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FIGURE 5 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods

FIGURE 5. XMT result of Cleiothyridina baracoodensis (ML32). 1-11, serial slices in the coronal plane (from posterior to anterior). 12-21, serial slices in the transverse plane (from ventral to dorsal). 22-27, serial slices in the sagittal plane (from lateral to middle). 28-31, lateral (28), ventral (29), dorsal (30) and posterior (31) views of the reconstructed 3-D model (external shell). 32, ventral view of the 3-D model in transparent mode. All the slice images were obtained under false-color lookup tables (Color 2 option in DataViewer). Abbreviations: tt, teeth; sk, socket; cf, cardinal flanges.

FIGURE 4 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods

FIGURE 4. XMT result of Stenoscisma timorense (BS-2). 1-10, serial slices in the coronal plane (from posterior to anterior). 11-17, serial slices in the transverse plane (from ventral to dorsal). 18-22, serial slices in the sagittal plane (from lateral to middle). 23-25, lateral (23), ventral (24) and dorsal (25) views of the reconstructed 3-D model (external shell). 26, posterior view of the coronally sectioned 3-D model. 27, ventral view of the 3-D model in transparent mode. All the slice images were obtained under false-color lookup tables (Color 1 option in DataViewer). Abbreviations: sd, spondylium; tt, teeth.

FIGURE 7 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods

FIGURE 7. XMT result of Spiriferina sp. (BS-1). 1-7, serial slices in the coronal plane (from posterior to anterior). 8-14, serial slices in the transverse plane (from ventral to dorsal). 15-19, serial slices in the sagittal plane (from lateral to middle). 20-22, lateral (20), ventral (21) and dorsal (22) views of the reconstructed 3-D model (external shell). 23, ventral view of the 3-D model in transparent mode. All the slice images were obtained under false-color lookup tables (Color 1 option in DataViewer). Abbreviations: dp, dental plates; ms, median septum; sp, spiralia; tt, teeth; cr, crus; sk, socket.

FIGURE 6 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods

FIGURE 6. XMT result of Tylothyris transversa (TeP). 1-7, serial slices in the coronal plane (from posterior to anterior). 8-14, serial slices in the transverse plane (from ventral to dorsal). 15-19, serial slices in the sagittal plane (from lateral to middle). 20-22, lateral (20), ventral (21) and dorsal (22) views of the reconstructed 3-D model (external shell). 23, ventral view of the 3-D model in transparent mode. All the slice images were obtained under false-color lookup tables (Color 1 option in DataViewer). Abbreviation: sp, spiralia.

FIGURE 2 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods

FIGURE 2. Thin section and cathodoluminescence (CL) photomicrographs: Indospirifer sp. (3229) (1-4), Cyrtospirifer whitneyi (CD) (5-8), Spiriferidae gen. sp. indet. (S1) (9-12), Spiriferella loveni (F8) (13-16), Meekella sangzhiensis (Q- 1) (17-18) and Tyloplecta nanjingensis (Q-2) (19-20). 1, plane-polarized light (PPL) image of infilling micrite and shell fragments scattered. 2-3, transmitted light (TL) (2) and corresponding CL (3) images of luminescent shell. 4, CL image showing slightly luminescent shell. 5-8, TL (5, 7) and CL (6, 8) images of both luminescent shell and infilling sediment. 9-10, PPL images of brachiopod shell, infilling packstone and thin silicified layer along their boundary. 11- 12, TL (11) and CL (12) images of nonluminescent shell. 13-16, TL (13, 15) and CL (14, 16) images showing a variety of shell luminescence and infilling sediment composed of calcitic skeletal grains (bryozoan in 15 and 16). 17-20, PPL (17, 19, 20) and TL (18) images of both silicified shells and infillings. Abbreviations: bs, brachiopod shell; im, infilling material; fs, fragmented shell; os, other shell material; sl, silicified layer; NL, nonluminescent; SL, slightly luminescent; L, luminescent.

FIGURE 3 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods

FIGURE 3. XMT result of Timaniella harkeri (GSC26406). 1-10, serial slices in the coronal plane (from posterior to anterior). 11-17, serial slices in the transverse plane (from ventral to dorsal). 18-22, serial slices in the sagittal plane (from lateral to middle). 23-25, lateral (23), ventral (24) and dorsal (25) views of the reconstructed 3-D model (external shell). 26, ventral view of the 3-D model in transparent mode. All the slice images were obtained under false-color lookup tables (Color 2 option in DataViewer). Abbreviations: tt, teeth; sp, spiralia; sk, socket.

FIGURE 1 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods

FIGURE 1. Thin section and cathodoluminescence (CL) photomicrographs: Timaniella harkeri (GSC26406) (1-4), Spiriferina sp. (BS-1) (5-8), Stenoscisma timorense (BS-2) (9-12), Cleiothyridina baracoodensis (ML32) (13-16) and Tylothyris transversa (TeP) (17-20). 1-2, transmitted light (TL) (1) and corresponding CL images (2) of nonluminescent shell and infilling sediment composed of fine sand grains. 3-4, TL (3) and CL (4) images of nonluminescent associated with partially luminescent shell in the cardinal area of dorsal valve. 5-8, TL (5, 7) and CL (6, 8) images of nonluminescent associated with partially luminescent shell and luminescent infilling cement. 9-12, TL (9, 11) and CL (10, 12) images of luminescent shell with thin silicified layers and recrystallization along inner wall of brachiopod shell. 13, plane-polarized light (PPL) image of the original infilling sediment composed of calcareous sands. 14, PPL image showing the section of infilling cement. 15-16, TL (15) and CL (16) images of slightly luminescent shell. 17, PPL image of infilling comprising lime mud, calcite cement and relatively large, radially arranged, siliceous crystals. 18-19, TL (18) and CL (19) images of nonluminescent associated with partially luminescent shell. 20, CL image showing the section of nonluminescent internal shell structure (spiralia) preserved within infilling (This structure is hardly recognized in the TL image). Abbreviations: bs, brachiopod shell; im, infilling material; sl, silicified layer; cc, calcite crystal; NL, nonluminescent; SL, slightly luminescent; L, luminescent.

Fig. 5 in Two parasitoids of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) have shared, stage-specific preference for host nymphs that does not impact pest mortality rates

Fig. 5. Mean (± SE) development time of parasitoid eggs to adult emergence of (A) Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis and (B) Tamarixia radiata that developed on different Diaphorina citri instars in no-choice experiments. Treatment means with the same letters are not significantly different (P> 0.05).

Fig. 3 in Two parasitoids of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) have shared, stage-specific preference for host nymphs that does not impact pest mortality rates

Fig. 3. Mean (± SE) emergence of adult Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis from second through fifh instar Diaphorina citri nymphs in no-choice experiments when females foraged alone or with hetero- and conspecific competitors. Foraging scenario only affected parasitoid emergence when D. aligarhensis foraged for fourth instar D. citri nymphs (means with the same letters are not significantly different; P> 0.05).

Fig. 2 in Two parasitoids of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) have shared, stage-specific preference for host nymphs that does not impact pest mortality rates

Fig. 2. The effect of foraging scenario on mean (± SE) Diaphorina citri mortality when (A) second, (B) third, (C) fourth, and (D) fifh instar Diaphorina citri nymphs were exposed to female parasitoids in no-choice experiments. In each panel, means with the same letters are not significantly different (P> 0.05).

Fig. 1 in Two parasitoids of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) have shared, stage-specific preference for host nymphs that does not impact pest mortality rates

Fig. 1. Mean (± SE) proportion of oviposition events (αi), indicating preference of female parasitoids for second through fifh instar Diaphorina citri nymphs in choice arenas. For each parasitoid species, means with the same letters are not significantly different (P> 0.05).

Fig. 4 in Two parasitoids of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) have shared, stage-specific preference for host nymphs that does not impact pest mortality rates

Fig. 4. Mean (± SE) adult Tamarixia radiata emergence from second through fifh instar Diaphorina citri nymphs in no-choice experiments. Means with the same letters are not significantly different (P> 0.05). *Only 1 F1 Tamarixia radiata emerged from second instar D. citri nymphs (mean [± SE] = 0.028 ± 0.028 F1 adults).

Fig. 6 in Two parasitoids of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) have shared, stage-specific preference for host nymphs that does not impact pest mortality rates

Fig. 6. The survival probability of adult (A) Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis and (B) Tamarixia radiata that emerged from second, third, fourth, and fifh instar Diaphorina citri nymphs in no-choice experiments.

Fig. 3 in Potential of Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) as a host plant for Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Fig. 3. Mean trap capture for early instars (second and thirds), late instars (fourth and fifhs), and adults, and number of nymphs and adults per chinaberry and peach tree for brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB) at the Bledsoe (A) and Byron (B) field sites in Georgia in 2018.

Fig. 2 in Potential of Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) as a host plant for Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Fig. 2. Percentage feeding of H. halys second instars on chinaberry leaves and a carrot slice (i.e., control) (A), and percentage mortality of these second instars feeding on chinaberry leaves and carrot (B). Asterisk (*) indicates significant difference (P <0.05) between the 2 treatments at the same point in time. Error bar represents standard error of the mean.

Fig. 1 in Potential of Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) as a host plant for Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Fig. 1. Percentage feeding of of H. halys first instars on chinaberry leaves and carrots combined. Days with the same letter are not significantly different from each other (P> 0.05). Error bar represents standard error of the mean.

Fig. 1 in Toxicity of the Jaburetox peptide to the multi-host insectpest Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae

Fig. 1. Feeding assay with neonate Helicoverpa armigera larvae on maize leaf discs coated with Jaburetox (Jbtx) and Jaburetox Δ-β (Jbtx Δ-β). (a) Accumulated mortality; (b) daily consumption. The arrow indicates the d Jaburetox toxin feeding was stopped. Means with the same letter within the same d do not differ with each other (Tukey test, P <0.05).

Fig. 2 in Toxicity of the Jaburetox peptide to the multi-host insectpest Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae

Fig. 2. Percentage of neonate larvae fed with leaf discs treated with Jaburetox, Jaburetox Δ-β, or control solutions that reached the third, fourth, and fifh instar at d 8 of experiment.

Fig. 4 in Toxicity of the Jaburetox peptide to the multi-host insectpest Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae

Fig. 4. (a) Percentage of third instar larvae fed with leaf discs treated with Jaburetox and control solution that reached the third, fourth, and fifh instar along the experiment; (b) larvae observed on d 8 of bioassay (1 d before all Jaburetox treated had died): on the lef, Jaburetox larvae are in third instar (80 µg per 5 cm2); on the right, control larvae are in the fifh instar.

Fig. 1 in Attraction of Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to four host plants

Fig. 1. Weevils reared on corn, barley, brown rice, and milo, and presented a choice of 4 host plants. (a) Mean (SE) number of S. zeamais located on maize, oat, rice, and milo plants; (b) mean (SE) number of S. zeamais located on the soil surrounding maize, oat, rice, and milo plants; (c) mean (SE) number of S. zeamais located on the roots of maize, oat, rice, and milo plants. Means with the same letter are not significantly different.