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2,395 results for “Contrast”
Data from: Contrasting effects of land cover on nesting habitat use and reproductive output for bumble bees
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Data from: Contrasting trajectories of morphological diversification on continents and islands in the Afrotropical white-eye radiation
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Contrasting population genomic differentiation in two sympatric Triplophysa loaches on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
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Contrasting fungal responses to wildfire across different ecosystem types
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Contrasted histories of organelle and nuclear genomes underlying physiological diversification in a grass species
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Forcing files and Model output for "Contrasting impacts of the South Pacific Split Jet and the Southern Annular Mode modulation on Southern Ocean circulation and biogeochemistry"
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Modeling phenological reaction norms over an elevational gradient reveals contrasting strategies of Dusky Flycatchers and Mountain Chickadees in response to early season temperatures
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Flowering phenology of a widespread perennial herb shows contrasting responses to global warming between humid and non-humid regions
<p>The phenology data in paper published in Functional Ecology by Song et al. 2020, titled Flowering phenology of a widespread perennial herb shows contrasting responses to global warming between humid and non-humid regions</p>
Contrasting the suitability of shade coffee agriculture and native forest as overwinter habitat for Canada Warbler (Cardellina canadensis) in the Colombian Andes.
<p>In the Neotropics, coffee production occurs on a large scale in some of the planet's most biodiverse regions: tropical mountains. Coffee production systems involving shade trees are considered to have a lower impact on biodiversity than alternative sun coffee. To date, the majority of evidence for the value of shade coffee plantations has not taken into account the relative quality of this habitat compared to the native forests they replaced. We determined the suitability of shade coffee and forest as winter habitat for Canada Warbler (<i>Cardellina canadensis</i>) by comparing variation in the likelihood of capturing individuals, seasonal changes in body condition, and estimates of annual survival between the two habitats. We also determined the effect of the strong 2015-2016 El Niño event on survival. Males were relatively more likely to be captured in forest than females and this likelihood increased during drier years. Body condition change over the winter and apparent annual survival were very similar for individuals that used forest and coffee. However, condition and survival decreased in both habitats during the El Niño year. Apparent survival was also lower for individuals carrying a radiotag or geolocator. Our findings suggest that <span>shade coffee with high canopy cover and height offers similar benefits to forest in terms of body condition and survival. </span>Landscape conservation approaches, promoting diverse matrices of structurally complex shade coffee and forest might best ensure long-term survival in Neotropical migrants like Canada Warbler.</p>
Contrasting effects of land-use changes on herbivory and pollination networks
<ol> <li>Land-use changes, one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity, can cause under-appreciated effects on ecosystems by altering the structures of interspecific interaction networks. These effects have typically been explored by evaluating interaction networks composed of a single type of interaction. Therefore, it remains unclear whether the different types of interaction networks sharing the same species respond to the same land-use changes in a similar manner.</li> <li>To compare the responses of herbivory and pollination networks to land-use changes, we investigated both types of interaction networks in semi-natural grasslands categorized into three types of agricultural land-use (abandoned, extensively managed, and intensively managed) in a Japanese agricultural landscape. We quantified the structures of the interaction networks using several indices (connectance, evenness, diversity, generality, network specialization, and robustness) and compared them among different land-use types. We conducted piecewise SEM to differentiate the direct and indirect effects of land-use changes on the network structures.</li> <li>Although both land-use changes (abandonment and intensification) led to reduced plant and insect species richness, the structures of herbivory and pollination networks showed different responses to the land-use changes. There was a marked contrast in network generality; while herbivore species were less generalized (i.e. having fewer host plant species) in fields with land-use intensification, pollinator species were less generalized in abandoned fields.</li> <li>Furthermore, the mechanisms behind the changes in interaction networks were also different between pollination and herbivory networks. The change in herbivory network generality was induced by the decrease in plant species richness, whereas the change in pollination network generality was mainly induced by the effect independent of changes in species richness and composition, which possibly reflect the less number of flowers in shaded environment.</li> <li>The present study demonstrates that agricultural land-use changes affect herbivory and pollination networks in contrasting ways and suggests the importance of assessing multiple types of interaction networks for biodiversity conservation in plant–insect systems. Our results also highlight the under-appreciated importance of maintaining habitats with an intermediate intensity of land-use.</li> </ol>
Contrasting aerosol effects on longwave cloud forcing in South East Asia and Amazon simulated with Community Atmosphere Model version 5.3
<p>Aerosols modify cloud microphysical and radiative properties and thus impact the shortwave (SW) and longwave cloud forcing (LWCF). This study first reports the finding of contrasting aerosol effects on LWCF in South East Asia and Amazon in the Community Atmosphere Model version 5.3 (CAM5.3), which corresponds to the sum of LW indirect and semi-direct effects investigated in Ghan et al., (2012). A series of numerical experiments is conducted to decompose the complex aerosol effects on LWCF. Our analysis indicates that the cooling (negative aerosol effects on LWCF) in Amazon is due mainly to the aerosol effects on warm clouds and the inhibition of vertical motion by the aerosol-induced radiative cooling. In contrast, the warming (positive aerosol effects on LWCF) in South East Asia is due mainly to the aerosol effect on homogeneous freezing, thus reducing the ice particle size and prolonging the existence of ice cloud. Our results emphasize that a comprehensive analysis of integrated aerosol effects on both warm and ice clouds is necessary for better understanding the aerosol effects on LWCF.</p>
Hybridization between Felis silvestris silvestris and Felis silvestris catus in two contrasted environments in France
European wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris) populations are fragmented throughout most of the whole range of the sub-species, and may be threatened by hybridization with the domestic cat F.s. catus. The underlying ecological processes promoting hybridization, remain largely unknown. In France, wildcats are mainly present in the North-East and signs of their presence in the Pyrenees have been recently provided. However, no studies have been carried out in the French Pyrenees to assess their exposure to hybridization. We compared two local populations of wildcats, one living in a continuous forest habitat in the French Pyrenees, the other living in a highly fragmented forest-agricultural landscape in Northeastern France to get insights into the variability of hybridization rates. Strong evidence of hybridization was detected in Northeastern France and not in the Pyrenees. Close kin in the Pyrenees were not found in the same geographic location contrary to what was previously reported for females in the Northeastern wildcat population. The two wildcat populations were significantly differentiated (Fst = 0.072) to an extent close to what has been reported (Fst = 0.103) between the Iberian population, from which the Pyrenean population may originate, and the German population, which is connected to the Northeastern population. The genetic diversity of the Pyrenean wildcats was lower than that of Northeastern wildcat populations in France and in other parts of Europe. The lower hybridization in the Pyrenees may result from the continuity of natural forest habitats. Further investigations should focus on linking landscape features to hybridization rates working on local populations.
Data from: Contrasting responses of nitrogen: phosphorus stoichiometry in plants and soils under grazing: a global meta-analysis
<p>1. Grazing by ungulate herbivores can greatly alter nitrogen ([N]) and phosphorus ([P]) concentrations in plants and soils. It is not clear, however, how grazing might affect N:P co-limitation in grasslands depending on soil N and P availability.</p> <p>2. Here we selected 173 peer-reviewed studies, which measured 12 key variables associated with changes in [N], [P] and N:P ratios (i.e. N:P stoichiometry) in soils and plants in the presence or absence of herbivore grazing. Subsequently, we addressed the magnitude and direction of grazing effects on these variables using a meta-analysis approach.</p> <p>3. Grazing increased leaf [N] and [P] but decreased total and available soil [N] and [P]. Grazing also increased leaf N:P ratios while decreasing root and total soil N:P ratios.</p> <p>4. The response ratio (RR) of leaf N:P was negatively correlated with RR of plant-available soil [P] and positively correlated with RR of available soil N:P ratio (rather than with RR of total soil N:P).</p> <p>5. Intensive grazing (e.g., heavy grazing or long-term grazing) had in general more positive effects on plant N:P stoichiometry and negative effects on soil N:P stoichiometry than light grazing. Responses of plant-soil N:P stoichiometry to grazing greatly varied depending on plant functional group identity, plant organizational level (i.e. species and community) and grassland type.</p> <p>6. Synthesis and applications. Our study suggests that understanding changes in available soil N:P stoichiometry (rather than total soil N:P) in response to grazing is crucial to predict nutrient co-limitation in grassland biomes. Our findings show that P is more important for plant growth than generally thought due to greater reduction of plant-available soil [P] under grazing. A better mechanistic understanding of the relationships between plant and available soil N:P stoichiometry under grazing will greatly help improve the sustainability of natural and semi-natural grassland ecosystems.</p>
Spin structure relation to phase contrast imaging of isolated magnetic Bloch and Neel skyrmions
<p>Data set associated with publication "Spin structure relation to phase contrast imaging of isolated magnetic Bloch and Neel skyrmions"</p>
Data from: Contrasting patterns of genome-wide polymorphism in the native and invasive range of the marine mollusk Crepidula fornicata
Selection processes are believed to be an important evolutionary driver behind the successful establishment of non-indigenous species, however evidence is still scarce. Genome-scans have often identified loci with atypical patterns of genetic differentiation (i.e. outliers) indicative of selection processes. Using microsatellite- and AFLP-based genome-scans, we looked for evidence of post-introduction selection in the mollusk Crepidula fornicata, native from the northwestern Atlantic and introduced in the northeastern Atlantic and northeastern Pacific during the 19th and 20th centuries. We examined 683 individuals from 7 native and 15 introduced populations spanning the latitudinal introduction and native ranges of the species. Our results showed the high genetic diversity in all populations with little genetic structure between the two ranges, a pattern typical of marine invaders. Analyzing 344 loci, no outliers were detected between introduced and native populations or within introduced populations. The genomic sampling may have been insufficient to reveal selection especially if it acts on traits determined by a few genes. Eight outliers were however identified within the native range, underlining a genetic singularity congruent with a well-known biogeographic break along the Florida. Our results call into question the relevance of AFLP genome-scans in detecting adaptation on the time-scale of biological invasions: genome-scans often reveal long-term adaptation involving numerous genes throughout the genome but seem less effective in detecting recent adaptation from pre-existing variation on polygenic traits. This study advocates other methods to detect selection effects during biological invasions – on phenotypic traits, although genome-scans may remain useful for elucidating introduction histories.
Data from: The contrasting role of male relatedness in different mechanisms of sexual selection in red junglefowl
In structured populations, competition for reproductive opportunities should be relaxed among related males. The few tests of this prediction often neglect the fact that sexual selection acts through multiple mechanisms, both before and after mating. We performed experiments to study the role of within-group male relatedness across pre- and postcopulatory mechanisms of sexual selection in social groups of red junglefowl, Gallus gallus, in which two related males and one unrelated male competed over females unrelated to all the males. We confirm theoretical expectations that, after controlling for male social status, competition over mating was reduced among related males. However, this effect was contrasted by other sexual selection mechanisms. First, females biased male mating in favor of the unrelated male, and might also favor his inseminations after mating. Second, males invested more -rather than fewer- sperm in postcopulatory competition with relatives. A number of factors may contribute to explain this counterintuitive pattern of sperm allocation, including trade-offs between male investment in pre- vs postcopulatory competition, differences in the relative relatedness of pre- vs. postcopulatory competitors, and female bias in sperm utilization in response to male relatedness. Collectively, these results reveal that within-group male relatedness may have contrasting effects in different mechanisms of sexual selection.
Data from: Different response-effect trait relationships underlie contrasting responses to two chemical stressors
1. Trait-based approaches predict ecosystem functioning under environmental change by relating traits predicting changes in species densities (response traits) to traits driving ecosystem functioning (effect traits). Stressors can however affect ecosystem functioning not only by altering species densities, but also by directly changing species effect traits. 2. We first identified the response traits predicting the cell density of 18 marine benthic diatom strains along gradients of two chemical stressors (a pesticide and a metal, atrazine and copper). We then tested if response traits could predict stressor-induced changes in ecosystem functioning, i.e. changes in the effect traits driving the diatoms' potential contribution to primary production, sediment stabilization and energy content in intertidal systems. Finally, we examined if changes in density and changes in ecosystem functioning were correlated, to assess whether species capable of growing under stressful conditions could maintain their contribution to ecosystem functioning. 3. The relationship between response traits and stressor-induced changes in density and ecosystem functioning was different depending on stressor type: a set of intercorrelated morphological traits predicted changes in both density and ecosystem functioning under metal stress, with large cells being more stress-resistant. Changes in density and changes in ecosystem functioning were positively related: diatoms whose density was least affected by the metal were also able to sustain functioning under metal exposure. 4. In contrast, the capacity for mixotrophic growth predicted changes in density, but not changes in ecosystem functioning under pesticide stress. Pesticide effects on density and on ecosystem functioning were negatively related for energy content and sediment stabilization, indicating a limited capacity of pesticide-tolerant diatoms to maintain their contribution to ecosystem functioning. Synthesis. Ecosystem functioning under stress can depend on whether response traits driving changes in density also predict direct stress effects on the species' contribution to ecosystem functioning. Based on our results, we expect a disproportionate loss of functioning when traits driving species densities do not allow to maintain ecosystem functioning under stress.
Data from: Contrasting dynamics of a mutator allele in asexual populations of differing size
Mutators have been shown to hitchhike in asexual populations when the anticipated beneficial mutation supply rate of the mutator subpopulation, NU_b (for subpopulation of size N and beneficial mutation rate U_b) exceeds that of the wild-type subpopulation. Here, we examine the effect of total population size on mutator dynamics in asexual experimental populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although mutators quickly hitchhike to fixation in smaller populations, mutator fixation requires more and more time as population size increases; this observed delay in mutator hitchhiking is consistent with the expected effect of clonal interference. Interestingly, despite their higher beneficial mutation supply rate, mutators are supplanted by the wild type in very large populations. We postulate that this striking reversal in mutator dynamics is caused by an interaction between clonal interference, the fitness cost of the mutator allele, and infrequent large-effect beneficial mutations in our experimental populations. Our work thus identifies a potential set of circumstances under which mutator hitchhiking can be inhibited in natural asexual populations, despite recent theoretical predictions that such populations should have a net tendency to evolve ever-higher genomic mutation rates.
Data from: Phenotypic plasticity allows the Mediterranean parsley frog Pelodytes punctatus to exploit two contrasted temporal niches under continuous gene flow
Environmental changes, such as climate change, lead to the opening of new niches. In such situations, species that adapt to new niches can survive and/or expand their ranges. However, gene flow can hamper genetic adaptation to new environments. Alternatively, recent models have highlighted the importance of phenotypic plasticity in tracking environmental change. In this study, we illustrate how plasticity allows an amphibian species to exploit two very different climatic niches under continuous gene flow. In the Mediterranean region, the parsley frog Pelodytes punctatus breeds both in spring, as do most other species, and in autumn, a temporal niche not exploited by most other species, but which may become increasingly important with global warming. Conditions of development are dramatically different between the two seasons and deeply impact tadpole life-history traits. To determine whether these temporal niches are exploited by two genetically differentiated sub-populations, or whether the bimodal phenology arises in a panmictic population displaying plastic life-history traits, we use two complementary approaches. We measure both molecular genetic differentiation and quantitative-trait differentiation between spring and autumn cohorts, using microsatellites an common garden experiments respectively. Seasonal cohorts were not genetically differentiated and differences in tadpole life-history between cohorts were not maintained in laboratory conditions. We conclude that phenotypic plasticity, rather than genetic adaptation, allows Parsley frog to exploit two contrasted temporal niches.
Data from: New MRI contrast agents based on silicon nanotubes loaded with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles
This article describes the preparation and fundamental properties of a new possible material as a MRI contrast agent based on the incorporation of preformed iron oxide nanocrystals into hollow silicon nanotubes. Specifically, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles Fe3O4 of two different average sizes (5 nm and 8 nm) were loaded into silicon nanotubes of two different shell thicknesses (40 nm and 70 nm). To achieve proper aqueous solubility, the nanotubes were functionalized with an outer polyethylene glycol (PEG)-diacid (600) moiety via an aminopropyl linkage. Relaxometry parameters r1 and r2 were measured, with the corresponding r2/r1 ratios in PBS confirming the expected negative contrast agent behaviour for these materials. For a given nanocrystal size, the observed r2 values are found to be inversely proportional to nanotube wall thickness, thereby demonstrating the role of nanostructured silicon template on associated relaxometry properties.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.