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13,587 results for “specification”
16p11.2 copy number variants drive convergent cell-type specific disruptions in corticogenesis
GEO Series GSE293426. Homo sapiens. 5 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Erk activity at naïve:prime transition biases lineage specification during gastrulation [scRNA-seq]
GEO Series GSE209718. Mus musculus. 9 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Nanog expression at naïve to prime transition biases lineage specification [CHIP-seq]
GEO Series GSE209717. Mus musculus. 18 samples. Type: Genome binding/occupancy profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Data from: Conservation implications of sex-specific landscape suitability for a large generalist carnivore
Aim: Terrestrial mammal distribution models typically do not differentiate between sexes when making spatial predictions, which could have important conservation implications. As male carnivores are usually more risk tolerant and travel longer distances, male potential range should be larger and include more human modified areas than female range. To evaluate if differences between females and males could influence their conservation planning, we quantified sex-specific suitable range for a recolonizing population of American black bears (Ursus americanus). Location: We applied this method in Missouri, USA. Methods: We collected telemetry data from 57 females and 43 male bears from 2010 to 2018. We used three machine-learning methods (generalized boosted regression, random forest, and Maximum entropy) to develop sex-specific distribution models, which were combined into a weight-averaged ensemble model, and converted into a binary (presence/absence) model using an optimized threshold. We used 80% of individuals for each sex as training data, and 20% as evaluation data. Results: All models had high predictive performance; the greatest uncertainty in model predictions corresponded with the periphery of the distributions, whereas there was high agreement in the core distribution. Male suitable range was 66% larger than female range, and males were predicted to occur in more human-modified areas and more likely to be present in developed land and agriculture. Main conclusions: Distribution models based on data from both sexes, or that is male-biased, could overestimate the female (i.e. reproductive) range and potentially misrepresent the biologically relevant species distribution. This bias can potentially lead to misguided decisions and suboptimal use of resources. By improving models when sex-specific data is available, we can better focus resources in areas where there is reproductive potential, leading to more accurate assessments of species' conservation status and better identifying areas vital for species persistence.
Sex-specific speed-accuracy tradeoffs shape neural processing of acoustic signals
<p>Speed-accuracy tradeoffs – being fast at the risk of being wrong – are fundamental to many decisions and natural selection is expected to resolve these tradeoffs according to the costs and benefits of behavior. We here test the prediction that females and males should integrate information from courtship signals differently because they experience different payoffs along the speed-accuracy continuum. We fitted a neural model of decision making (a drift-diffusion model of integration to threshold) to behavioral data from the grasshopper <i>Chorthippus biguttulus</i> to determine the parameters of temporal integration of acoustic directional information used by male grasshoppers to locate receptive females. The model revealed that males had a low threshold for initiating a turning response, yet a large integration time constant enabled them to continue to gather information when cues were weak. This contrasts with parameters estimated for females of the same species when evaluating potential mates, in which response thresholds were much higher and behavior was strongly influenced by unattractive stimuli. Our results reveal differences in neural integration consistent with the sex-specific costs of mate search: Males often face competition and need to be fast. Females often pay high error costs and need to be deliberate.</p>
Healthcare cost reduction with the specific carbohydrate diet
<p><strong>Background</strong></p> <p>Crohn's disease (CD) is an immune mediated inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. While the etiology is not fully elucidated, the intestinal microbiome is believed to initiate and maintain immune activation in CD. The intestinal microbiome is highly responsive to its environmental, including host dietary patterns. As such, dietary interventions have the potential to modulate intestinal microbiome composition and function, thereby improving clinical symptoms, reducing inflammatory burden and potentially impacting overall healthcare cost of managing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong></p> <p>We present a retrospective chart review of an adult male with complicated Crohn's disease non-responsive to medical management. Patient began and maintained the specific carbohydrate diet (SCD) for 42 months. MRE, colonoscopy, and laboratory evaluations were compared pre- and post-SCD. In addition, IBD associated healthcare costs were collected and analyzed covering 12 months pre-SCD and 42 months with SCD.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong></p> <p>Patient tolerated the initiation and maintenance of the SCD well. He has been asymptomatic for 42 months on the SCD. Stool fecal calprotectin (FCP) decreased from 493 ug/g at baseline, to 70 ug/g at month 3 of the SCD intervention and remained in the normal range thereafter. At month 12 of the SCD intervention, endoscopy showed normal histology in the colon and terminal ileum and MRE showed resolution of prior jejunal inflammation. IBD associated healthcare costs were $42,688 in the 12 months preceding the SCD intervention and $2,797/year with SCD.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p> <p>The specific carbohydrate diet achieved long-term remission and resolution of inflammatory burden in an adult with Crohn's disease. The dietary intervention resulted in a 94% reduction in healthcare insurance costs and a 91% reduction in out-of-pocket patient expenses. This case highlights the rapid and sustainable benefits of dietary intervention in Crohn's disease from both a clinical and economic standpoint.</p>
Aerial drones reveal the dynamic structuring of sea turtle breeding aggregations and minimum survey effort required to capture climatic and sex-specific effects
<p class="MsoNormal">Quantifying how animals use key habitats and resources for their survival allows managers to optimise conservation planning; however, obtaining representative sample sizes of wildlife distributions in both time and space is challenging, particularly in the marine environment. Here, we used unoccupied aircraft systems (UASs) to evaluate temporal and spatial variation in the distribution of loggerhead sea turtles (<em>Caretta caretta</em>) at two high-density breeding aggregations in the Mediterranean, and the effect of varying sample size and survey frequency. In May–June of 2017 to 2019, we conducted 69 surveys, assimilating 10,075 inwater turtle records at the two sites. Optimal survey frequency to capture the dynamics of aggregations over the breeding period was <2-week intervals and >500 turtles (from the combined surveys). This minimum threshold was attributed to the core-area use of female turtles shifting across surveys in relation to wind direction to access warmer nearshore waters and male presence. Males were more widely distributed within aggregations than females, particularly in May when mating encounters were high. Most males were recorded swimming and oriented parallel to shore, likely to enhance encounter rates with females. In contrast, most females were generally stationary (resting on the seabed or basking), likely to conserve energy for reproduction, with orientation appearing to shift in relation to male numbers at the breeding area. Thus, by identifying the main factors regulating the movement and distribution of animals, appropriate survey intervals can be selected for appropriate home range analyses. Our study demonstrates the versatility of UAS to capture the fine-scale dynamics of wildlife aggregations and associated factors, which is important for implementing effective conservation.</p>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.