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2,118 results for “Metal”
Data from: Do trace metals influence visual signals? Effects of trace metals on iridescent and melanic feather colouration in the feral pigeon
Trace metals are chemical pollutants of prime concern nowadays given their implication in several human diseases and their noxious effects on wildlife. Previous studies demonstrated their negative (e.g. lead, cadmium) or positive (e.g. zinc) effects on body condition, immunity and reproductive success in birds. Because of their effects on bird condition, trace metals are likely to influence the production of condition-dependent plumage colours, that may be used in mate choice. In the feral pigeon Columba livia, we investigated iridescent colouration in response to lead and zinc experimental (i.e. metal supplementation in standardized conditions) and natural exposure (i.e. metal concentrations in feathers of wild urban pigeons), and melanic feather colouration in response to experimental lead and zinc exposure. Both studies (i.e. experimental and correlative) consistently showed that lead exposure decreased iridescent neck feather brightness independently of colour morph. Moreover, lead, when provided alone, decreased melanic feather reflectance in the middle wavelengths while zinc supplementation increased melanic feather reflectance in the violet-wavelength. In conclusion, our study suggests that the colouration of iridescent and melanic feathers depends on the exposure to pollutants. Whether trace metal exposure affected the ability of birds to produce melanin pigments, to grow the microstructural feather elements required for maximum colour display, or to cope with bacteria that degrade feather microstuctures remains unclear. Future studies should investigate whether these metal-induced modifications of plumage colouration affect behaviours involved in sexual selection.
Data from: Earthworms and cadmium – heavy metal resistant gut bacteria as indicators for heavy metal pollution in soils?
Preservation of the soil resources stability is of high importance for ecosystems, particularly in the current era of environmental change, which presents a severe pollution burden (e.g. by heavy metals) to soil fauna. Gut microbiomes are becoming recognized as important players in organism health, with comprehension of their perturbations in the polluted environment offering new insights into the nature and extent of heavy metal effects on the health of soil biota. Our aim was to investigate the effect of environmentally relevant heavy metal concentrations of cadmium (Cd) on the earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) gut microbiota. Our results revealed that Cd exposure led to perturbations of earthworm gut microbiota with an increase in bacteria previously described as heavy metal resistant or able to bind heavy metals, revealing the potential of the earthworm-gut microbiota system in overcoming human-caused heavy metal pollution. Furthermore, an 'indicator species analysis' linked the bacterial genera Paenibacillus, Flavobacterium and Pseudomonas, with Cd treatment, suggesting these bacterial taxa as biomarkers of exposure in earthworms inhabiting Cd-stressed soils. The results of this study help to understand the impact of anthropogenic disturbance on soil fauna health and will have implications for environmental monitoring and protection of soil resources.
Data from: Dynamics of adaptation in experimental yeast populations exposed to gradual and abrupt change in heavy metal concentration
Directional environmental change is a ubiquitous phenomenon that may have profound effects on all living organisms. However, it is unclear how different rates of such change affect the dynamics and outcome of evolution. We studied this question using experimental evolution of heavy metal tolerance in the baker´s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To this end, we grew replicate lines of yeast for 500 generations in the presence of (i) a constant high concentration of cadmium, nickel or zinc, or (ii) a gradually increasing concentration of these metals. We found that gradual environmental change leads to a delay in fitness increase compared to abrupt change, but not necessarily to a different fitness of evolutionary endpoints. For the non-essential metal cadmium this delay is due to reduced fitness differences between genotypes at low metal concentrations, consistent with directional selection to minimize intracellular concentrations of this metal. In contrast, for the essential metals nickel and zinc different genotypes are selected at different concentrations, consistent with stabilizing selection to maintain constant intracellular concentrations of these metals. These findings indicate diverse fitness consequences of evolved tolerance mechanisms for essential and non-essential metals, and imply that the rate of environmental change and the nature of the stressor are crucial determinants of evolutionary dynamics.
Imaging of twist angle in 2D transition metal dichalcogenide bilayers
<p>Second harmonic generation imaging of twist angle in 2D transition metal dichalcogenide bilayers</p>
Data from: Differential metal-binding properties of dynamic acylhydrazone polymers and their sensing applications
As one of common dynamic covalent bonds, acylhydrazone bond plays an important role in developing intelligent responsive materials. In this report, we present acylhydrazone-based dynamic polymers with multi-stimuli responsiveness, particularly metal recognition behaviours and their modulation. A series of polyacylhydrazones with different metal-binding sites were designed and prepared in a modular fashion. Titration of these receptors with a diverse set of metal ions, including Cu2+, Zn2+ and La3+, resulted in unique optical changes, and both the sensitivity and selectivity profiles can be regulated. Moreover, the metal-binding feature was facilely modulated by changing the solvent. The addition of weakly basic anions was employed to further fine-tune the responsiveness of the polymers by taking advantage of the cooperative effect with metal coordination. Finally, the sensitive detection of 6-mercaptopurine and pyrophosphate was achieved to demonstrate the application potential of these systems.
Data from: Quantitative comparison of commercial and non-commercial metal artifact reduction techniques in computed tomography
Objectives: Typical streak artifacts known as metal artifacts occur in the presence of strongly attenuating materials in computed tomography (CT). Recently, vendors have started offering metal artifact reduction (MAR) techniques. In addition, a MAR technique called the metal deletion technique (MDT) is freely available and able to reduce metal artifacts using reconstructed images. Although a comparison of the MDT to other MAR techniques exists, a comparison of commercially available MAR techniques is lacking. The aim of this study was therefore to quantify the difference in effectiveness of the currently available MAR techniques of different scanners and the MDT technique. Materials and Methods: Three vendors were asked to use their preferential CT scanner for applying their MAR techniques. The scans were performed on a Philips Brilliance ICT 256 (S1), a GE Discovery CT 750 HD (S2) and a Siemens Somatom Definition AS Open (S3). The scans were made using an anthropomorphic head and neck phantom (Kyoto Kagaku, Japan). Three amalgam dental implants were constructed and inserted between the phantom's teeth. The average absolute error (AAE) was calculated for all reconstructions in the proximity of the amalgam implants. Results: The commercial techniques reduced the AAE by 22.0±1.6%, 16.2±2.6% and 3.3±0.7% for S1 to S3 respectively. After applying the MDT to uncorrected scans of each scanner the AAE was reduced by 26.1±2.3%, 27.9±1.0% and 28.8±0.5% respectively. The difference in efficiency between the commercial techniques and the MDT was statistically significant for S2 (p=0.004) and S3 (p<0.001), but not for S1 (p=0.63). Conclusions: The effectiveness of MAR differs between vendors. S1 performed slightly better than S2 and both performed better than S3. Furthermore, for our phantom and outcome measure the MDT was more effective than the commercial MAR technique on all scanners.
Data from: Numerical and experimental study of pyrophoric activated metal Mg surface combustion characteristics
The combustion of multi-hole pyrophoric activated metal belongs to solid combustion and the combustion mechanism is quite complex, which is a difficult problem to be solved. Once the pyrophoric activated metal contacting with oxygen, the oxygen diffuses to the interior of the activated metal within plenty of holes and reacts with it, which enlarges the contact area with oxygen. Consequently, the whole combustion is serious and the temperature rises rapidly. To study the combustion mechanism of chaff, surface heat balance equation is established in this work by taking Mg as the activated metal. To solve this equation, the chaff adiabatic wall temperature distribution is computed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the presence of high speed airflow. Then, chaff surface temperature distribution is obtained by solving the heat balance equations. Finally, numerical and experimental results via infrared (IR) thermal imager are compared to demonstrate the effectiveness of the established equation.
Data from: Social evolution of toxic metal bioremediation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Bacteria are often iron-limited, and hence produce extracellular iron-scavenging siderophores. A crucial feature of siderophore production is that it can be an altruistic behaviour (individually costly but benefitting neighbouring cells), thus siderophore producers can be invaded by non-producing social 'cheats'. Recent studies have shown that siderophores can also bind other heavy metals (such as Cu and Zn), but in this case siderophore chelation actually reduces metal uptake by bacteria. These complexes reduce heavy metal toxicity, hence siderophore production may contribute to toxic metal bioremediation. Here, we show that siderophore production in the context of bioremediation is also an altruistic trait and can be exploited by cheating phenotypes in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Specifically, we show that in toxic copper concentrations (i) siderophore non-producers evolve de novo and reach high frequencies, and (ii) producing strains are fitter than isogenic non-producing strains in monoculture, and vice versa in co-culture. Moreover, we show that the evolutionary effect copper has on reducing siderophore production is greater than the reduction observed under iron-limited conditions. We discuss the relevance of these results to the evolution of siderophore production in natural communities and heavy metal bioremediation.
Data from: Variation in defence strategies in the metal hyperaccumulator Noccaea caerulescens is indicative of synergies and trade-offs between forms of defence
The metal hyperaccumulator, N. caerulescens, uses metals as a defence against pathogens. Earlier work has suggested both trade-offs and synergies between metals and inducible defences. Different populations of N. caerulescens vary in metal accumulation. Here, we test the hypothesis that this produces different outcomes in trade-offs between defences. We compare zinc concentrations, glucosinolate concentrations, and inducible stress responses, including ROS and cell death, in four N. caerulescens populations, and relate these to the growth of the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, its zinc tolerance mutants, and Pseudomonas pathogens isolated from a natural population of N. caerulescens. The populations display strikingly different defences. Where defences are successful, pathogens are limited primarily by metals, cell death, or organic defences, with evidence of both trade-offs and synergies between these, depending upon population. In addition, we find evidence that Pseudomonas pathogens may evolve to overcome any of these strategies, indicating that the arms race continues. These data indicate that defensive enhancement, joint effects and trade-offs between forms of defence are all plausible explanations for the evolution of metal-based defences, with factors including metal availability and pressures from metal-tolerant pathogens likely shaping the current strategy of each ecotype.
Data from: De novo transcriptome assemblies of four accessions of the metal hyperaccumulator plant Noccaea caerulescens
Noccaea caerulescens of the Brassicaceae family has become the key model plant among the metal hyperaccumulator plants. Populations/accessions of N. caerulescens from geographic locations with different soil metal concentrations differ in their ability to hyperaccumulate and hypertolerate metals. Comparison of transcriptomes in several accessions provides candidates for detailed exploration of the mechanisms of metal accumulation and tolerance and local adaptation. This can have implications in the development of plants for phytoremediation and improved mineral nutrition. Transcriptomes from root and shoot tissues of four N. caerulescens accessions with contrasting Zn, Cd and Ni hyperaccumulation and tolerance traits were sequenced with Illumina Hiseq2000. Transcriptomes were assembled using the Trinity de novo assembler and were annotated and the protein sequences predicted. The comparison against the BUSCO plant early release dataset indicated high-quality assemblies.The predicted protein sequences have been clustered into ortholog groups with closely related species. The data serve as important reference sequences in whole transcriptome studies, in analyses of genetic differences between the accessions and other species, and for primer design.
Data from: Metal tolerance protein MTP6 affects mitochondrial iron and manganese homeostasis in cucumber
<p><span><b>NOTICE</b></span>: The Editor-in-Chief and Publisher of <i>Journal of Experimental Botany</i> have taken the decision to retract the article related to this dataset due to concern over image manipulation and duplication. Please note, Dryad cannot verify whether the underlying data published is reliable for reuse. Visit this link to view the retraction notice and concerns raised: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery342" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery342</a></p> <p>Members of the cation diffusion facilitator family have been identified in all kingdoms of life. They have been divided into three subgroups – Zn-CDF, Fe/Zn-CDF and Mn-CDF – based on their putative specificity to transported metal ions. The plant metal tolerance 6 (MTP6) proteins fall into the Fe/Zn-CDF subgroup, however their function in iron/zinc transport has not been confirmed yet. Here we characterize the MTP6 protein from cucumber. When expressed in yeast and protoplasts isolated from A. thaliana cells, CsMTP6 localized in mitochondria and contributed to the efflux of iron and manganese from the mitochondria. The immunolocalization of CsMTP6 in cucumber membranes confirmed that CsMTP6 is associated with mitochondria. The root expression and protein level of CsMTP6 were significantly up-regulated in conditions of iron deficiency and iron excess but were not affected by Mn availability. These results indicate that plant MTP6 proteins contribute to the distribution of iron and manganese between the cytosol and mitochondria of plant cells and are regulated by Fe to maintain the mitochondrial and cytosolic iron homeostasis under various Fe availability.</p>
Data from: Evidence that metallic proxies are unsuitable for assessing the mechanics of microwear formation and a new theory of the meaning of microwear
Mammalian tooth wear research reveals contrasting patterns seemingly linked to diet: irregularly-pitted enamel surfaces, possibly from consuming hard seeds, vs. roughly-aligned linearly-grooved surfaces, associated with eating tough leaves. These patterns are important for assigning diet to fossils, including hominins. However, experiments establishing conditions necessary for such damage challenge this paradigm. Lucas et al. (2013) slid natural objects against enamel, concluding anything less hard than enamel would rub, not abrade, its surface (producing no immediate wear). This category includes all organic plant matter. Particles harder than enamel, with sufficiently angular surfaces, could abrade it immediately, prerequisites that silica/silicate particles alone possess. Xia et al. (2015) countered with experiments using brass and aluminium balls. Their bulk hardness was lower than enamel, but the latter was abraded. We examined the ball exteriors to address this discrepancy. The aluminium was surfaced by a thin rough oxide layer harder than enamel. Brass surfaces were smoother, but work-hardening during manufacture gave them comparable or higher hardness than enamel. We conclude that Xia et al.'s results are actually predicted by the mechanical model of Lucas et al. To explain wear patterns, we present a new model of textural formation, based on particle properties and presence/absence of silica(tes).
Data from: Local adaptation is associated with zinc tolerance in Pseudomonas endophytes of the metal-hyperaccumulator plant Noccaea caerulescens
Metal hyperaccumulating plants, which are hypothesised to use metals for defence against pests and pathogens, provide a unique context in which to study plant–pathogen co-evolution. Previously, we demonstrated that the high concentrations of zinc found in leaves of the hyperaccumulator Noccaea caerulescens provide protection against bacterial pathogens, with a potential trade-off between metal-based and pathogen-induced defences. We speculated that an evolutionary arms race between zinc-based defences in N. caerulescens and zinc tolerance in pathogens might have driven the development of the hyperaccumulation phenotype. Here, we investigate the possibility of local adaptation by bacteria to the zinc-rich environment of N. caerulescens leaves and show that leaves sampled from the contaminated surroundings of a former mine site harboured endophytes with greater zinc tolerance than those within plants of an artificially created hyperaccumulating population. Experimental manipulation of zinc concentrations in plants of this artificial population influenced the zinc tolerance of recovered endophytes. In laboratory experiments, only endophytic bacteria isolated from plants of the natural population were able to grow to high population densities in any N. caerulescens plants. These findings suggest that long-term co-existence with zinc hyperaccumulating plants leads to local adaptation by endophytic bacteria to the environment within their leaves.
Data file for the paper "Mechanistic Insights into the Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Metal--N--C Electrocatalysts under Fuel Cell Conditions", ChemElectroChem , 2016, DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600354
<p>Dataset for the above paper.</p>
Data file for the paper "Mechanistic Insights into the Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Metal--N--C Electrocatalysts under Fuel Cell Conditions", ChemElectroChem , 2016, DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600354
<p>Dataset for the above paper</p>
FIGURE 1 in Systematic revision of Johnmannia Irwin and Lyneborg (Diptera: Therevidae): Atypical metallic stiletto flies from Australian mesic habitats
FIGURE 1. Habitus of Johnmannia powerae sp. nov. Ψ MEI 025305, lateral.
FIGURE 2 in Larvae of Hydropsyche angustipennis (Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae) as indicators of stream contamination by heavy metals in Łódź agglomeration
FIGURE 2. Annual results of the measured water parameters at given sampling sites.
FIGURE 5 in Larvae of Hydropsyche angustipennis (Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae) as indicators of stream contamination by heavy metals in Łódź agglomeration
FIGURE 5. Presence of heavy metals in whole bodies and in water at given sampling sites.
FIGURE 1 in Larvae of Hydropsyche angustipennis (Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae) as indicators of stream contamination by heavy metals in Łódź agglomeration
FIGURE 1. Study area with sampling sites.
FIGURE 4 in Larvae of Hydropsyche angustipennis (Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae) as indicators of stream contamination by heavy metals in Łódź agglomeration
FIGURE 4. Annual content of heavy metals in larval bodies at given sampling sites.
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