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Figure 25. Two amycoids with a in Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 25. Two amycoids with a subtropical distribution in the southeastern United States. 1, Female Colonus sylvanus (Hentz 1846). This species can be distinguished from the related C. puerperus (Peckham & Peckham 1909, not Hentz 1846 which is a female C. sylvanus) by the presence of red-orange scales around the eyes, and black flecks that are visible through the sides of the carapace. 2, Female Sarinda hentzi (Banks 1913). These have only a few, simple scales (Figure 26.6), some near the eyes, and the others forming a broken band around the opisthosoma. This band has the appearance of a constricted ant abdomen, much like the ants that share the microhabitat of this ant-mimic.

Figure 26 in Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 26. Line drawings of the opithosomal scales of some amycoids. These were viewed under an oil immersion lens (x 1000) and drawn with a camera lucida. Those shown in white (pinnate, class 5) have white pigment and a granular appearance under transmitted light. Clear or transparent scales (bladelike, class 7) are viewed from the side and shown in their approximate color under transmitted light.

Figure 3 in Natural history of the agave jumping spider, Paraphidippus basalis (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina)

Figure 3. Late instars and adult Paraphidippus basalis. Variations of the abdominal spot pattern include (a) two pairs of fused spots at location I, (b) spots composed of yellow scales instead of white scales at location II, (c) absence of spots at location II, and (d) one spot instead of a pair at location II. The fringes on legs I of males (e-f) are more developed than those of females (g-h, with mm scale at bottom).

Figure 2 in Natural history of the agave jumping spider, Paraphidippus basalis (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina)

Figure 2. Development of the abdominal basal band with age. a, Lack of basal band in the first instars. b, The basal band beginning to appear in a second instar. c-d, White basal band in early instars. e, Light orange basal band in an older instar (small tick marks indicate mm). f, Adult female with fully-developed orange basal band. g, Unusually pale basal band in an adult male.

Figure 4 in Natural history of the agave jumping spider, Paraphidippus basalis (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina)

Figure 4. Rosette-forming plants in which we observed P. basalis in the Patagonia Mountains. a, Banana yucca (Yucca baccata). b, Mountain yucca (Yucca madrensis). c, Common sotol (Dasylirion wheeleri). d, Palmer's agave (Agave palmeri).

Figure 5 in Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 5. Iridescent scales of the male chrysilline Cosmophasis umbratica. 1, Adult male from Bali, showing the two bands of green-orange (or gold) iridescent scales that cross the top of the carapace. Land et al. (2007) called these type 1 scales. 2, Model section through the multilayers of a type 1 scale, showing nanoscale photon pathways (after Land et al. 2007). This configuration was thought to produce a peak reflection at 600 nm, but this would vary according to the relative direction of illumination at any position along the length of the scale. Optical thickness of each respective layer is depicted here. These scales also reflected near-UV light (~385 nm peak), a color that, according to Li et al. (2008), also plays a role in the recognition of males by female Phintella vittata (C. L. Koch 1846). Attribution and ©: 1, normfarmerimages.

Figure 10 in Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 10. Scales of the male Maratus nigromaculatus (Keyserling 1883). 1, Courtship display by a male in front of a female. Like the closely related M. chrysomelas (Figure 8), the male M. nigromaculatus, with fan elevated and extended, steps rapidly from side to side during this display. 2, Detailed view of fan, showing the large field of relatively uniform iridescent blue scales, interrupted by black spots. 3, Middorsal part of fan with blue scales as seen under the light microscope. Note the multicolor diffraction that is difficult to observe at a lower magnification. 4-6, SEM views of these iridescent blue scales, showing cross section in (6). In this species the mostly parallel ridges are not straight, but wind around the surface of each scale. The nanoscale spacing of these ridges accounts for the production of the observed colors through reflective diffraction (Wilts, Otto & Stavenga 2020). These keeled and bladelike (class 7) scales are similar to those of M. chrysomelas. Attribution and ©: 1-2, JuJrgen C. Otto; 3-6, Wilts, Otto & Stavenga 2020.

Figure 8 in Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 8. Scales of the male Maratus chrysomelas (Simon 1909). 1, Courtship display by male, with fan elevated and extended between the long, extended legs III, as the male moves rapidly from side to side in front of a female. 2, Field of iridescent blue scales near the rear of the fan (SEM image). At lower right several dark black scales (class 2, brushy) can be seen. Each iridescent scale is keeled and bladelike (class 7), with many more-or-less regular ridges aligned with the long (pedicel-to-apex) axis. 3-4, Details of iridescent scales, showing the nanoscale separation of ridges that support reflective diffraction at the observed wavelengths. 5, Thin transverse section through a single iridescent scale, showing the spacing of ridges around the sides and top of the scale. M. chrysomelas is widely-distributed in Australia (Otto & Hill 2021), with a number of different color forms, including those with iridescent blue-green scales, represented. Attribution and ©: 1, JuJrgen C. Otto; 2-5, Hsiung et al. 2017b.

Figure 14. Male Maratus amabilis Karsch 1878 from eastern Australia. 1-2 in Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 14. Male Maratus amabilis Karsch 1878 from eastern Australia. 1-2, Courtship display with elevated and expanded fan. 3, Transverse alignment of pigmented scales near the rear of the fan. Attribution and ©: 1-3, JuJrgen C. Otto.

Figure 4. Selected frames from a 30 in A trap door jumping spider from Brazil (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissina: Balmaceda sp.)

Figure 4. Selected frames from a 30fps video showing the retreat of Balmaceda into the lower end of its vertical retreat. At the end of this sequence the spider quickly pulled the lid (or entrance) of its retreat down (arrow, frame 113). This is barely perceptible in the image shown here, but is quite evident in the video.

Figure 13 in Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 13. Adult female Platycryptus undatus (De Geer 1778), Greenville County, South Carolina. Green arrows indicate the pedicel-to-apex alignment of body scales.

Figure 8 in Natural history of the agave jumping spider, Paraphidippus basalis (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina)

Figure 8 (continued on next page). Interactions between an adult female and an adult male on 28-19 September 2019. a, An adult male approaches an adult female from above in a mountain yucca. b, After the female has entered her shelter, the male remains on the outer base of the leaf on which the female's shelter is located. c, The male moves toward the female in her shelter, and repeatedly touches the shelter. d-f, Photographs taken between approximately 19:00 and 20:40 documenting copulation within the female's shelter.

Figure 24. Female Portia fimbriata. 1 in Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 24. Female Portia fimbriata. 1, Suspended in her irregular web. 3, SEM, regular pinnate scales on carapace.

Figure 12 in Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 12. Super black spots of male Maratus (7-11 after McCoy et al. 2019). 1-2, Two male M. karrie engaged in courtship display. Variable color of the fan (green to blue) may be due to either individual variation, the relative direction of illumination and observation, or a combination of the two. 3, M. speciosus with fringe of fan retracted, concealing the bright orange coloration of the bicolored setae of that fringe. 4, M. speciosus display with expanded fan. 5-6, Detailed views of the expanded fan of two male M. speciosus. 7, Dorsal view (SEM) of opisthosoma of M. karrie, showing smooth, iridescent blue scales surrounded by brushy scales and dark cuticle (microlens array). 8, Section through (7). 9, Dorsal view (SEM) of opisthosoma of M. speciosus. 10, Section through (9). 11, Schematic view of reflection and absorption of light by dark brushy scales above the microlens structure of the cuticle. Attribution and ©: 1-6, JuJrgen C. Otto; 7-10, McCoy et al. 2019.

Figure 3. Selected frames from a 30 in A trap door jumping spider from Brazil (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissina: Balmaceda sp.)

Figure 3. Selected frames from a 30fps video showing the emergence of Balmaceda from the lower end of its vertical retreat. After emergence the spider remained in place, motionless, for some time (frames 245-777).

Figure 4 in Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 4. Structural color is the result of the constructive or destructive interaction of alternative, multiple pathways for light. 1, Interference through a single layer (thin layer) with negligible refraction at the boundary. Arrows show the two different pathways that a photon can take as it is reflected, each of a different length. 2, Interference through a single layer (thick layer), with a higher refractive index (shaded, ~1.5) than air (~1.0). Both the thickness and refractive index of the layer produce a longer path for light that is not reflected at the upper surface. 3, The many alternate paths that a photon could take through a multilayer reflector, comprised of alternating layers with high (white, ~1.0) or low (shaded, ~1.5) refractive index. 4, Another view of the many pathways that a photon could take through this multilayer (3), showing each pathway separately. With regular spacing and alignment at the nanoscale, this can produce a series of consistent differences (each corresponding to a multiple of the favored wavelength) and a constructive effect as a result. 5, Passage of light through the slits of a transmissive diffraction grating. As with the interference of light through reflection at multiple layers, this produces a series of possible pathways for each photon, each of different length. As shown here, red light, because of its longer wavelength, is favored over blue light at larger angles relative to the incident light. 6, Reflection of light from a reflective diffraction grating. The effect is similar to that seen in a transmissive grating (5), in that the interaction of photons with different points of reflection produces a series of different path lengths, favoring longer wavelengths (red) at lower angles of reflection relative to the incident light. 7-12, Relationship of relative direction of incoming light, wavelength, and spacing of reflectors to interference. When the difference between two alternative pathways is equal to an integer multiple of the wavelength of a photon, interference of light traveling on the two pathways is constructive ("additive"). When it is equal to an integer multiple of half of that wavelength, interference is destructive ("subtractive" as one path cancels out the other). Anything else is somewhere in-between.

Figure 18 in Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 18. Representatives of the cosmopolitan genus Salticus. The well-known zebra spiders can often be easily recognized by their transverse to oblique stripes on the opisthosoma. Some species (7-9) have brilliant, iridescent scales, but these have not been studied in detail. S. scenicus has a holarctic distribution. 2-4, Note the variation in scale pattern of these European S. cingulatus. 6, The diagonal stripes on the sides of the opisthosoma are present but less evident in this female S. mutabilis. The four dark spots on each side of the carapace in females of this species appear to mimic the face of a salticid spider, perhaps providing some protection against attack from the side (see Hill, Abhijith & Burini 2019; Hill 2022). Attribution and ©: 1, Buddy; 2-3, Roman Providukin; 4, CePdric Mondy; 5, OQscar Mendez; 6, Diego Trillo; 7-8, Jillian Cowles; 9, gwentomologist; 10, faluke; 11, Ryan Kaldari; 12, corndog.

Figure 1 in A trap door jumping spider from Brazil (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissina: Balmaceda sp.)

Figure 1. Vertical trap-door retreat of a Balmaceda sp. on the side of a tree in southeastern Brazil. 1, The flat surface of the retreat covered a small hole in the trunk of this tree (18 SEP 2022, 17:11). 2, Detail from (1). 3-4, Two views of a Balmaceda sp. at the entrance of this retreat (19 SEP 2022, 10:55).

Figure 2. Selected frames from a 30 in A trap door jumping spider from Brazil (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissina: Balmaceda sp.)

Figure 2. Selected frames from a 30fps video showing the emergence of Balmaceda from the lower end of its vertical retreat. After emergence this spider made a series of very small turns as it looked out from the entrance (frames 480-1629).