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Figs 4, 5 in An instance of intergeneric copulation in the family Rhopalidae (Heteroptera): structure, functioning and congruence of the genitalia in two different species from the standpoint of the lock-and-key hypothesis

Figs 4, 5. Aedeagus of Rhopalus parumpunctatus in intermediate stages of inflation.4, earlier stage of inflation; 5, somewhat later stage of inflation. Wet preparations in dorsal view. b.p.v., basal part of vesica; h.bd, hyaline band. Scale bar: 0.14 mm.

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Figs 2, 3 in An instance of intergeneric copulation in the family Rhopalidae (Heteroptera): structure, functioning and congruence of the genitalia in two different species from the standpoint of the lock-and-key hypothesis

Figs 2, 3. Aedeagus of Rhopalus parumpunctatus. 2, at rest; 3, at very beginning of inflation. Wet preparations in dorsal view. a.p.v, apical part of vesica; ar.s, articular sclerite; d-l.l, dorso-lateral lobes of conjunctiva; ej.r, ejaculatory reservoir; l.l.v, left lobe of basal part of vesica; r.l.v, right lobe of basal part of vesica; s.gp, secondary gonopore. Scale bar: 0.14 mm.

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Figs 1–9 in Two new species of free-living nematodes (Nematoda) from Vietnam

Figs 1–9. Morphology of Monhistera vietnamica sp. nov. (1–5) and Brevitobrilus larae sp. nov. (6–9). 1, 6, entire body of female; 2, 7, head; 3, esophagus; 4, 8, vulval section; 5, 9, tail. Scale bars: 2, 7 – 5 µm; 3, 4, 5, 8, 9 – 20 µm; 1, 6 – 50 µm.

FIG. 2. — A in Terrestrial isopods (Isopoda, Oniscidea) of São Tomé Island, with the description of two new Armadillidae Brandt, 1831 species

FIG. 2. — A, Agnara madagascariensis (Budde-Lund, 1885), habitus; B, Ctenorillo bananae (Van Name, 1920), habitus; C, Ctenorillo atlanticus n. sp., habitus; D, Cubaris murina Brandt, 1833, habitus; E, Gabunillo thomensis n. sp., habitus; F, Venezillo crassus (Budde-Lund, 1904), habitus; G, Elumoides atlanticus Ferrara & Schmalfuss, 1983, habitus; H, Eubelum asperius Van Name, 1920, habitus; I, Burmoniscus kohleri (Schmalfuss & Ferrara, 1978), habitus; J, Congophiloscia saothomensis Schmalfuss & Ferrara, 1978, habitus; K, Niambia atracheata (Schmalfuss & Ferrara, 1978), habitus; L-N, Trichorhina hospes Silvestri, 1918, habitus (L), antennula (M), scale-setae (N); O-Q, Trichorhina kribensis Ferrara & Schmalfuss, 1983, habitus (O), antennula (P), scale-setae (Q); R, Nagurus cristatus (Dollfus, 1889), habitus. Scale bars: A-C, I, J, L, O, 0.5 mm; D, F, H, K, R, 1 mm; E, G, 0.1 mm; M, N, P, Q, 0.01 mm.

FIG. 8. — Gabunillo thomensis n in Terrestrial isopods (Isopoda, Oniscidea) of São Tomé Island, with the description of two new Armadillidae Brandt, 1831 species

FIG. 8. — Gabunillo thomensis n. sp.: A, cephalon and pereonite I, frontal view; B, pleon, telson and uropods; C, pleuroepimer I, dorsal view; D, pleuroepimer II, ventral view; E, scale-setae; F, left mandible; G, right mandible; H, maxillule; I, maxilliped; J, antennula; K, antenna; L, uropod, ventral view; M, female exopod I; N, female exopod II; O, female exopod III; P, female exopod IV; Q, female exopod V. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIG. 4. — Ctenorillo atlanticus n in Terrestrial isopods (Isopoda, Oniscidea) of São Tomé Island, with the description of two new Armadillidae Brandt, 1831 species

FIG. 4. — Ctenorillo atlanticus n. sp.: A, disposition of tubercles; B, habitus, lateral view; C, cephalon and first perionite; D, pleon and telson; E, scale-setae; F, cephalon, pereonites I and II, ventral view. Scale bars: B-D, F, 0.5 mm; E, 0.01 mm.

FIG. 1 in Terrestrial isopods (Isopoda, Oniscidea) of São Tomé Island, with the description of two new Armadillidae Brandt, 1831 species

FIG. 1. — Location of São Tomé in the Gulf of Guinea and sampling sites within São Tomé island: 1, Agripalma; 2, Água Coimbra; 3, Água Izé; 4, Bernardo Faro; 5, path to Lagoa Azul; 6, CIAT (Centro de Investigação Agronómica e Tecnológica); 7, Dona Augusta; 8, Sebastião dos Anjos do Rosário – "Sum Mé Xinhô" secundary school; 9, Bom Sucesso botanical garden; 10, Lagoa Azul; 11, Madalena;12, Malanza; 13, Monte Café; 14, Praia dos Governadores; 15, Roça Agostinho Neto; 16, Roça Costa Santos; 17, Roça de São João de Angolares; 18, São Tomé (city); 19, Secador da Colonia Açoriana; 20, Trilho dos Tuneis; 21, Vale Formoso.

FIG. 3. — Ctenorillo atlanticus n in Terrestrial isopods (Isopoda, Oniscidea) of São Tomé Island, with the description of two new Armadillidae Brandt, 1831 species

FIG. 3. — Ctenorillo atlanticus n. sp.: A, vertex and first pereonite; B, cephalon, first and second pereonites; C, pleon, telson and uropods; D, first male pleopod; E, second male pleopod. Scale bars: A, B, D, E, 0.1 mm; C, 0.5 mm.

FIG. 7. — Gabunillo thomensis n in Terrestrial isopods (Isopoda, Oniscidea) of São Tomé Island, with the description of two new Armadillidae Brandt, 1831 species

FIG. 7. — Gabunillo thomensis n. sp.: A, pereonites I and II, lateral view;B, telson and uropods; C, scale-setae. Scale bars: A, B, 0.1 mm; C, 0.01 mm.

FIG. 6. — Ctenorillo atlanticus n in Terrestrial isopods (Isopoda, Oniscidea) of São Tomé Island, with the description of two new Armadillidae Brandt, 1831 species

FIG. 6. — Ctenorillo atlanticus n. sp.: A, male pereopod I; B, male pereopod VII; C, male pleopod I, endopod; D, male pleopod I, exopod; E, male pleopod II, endopod; F, male pleopod II, exopod; G, male pleopod III, exopod; H, male pleopod IV, exopod; I, male pleopod V, exopod. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

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Data for: Pollinator and habitat-mediated selection as potential contributors to ecological speciation in two closely related species

In ecological speciation, incipient species diverge due to natural selection that is ecologically based. In flowering plants, different pollinators could mediate that selection (pollinator-mediated divergent selection) or other features of the environment that differ between habitats of two species could do so (environment-mediated divergent selection). Although these mechanisms are well understood, they have received little rigorous testing, as few studies of divergent selection across sites of closely related species include both floral traits that influence pollination and vegetative traits that influence survival. This study employed common gardens in sites of the two parental species and a hybrid site, each containing advanced generation hybrids along with the parental species, to test these forms of ecological speciation in plants of the genus Ipomopsis. Three vegetative traits (specific leaf area, leaf trichomes, and photosynthetic water-use efficiency) and five floral traits (corolla length and width, anther insertion, petal color, nectar production) were analyzed for impacts on fitness components (survival to flowering and seeds per flower, respectively). These traits exhibited strong clines across the elevational gradient in the hybrid zone, with narrower clines in theory reflecting stronger selection or higher genetic variance. Plants with long corollas and inserted anthers had higher seeds per flower at the I. tenuituba site, whereas selection favored the reverse condition at the I. aggregata site, a signature of divergent selection. In contrast, no divergent selection due to variation in survival was detected on any vegetative trait. Selection within the hybrid zone most closely resembled selection within the I. aggregata site. Across traits, the strength of divergent selection was not significantly correlated with width of the cline, which was better predicted by evolvability (standardized genetic variance). These results support the role of pollinator-mediated divergent selection in ecological speciation and illustrate the importance of genetic variance in determining divergence across hybrid zones.

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Data from: Multiple timescales of streambed flux variability in two perennial mountain-front streams

Streambed fluxes are highly variable through time and space, having a range of implications for stream‐aquifer processes. This study investigated streambed fluxes over a 3‐year study period to characterize short‐ and long‐term variations and related implications for seepage recharge and hyporheic exchange. Time series of streambed fluxes were estimated through Darcy‐based methods using water level and temperature inputs from shallow (<1.5 m) nested streambed piezometers installed in two mountain‐front streams in Colorado, USA. Three predominant temporal scales of variability were characterized: sub‐daily (<1 day), daily (>1 day; <1 year), and interannual (>1 year). Temporal variability was quantified using the median absolute deviation (MAD), a statistical measure that is resistant to extreme values associated with short‐duration events. Sub‐daily variability (MADS‐D) was related to ET, temperature‐induced changes in hydraulic conductivity, and variable stream stage, and was quantified using the MAD of detrended fluxes (daily mean subtracted). Daily variability (MADD), calculated as the MAD of daily median fluxes for a given year, exceeded sub‐daily variability, and was influenced by strong seasonality at some sites. For individual sites and water years, the ratio of MADS‐D to MADD ranged from 0.03 to 0.70, with an average of 0.25. Annual median fluxes at each site varied across years, but typically remained consistent in order of magnitude and direction. Results reveal a strong linear correlation between the daily variability and the median annual flux at individual sites. Within a year, summer months characterized by stronger losing conditions showed greater overall variability. 1D numerical heat and flow modelling was performed to calibrate hydraulic parameters and to investigate temperature‐related controls for sub‐daily variations. We discuss implications of documented temporal variability for analyses of hyporheic exchange and groundwater recharge. Results provide a basis for quantifying temporal variations in streambed fluxes and highlight the extent to which fluxes vary over multiple timescales.

Ontogeny of hepatic metabolism in two broiler lines divergently selected for the ultimate pH of the Pectoralis major muscle

Nutrient availability during early stages of development (embryogenesis and the first week of life) can have long-term effects on physiological functions and bird metabolism. The embryo develops in a closed structure and depends entirely on the nutrients and energy available in the egg. The aim of this study was to describe the ontogeny of pathways governing hepatic metabolism that mediates many physiological functions in the pHu+ and pHu- chicken lines, which are divergently selected for the ultimate pH of meat, a proxy for muscle glycogen stores, and which differ in the nutrient content and composition of eggs. Our study provides the first detailed description of the evolution of different hepatic metabolic pathways during the early development of embryos and post-hatching chicks. We found a metabolic orientation for the pHu+ line towards proteolysis, glycogen degradation, ATP synthesis and autophagy, likely in response to a higher energy requirement compared with pHu- embryos. The metabolic orientations specific to the pHu+ and pHu- lines are established very early, probably in relation with their different genetic background and available nutrients.

Fig. 8 in Two new species of Scolopocryptops centipedes from southern Japan (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopocryptopidae)

Fig. 8. Scolopocryptops miyosii sp. nov. A–B. Holotype, ♂ (KUZ Z4375). C. Paratype, ♀ (KUZ Z4377). A. Right ultimate leg, lateral view. B. Male genital segments, lamina subanalis, and anal valves, ventral view. C. Female genital segment, lamina subanalis, and anal valves, ventral view. Abbreviations: av = anal valve; ls = lamina subanalis; sgs I = sternite of genital segment 1; sgs II = sternite of genital segment 2. Scale bars: A = 2 mm; B–C = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 11 in Two new species of Scolopocryptops centipedes from southern Japan (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopocryptopidae)

Fig. 11. Scolopocryptops brevisulcatus sp. nov. A–D. Holotype, ♂ (KUZ Z4390). E. Paratype, subadult, sex undetermined (KUZ Z4386). A. Cephalic plate and tergite 1, dorsal view. B. Distal part of article 2, article 3, and pretarsus of left second maxilla, medial view. C. Article 3 and pretarsus of left second maxilla, lateral view. D–E. Head, ventral view. Abbreviations: am = anterior margin of forcipular coxosternite; bs = basal suture on forcipular trochanteroprefemoral process; db = dorsal brush on article 3 of second maxilla; ds = dorsal spur on article 2 of second maxilla; pt = pretarsus of second maxilla; ptr = process of forcipular trochanteroprefemur; t = tooth on anterior margin of forcipular coxosternite. Scale bars: A, D–E = 1 mm; B–C = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 7 in Two new species of Scolopocryptops centipedes from southern Japan (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopocryptopidae)

Fig. 7. Scolopocryptops miyosii sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (KUZ Z4375). A. Cephalic plate and tergites 1–8, dorsal view. B. Sternites 10–14, ventral view. C. Sternite 23, ventral view. D. Right coxopleuron, lateral view. E. Tergite 23, dorso-lateral view. Abbreviations: cxp = coxopleural process; dm = dorsal margin of ultimate pleuron; mds = minute dark spine on ultimate pleuron; tm = tergal margination; tps = tergal paramedian suture. Scale bars: A–B = 5 mm; C–E = 1 mm.

Fig. 4 in Two new species of Scolopocryptops centipedes from southern Japan (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopocryptopidae)

Fig. 4. Scolopocryptops miyosii sp. nov. A, C. Holotype, ♂ (KUZ Z4375). B, D. Paratype, ♀ (KUZ Z4377). A–B. Basal articles of left antenna, dorsal view. C–D. Cephalic plate, dorsal view; arrowheads indicate left cephalic marginal sulcus. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 2 in Two new species of Scolopocryptops centipedes from southern Japan (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopocryptopidae)

Fig. 2. Bayesian inference tree (mean ln L = –9352.57) for 2008 bp-aligned positions of the ITS2, 28S and COI sequences of species of Scolopocryptops Newport, 1844. Inset shows real branch length. Numbers on nodes indicate ultrafast bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities. Locality numbers (E1–E5, M1–M5, B1–B4, C1 and C2) are shown in Fig. 1 and Table 1. Bars on the right show the species delimitation results of ABGD and ASAP for COI sequences.

Fig. 10 in Two new species of Scolopocryptops centipedes from southern Japan (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopocryptopidae)

Fig. 10. Scolopocryptops brevisulcatus sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (KUZ Z4390). A. Basal articles of left antenna, dorsal view. B. Cephalic plate, dorsal view; arrowhead indicates left cephalic marginal sulcus. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 14 in Two new species of Scolopocryptops centipedes from southern Japan (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopocryptopidae)

Fig. 14. Scolopocryptops brevisulcatus sp. nov. A–B. Holotype, ♂ (KUZ Z4390). C. Paratype, ♀ (KUZ Z4389). A. Right ultimate leg, lateral view. B. Male genital segments, lamina subanalis, and anal valves, ventral view. C. Female genital segment, lamina subanalis, and anal valves, ventral view. Abbreviations: av = anal valve; ls = lamina subanalis; sgs I = sternite of genital segment 1; sgs II = sternite of genital segment 2. Scale bars: A = 2 mm; B–C = 0.5 mm.