628, MACN-CH 217), dorsal 10? in anterior (E) and right lateral (F) views. G, Trigonosaurus pricei (holotype, MCT-1488-R), dorsals 9 and 10 in left lateral view. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
FIGURE 7 in Barrosasaurus casamiquelai gen. et sp. nov., a new titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Anacleto Formation (Late Cretaceous: early Campanian) of Sierra Barrosa (Neuquén, Argentina)
FIGURE 7. Comparison of anterior dorsal vertebrae of some selected titanosaurs, in anterior view. A, Barrosasaurus casamiquelai gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, MCF-PVPH-447/3). B, Argentinosaurus huinculensis (holotype, MCF-PVPH- 1). C, Mendozasaurus neguyelap (paratype, IANIGLA-PV 066). Scale bar equals 10 cm.
FIGURE 3 in Barrosasaurus casamiquelai gen. et sp. nov., a new titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Anacleto Formation (Late Cretaceous: early Campanian) of Sierra Barrosa (Neuquén, Argentina)
FIGURE 3. Barrosasaurus casamiquelai gen. et sp. nov., holotype (MCF-PVPH-447/3). Anterior dorsal vertebra in anterior (A) and left lateral (B) views. Abbreviations: acpl, anterior centroparapophyseal lamina; al, accesory lamina; apcdl, accesory posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; d, diapophysis; nc, neural canal; p, pleurocoel; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pcpl, posterior centroparapophyseal lamina; pp, parapophysis; ppdl, paradiapophyseal lamina; prsl, prespinal lamina; prz, prezygapophysis; sf, small fossa; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; tprl, intraprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
FIGURE 4 in Barrosasaurus casamiquelai gen. et sp. nov., a new titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Anacleto Formation (Late Cretaceous: early Campanian) of Sierra Barrosa (Neuquén, Argentina)
FIGURE 4. Barrosasaurus casamiquelai gen. et sp. nov., holotype (MCF-PVPH-447/1). Posterior dorsal (seventh or eighth) vertebra in anterior (A), right lateral (B) and posterior (C) views. Abbreviations: acpl, anterior centroparapophyseal lamina; alp, aliform process; apcdl, accessory posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; aspdl, anterior spinodiapophyseal lamina; d, diapophysis; nc, neural canal; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pcpl, posterior centroparapophyseal lamina; posl, postspinal lamina; pp, parapophysis; ppdl, paradiapophyseal lamina; prsl, prespinal lamina; prz, prezygapophysis; spol, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; tprl, intraprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
FIGURE 8 in The osteology of Shaochilong maortuensis, a carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Asia
FIGURE 8. Photographs and line drawings of the braincase of Shaochilong maortuensis (IVPP V2885.1) in posterior (a, b) and right lateral (c, d) views. Abbreviations: aoc, antotic crest; atr, anterior tympanic recess; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; bt, basal tuber; dtr, dorsal tympanic recess; ex-op, exoccipital-opisthotic; fm, foramen magnum; fo, fenestra ovalis; for, paracondylar openings representing jugal foramen and foramen for nerve XII; ls, laterosphenoid; oc, occipital condyle; p, parietal; pn, pneumatic foramen (pneumatopore); pop, paroccipital process; pp, preotic pendant; pro, prootic; scr, subcondylar recess; so, supraoccipital; sok, supraoccipital knob; sor, supraoccipital ridge. Roman numerals refer to cranial nerves. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
FIGURE 12 in The osteology of Shaochilong maortuensis, a carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Asia
FIGURE 12. Photographs of the braincase of Shaochilong maortuensis (IVPP V2885.1) in right lateral oblique views, including a complete photograph (a) and a closeup of the anterior pituitary region (b). Abbreviations: aoc, antotic crest; atr, anterior tympanic recess; bsr, basisphenoid recess; bt, basal tubera; ct, crista tuberalis (=metotic strut); dtr, dorsal tympanic recess; ecc, endocranial canal; f, fossa; fo, fenestra ovalis; for, foramen; ic, internal carotid entrance; pit, pituitary fossa; pn, pneumatic foramen (pneumatopore); orb, orbitosphenoid articulation scar; ssr, subsellar recess. Roman numerals refer to cranial nerves. Scale bar equals 5 cm and refers to image (a) only.
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