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FIGURES 1–4 in New and little-known species of the genus Lacon Laporte, 1838 (Coleoptera: Elateridae) of Afghanistan and adjacent countries

FIGURES 1–4. Habitus of Lacon species, dorsal view. 1. L. elegantissimus sp. nov., male, holotype (16.4 mm). 2. L. elegantissimus sp. nov., female, paratype (15.9 mm). 3. L. altaicus, female (14.1 mm; Russia, Primorsky Krai). 4. L. lepidopterus, female (14.1 mm; Russia, Republic of Adygea). Not to scale.

FIGURES 18–23 in New and little-known species of the genus Lacon Laporte, 1838 (Coleoptera: Elateridae) of Afghanistan and adjacent countries

FIGURES 18–23. Genitalia of Lacon species: ovipositor, ventral view (Figs. 18–20); part of female genital tract, general view (Figs. 21–23). 18, 21. L. kabakovi sp. nov., female, holotype. 19, 22. L. diqingensis, female, holotype (China, Yunnan). 20, 23. L. lijiangensis, female, holotype (China, Yunnan). Not to scale.

FIGURES 47–50 in New and little-known species of the genus Lacon Laporte, 1838 (Coleoptera: Elateridae) of Afghanistan and adjacent countries

FIGURES 47–50. Lacon funebris, from Afghanistan (Figs. 47–49) and Tajikistan (Fig. 50). 47. Habitus, dorsal view, female (16 mm). 48. Ovipositor, ventral view. 49. Part of female genital tract, general view. 50. Aedeagus, ventral view. Not to scale.

FIGURES 24–28 in New and little-known species of the genus Lacon Laporte, 1838 (Coleoptera: Elateridae) of Afghanistan and adjacent countries

FIGURES 24–28. Habitus of Lacon species, dorsal view. 24, 27. L. caeruleus, male (11.5 mm; in Fig. 27 shown part of pronotum and head). 25. L. caeruleus, female (14.6 mm; Afghanistan, Nuristan). 26. L. caeruleus, female (13.7 mm; Afghanistan, Kunar). 28. L. punctatus, female (17 mm; Morocco). Not to scale.

FIGURES 40–46 in New and little-known species of the genus Lacon Laporte, 1838 (Coleoptera: Elateridae) of Afghanistan and adjacent countries

FIGURES 40–46. Genitalia of Lacon species: aedeagus, ventral view (Figs. 40, 41); ovipositor, ventral view (Fig. 42); part of female genital tract, general view (Figs. 43–46). 40. L. mekrani (Afghanistan). 41. L. modestus (eastern India). 42–44. L. mekrani (Iran; in Fig. 44 viewed from underside). 45. L. nadaii (Iran). 46. L. modestus (western India). Not to scale.

FIGURES 34–39 in New and little-known species of the genus Lacon Laporte, 1838 (Coleoptera: Elateridae) of Afghanistan and adjacent countries

FIGURES 34–39. Habitus of Lacon species, dorsal view. 34. L. mekrani, lectotype, male (Pakistan, photo by C. Locatelli, Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique). 35. L. mekrani, male (12.2 mm; Iran). 36. L. mekrani, male (12.9 mm; Afghanistan). 37. L. mekrani, female (14.4 mm; Afghanistan). 38. L. modestus, male (11 mm; eastern India). 39. L. modestus, female (12.2 mm; western India). Not to scale.

FIGURES 12–17 in New and little-known species of the genus Lacon Laporte, 1838 (Coleoptera: Elateridae) of Afghanistan and adjacent countries

FIGURES 12–17. Habitus of Lacon species, dorsal (Figs. 12–14) and lateral (Figs. 15–17) view. 12, 15. L. kabakovi sp. nov., female, holotype (12.7 mm). 13, 16. L. diqingensis, female, holotype (13.2 mm; China, Yunnan). 14, 17. L. lijiangensis, female, holotype (9.5 mm; China, Yunnan). Not to scale.

FIGURES 29–33 in New and little-known species of the genus Lacon Laporte, 1838 (Coleoptera: Elateridae) of Afghanistan and adjacent countries

FIGURES 29–33. Genitalia of Lacon species: aedeagus, ventral view (Figs. 29, 30); ovipositor, ventral view (Fig. 31); part of female genital tract, general view (Figs. 32, 33). 29, 31, 32. L. caeruleus (Afghanistan). 30. L. punctatus (Turkey). 33. L. punctatus (Morocco). Not to scale.

FIGURES 5–11 in New and little-known species of the genus Lacon Laporte, 1838 (Coleoptera: Elateridae) of Afghanistan and adjacent countries

FIGURES 5–11. Genitalia of Lacon species: aedeagus, ventral view (Figs. 5–7); ovipositor, ventral view (Fig. 8); part of female genital tract, general view (Figs. 9–11). 5. L. elegantissimus sp. nov., holotype (apex of penis broken and placed separately). 6, 10. L. altaicus (Russia, Primorsky Krai). 7. L. lepidopterus (Russia, Krasnodar Krai). 8, 9. L. elegantissimus sp. nov., paratype. 11. L. lepidopterus (Russia, Republic of Adygea). Not to scale.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2023View details →

The 2023 Afghanistan earthquake cluster

The four tar files are the interferograms for the 2023 Afghanistan earthquake sequence. In each tar file, there include a phase file, incidence angle file, azimuth angle file, and their parameter information. ReferenceHe, P. Wen, Y.M., Zhong, Y.L., Cai, J.F. (2023). Isolated sources of the devastating 2023 Mw>6 Herat, Afghanistan earthquake swarm estimated by InSAR: tectonic implications and possible triggering mechanism

Subspecies and Distribution. V. v. vulpes Linnaeus, 1758 — N Europe (Scandinavia). V. v. abietorum Merriam, 1900 — SW Canada (Alberta & British Columbia). V. v. aegyptiacus Sonnini, 1816 — Egypt, Israel, and Lybia. V. v. alascensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska and NW Canada (NW Territories & Yukon). V. v. alpheraky: Satunin, 1906 — Kazakhstan. V. v. anatolica Thomas, 1920 — Turkey. V. v. arabica Thomas, 1902 — Arabian peninsula. V. v. atlantica Wagner, 1841 — Algeria (forested Atlas Mts). V. v. bangsi Merriam, 1900 — NE Canada (Labrador). V. v. barbara Shaw, 1800 — NW Africa (Barbary Coast). V. v. beringiana Middendorff, 1875 — NE Siberia (shore of Bering Strait). V. v. cascadensis Merriam, 1900 — NW USA (Cascade Mountains, Oregon & Washington). V. v. caucasica Dinnik, 1914 — SW Russia (Caucasus). V. v. crucigera Bechstein, 1789 — Europe through N & C Russia. V. v. daurica Ognev, 1931 — E Russia (Amur, Siberia & Transbaikalia). V.v. deletrix Bangs, 1898 — NE Canada (Newfoundland). V. v. dolichocrania Ognev, 1926 — SE Siberia (S Ussuri). V. v. flavescens Gray, 1843 — N Iran. V. v. fulva Desmarest, 1820 — E USA. V. v. griffith: Blyth, 1854 — Afghanistan and N Pakistan. V.v. harrimani Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kodiak I). V. v. hoole Swinhoe, 1870 — S China (Fujian to Sichuan). V. v. ichnusae G. S. Miller, 1907 — Corsica and Sardinia. V. v. induta G. S. Miller, 1907 — Cyprus. V. v. jakutensis Ognev, 1923 — E Siberia (S of Yakutsk). V. v. japonica Gray, 1868 — Japan. V. v. karagan Erxleben, 1777 — Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Kirgizstan. V. v. kenaiensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kenai Peninsula). V. v. kurdistanica Satunin, 1906 — Armenia and NE Turkey. V. v. macroura Baird, 1852 — USA (Mountain States). V. v. montana Pearson, 1836 — Himalayas form China (Yunnan) to C Pakistan. V. v. mecator Merriam, 1900 — SW USA (California & Nevada). V_ v. ochroxantha Ognev, 1926 — E Russian Turkestan, Aksai, Kirgizstan, Semirechie. V. v. palaestina Thomas, 1920 —Jordan and Lebanon. V.v. peculiosa Kishida, 1924 — Korea. V. v. pusilla Blyth, 1854 — NW India to Irak. V.v. regalis Merriam, 1900 — N Great Plains of Canada and USA. V. v. rubricosa Bangs, 1898 — E Canada. V.v. schrencki Kishida, 1924 — N Japan (Hokkaido) and NE Russia (Sakhalin). V. v. silacea G. S. Miller, 1907 — Iberian Peninsula. V.v. splendidissima Kishida, 1924 — E Russia (N & C Kurile Is). V. v. stepensis Brauner, 1914 — steppes of S Russia. V. v. tobolica Ognev, 1926 — Russia (lower basin of Ob River) V. v. tschiliensis Matschie, 1907 — NE China. Foxes of European origin were introduced into E USA and Canada in the 17" century, subsequently mixed with local subspecies. Also introduced to Australia in 1800s, and the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). in Canidae

Subspecies and Distribution. V. v. vulpes Linnaeus, 1758 — N Europe (Scandinavia). V. v. abietorum Merriam, 1900 — SW Canada (Alberta & British Columbia). V. v. aegyptiacus Sonnini, 1816 — Egypt, Israel, and Lybia. V. v. alascensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska and NW Canada (NW Territories & Yukon). V. v. alpheraky: Satunin, 1906 — Kazakhstan. V. v. anatolica Thomas, 1920 — Turkey. V. v. arabica Thomas, 1902 — Arabian peninsula. V. v. atlantica Wagner, 1841 — Algeria (forested Atlas Mts). V. v. bangsi Merriam, 1900 — NE Canada (Labrador). V. v. barbara Shaw, 1800 — NW Africa (Barbary Coast). V. v. beringiana Middendorff, 1875 — NE Siberia (shore of Bering Strait). V. v. cascadensis Merriam, 1900 — NW USA (Cascade Mountains, Oregon & Washington). V. v. caucasica Dinnik, 1914 — SW Russia (Caucasus). V. v. crucigera Bechstein, 1789 — Europe through N & C Russia. V. v. daurica Ognev, 1931 — E Russia (Amur, Siberia & Transbaikalia). V.v. deletrix Bangs, 1898 — NE Canada (Newfoundland). V. v. dolichocrania Ognev, 1926 — SE Siberia (S Ussuri). V. v. flavescens Gray, 1843 — N Iran. V. v. fulva Desmarest, 1820 — E USA. V. v. griffith: Blyth, 1854 — Afghanistan and N Pakistan. V.v. harrimani Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kodiak I). V. v. hoole Swinhoe, 1870 — S China (Fujian to Sichuan). V. v. ichnusae G. S. Miller, 1907 — Corsica and Sardinia. V. v. induta G. S. Miller, 1907 — Cyprus. V. v. jakutensis Ognev, 1923 — E Siberia (S of Yakutsk). V. v. japonica Gray, 1868 — Japan. V. v. karagan Erxleben, 1777 — Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Kirgizstan. V. v. kenaiensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kenai Peninsula). V. v. kurdistanica Satunin, 1906 — Armenia and NE Turkey. V. v. macroura Baird, 1852 — USA (Mountain States). V. v. montana Pearson, 1836 — Himalayas form China (Yunnan) to C Pakistan. V. v. mecator Merriam, 1900 — SW USA (California & Nevada). V_ v. ochroxantha Ognev, 1926 — E Russian Turkestan, Aksai, Kirgizstan, Semirechie. V. v. palaestina Thomas, 1920 —Jordan and Lebanon. V.v. peculiosa Kishida, 1924 — Korea. V. v. pusilla Blyth, 1854 — NW India to Irak. V.v. regalis Merriam, 1900 — N Great Plains of Canada and USA. V. v. rubricosa Bangs, 1898 — E Canada. V.v. schrencki Kishida, 1924 — N Japan (Hokkaido) and NE Russia (Sakhalin). V. v. silacea G. S. Miller, 1907 — Iberian Peninsula. V.v. splendidissima Kishida, 1924 — E Russia (N & C Kurile Is). V. v. stepensis Brauner, 1914 — steppes of S Russia. V. v. tobolica Ognev, 1926 — Russia (lower basin of Ob River) V. v. tschiliensis Matschie, 1907 — NE China. Foxes of European origin were introduced into E USA and Canada in the 17" century, subsequently mixed with local subspecies. Also introduced to Australia in 1800s, and the Falkland Islands (Malvinas).

Subspecies and Distribution. Vr. rueppellii Schinz, 1825 — Egypt and Sudan (Nubian Desert). V. r. caesia Thomas & Hinton, 1921 — N & W Africa. V. r. cyrenaica Festa, 1921 — SW Egypt, Lybia, extreme NW Sudan. V. r. sabaea Pocock, 1934 — Arabian Peninsula and Middle East. V. r. somaliae Thomas, 1918 — Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia. V. r. zarudny: Birula, 1913 — Baluchistan in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan. in Canidae

Subspecies and Distribution. Vr. rueppellii Schinz, 1825 — Egypt and Sudan (Nubian Desert). V. r. caesia Thomas & Hinton, 1921 — N & W Africa. V. r. cyrenaica Festa, 1921 — SW Egypt, Lybia, extreme NW Sudan. V. r. sabaea Pocock, 1934 — Arabian Peninsula and Middle East. V. r. somaliae Thomas, 1918 — Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia. V. r. zarudny: Birula, 1913 — Baluchistan in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan.

Subspecies and Distribution. V. ¢. corsac Linnaeus, 1768 — N part of range to pre-Altai steppe. Vc. kalmykorum Ognev, 1935 — Volgo-Ural steppes and Volga Basin. V. ¢. scorodumovi Dorogostaiski, 1935 — N China, Mongolia, and Russia (Transbaikalia). V. ¢. turemenicus Ognev, 1935 — plains of C Asia and N Afghanistan, NE Iran, and Kazakhstan. in Canidae

Subspecies and Distribution. V. ¢. corsac Linnaeus, 1768 — N part of range to pre-Altai steppe. Vc. kalmykorum Ognev, 1935 — Volgo-Ural steppes and Volga Basin. V. ¢. scorodumovi Dorogostaiski, 1935 — N China, Mongolia, and Russia (Transbaikalia). V. ¢. turemenicus Ognev, 1935 — plains of C Asia and N Afghanistan, NE Iran, and Kazakhstan.

Distribution. SW Asia from Iraq and Iran to Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, and Bhutan; also Bangladesh, Myanmar and S China (including Hainan I). Introduced to Antigua, Barbados, Beef Island, Buck Island, Carriacou, Croatia, Cuba, Fiji, French Guiana, Goat Island, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Hawaii, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Japan, Jost Van Dyke, La Desirade, Lavango, Mafia (Tanzania), Marie Galante, Martinique, Maui, Mauritius, Molokai, Nevis, Oahu, Puerto Rico, St. Croix, St. John, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, St. Martin, St. Thomas, St. Vincent, Surinam, Tortola, Trinidad, Vieques, and Water Island. Introduction was unsuccessful in the Dominican Republic. The Small Indian Mongoose or the Javan Mongoose is said to occur on Hong Kong since the 1980s, and to have been also introduced to some Indonesian islands (particularly Ambon). in Herpestidae

Distribution. SW Asia from Iraq and Iran to Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, and Bhutan; also Bangladesh, Myanmar and S China (including Hainan I). Introduced to Antigua, Barbados, Beef Island, Buck Island, Carriacou, Croatia, Cuba, Fiji, French Guiana, Goat Island, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Hawaii, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Japan, Jost Van Dyke, La Desirade, Lavango, Mafia (Tanzania), Marie Galante, Martinique, Maui, Mauritius, Molokai, Nevis, Oahu, Puerto Rico, St. Croix, St. John, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, St. Martin, St. Thomas, St. Vincent, Surinam, Tortola, Trinidad, Vieques, and Water Island. Introduction was unsuccessful in the Dominican Republic. The Small Indian Mongoose or the Javan Mongoose is said to occur on Hong Kong since the 1980s, and to have been also introduced to some Indonesian islands (particularly Ambon).

Subspecies and Distribution. U. a. arctos Linnaeus, 1758 — Europe and W Russia. U. a. alascensis Merriam, 1896 — most of Alaska (excluding Alaska Peninsula, SE panhandle & Kodiak Island group). U. a. beringianus Middendorff, 1853 — NE Russia (Kamchatka Peninsula & N Kuril Islands northward through the Koryak Autonomous District, and along W coast of the Sea of Okhotsk). U. a. collaris Cuvier, 1824 — Russia (Siberia, from E of the Yenisey River to the Bering Sea, but excluding Kamchatka and more southern parts of the Russian Far East), N Mongolia. U. a. dalli Merriam, 1896 — SE Alaska (N of Alexander Archipelago). U. a. gyas Merriam, 1902 — Alaska peninsula. U. a. horribilis Ord, 1815 —W Canada (Yukon, North-West Territories, British Columbia & Alberta), inland W USA (extirpated from S Wyoming to Mexico). U. a. isabellinus Horsfield, 1826 — N India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, N to Kazakhstan and Mongolia (Gobi Desert). U. a. lasiotus Gray, 1867 — Russia (Southern Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, Ussuri/Amur river region of the Russian Far East), NE China, North Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido). U. a. middendorffi Merriam, 1896 — Alaska (Kodiak Island & nearby islands). U. a. pruinosus Blyth, 1853 — Tibetan Plateau, China, N Nepal. U. a. sitkensis Merriam, 1896 — SE Alaska (Alexander Archipelago & adjacent coastal area). U. a. stikeenensis Merriam, 1914 — W Canada (W British Columbia), and formerly W USA (W Washington and Oregon). U. a. syriacus Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1828 — Middle East, from Turkey to Iran (extirpated in Syria), Caucasus mountains of Russia, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. in Ursidae

Subspecies and Distribution. U. a. arctos Linnaeus, 1758 — Europe and W Russia. U. a. alascensis Merriam, 1896 — most of Alaska (excluding Alaska Peninsula, SE panhandle & Kodiak Island group). U. a. beringianus Middendorff, 1853 — NE Russia (Kamchatka Peninsula & N Kuril Islands northward through the Koryak Autonomous District, and along W coast of the Sea of Okhotsk). U. a. collaris Cuvier, 1824 — Russia (Siberia, from E of the Yenisey River to the Bering Sea, but excluding Kamchatka and more southern parts of the Russian Far East), N Mongolia. U. a. dalli Merriam, 1896 — SE Alaska (N of Alexander Archipelago). U. a. gyas Merriam, 1902 — Alaska peninsula. U. a. horribilis Ord, 1815 —W Canada (Yukon, North-West Territories, British Columbia & Alberta), inland W USA (extirpated from S Wyoming to Mexico). U. a. isabellinus Horsfield, 1826 — N India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, N to Kazakhstan and Mongolia (Gobi Desert). U. a. lasiotus Gray, 1867 — Russia (Southern Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, Ussuri/Amur river region of the Russian Far East), NE China, North Korea, and Japan (Hokkaido). U. a. middendorffi Merriam, 1896 — Alaska (Kodiak Island & nearby islands). U. a. pruinosus Blyth, 1853 — Tibetan Plateau, China, N Nepal. U. a. sitkensis Merriam, 1896 — SE Alaska (Alexander Archipelago & adjacent coastal area). U. a. stikeenensis Merriam, 1914 — W Canada (W British Columbia), and formerly W USA (W Washington and Oregon). U. a. syriacus Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1828 — Middle East, from Turkey to Iran (extirpated in Syria), Caucasus mountains of Russia, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan.

Subspecies and Distribution. U. t. thibetanus Cuvier, 1823 — Nepal, NE India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam. U. t. formosanus Swinhoe, 1864 — Taiwan. U. t. gedrosianus Blanford, 1877 — SE Iran, C & S Pakistan. U. t. japonicus Schlegel, 1857 — Japan. U. t. laniger Pocock, 1932 — Himalayas from Afghanistan to N India (Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh & Uttarakhand). U. t. mupinensis Heude, 1901 — C & S China. U. t. ussuricus Heude, 1901 — Russian Far East, NE China, Korean Peninsula. in Ursidae

Subspecies and Distribution. U. t. thibetanus Cuvier, 1823 — Nepal, NE India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam. U. t. formosanus Swinhoe, 1864 — Taiwan. U. t. gedrosianus Blanford, 1877 — SE Iran, C & S Pakistan. U. t. japonicus Schlegel, 1857 — Japan. U. t. laniger Pocock, 1932 — Himalayas from Afghanistan to N India (Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh & Uttarakhand). U. t. mupinensis Heude, 1901 — C & S China. U. t. ussuricus Heude, 1901 — Russian Far East, NE China, Korean Peninsula.

Subspecies and Distribution. M. e. erminea Linnaeus, 1758 — Finland, Norway, NW Russia, and Sweden. M. e. aestiva Kerr, 1792 — most of mainland N & C Europe to C Asia in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. M. e. alascensis Merriam, 1896 — S Alaska. M. e. anguinae Hall, 1932 — SW Canada (Vancouver I, British Columbia). M. e. arctica Merriam, 1896 — Alaska and NW Canada. M. e. bangsi Hall, 1945 — C Canada and NC USA. M. e. celenda Hall, 1944 — Alaska (Prince of Wales I). M.e. cicognanii Bonaparte, 1838 — SE Canada and NE USA. M. e. fallenda Hall, 1945 — W Canada (British Columbia) and NW USA (N Washington). M. e. ferghanae Thomas, 1895 — Afghanistan, N India, and Pakistan. M.e. gulosa Hall, 1945 — NW USA (E Washington). M.e. haidarum Preble, 1898 — W Canada (Queen Charlotte Is, British Columbia). M.e. hibernica Thomas & Barrett-Hamilton, 1895 — Ireland. M.e. imatis Hall, 1944 — Alaska (Baranof I). M.e. invicta Hall, 1945 — SW Canada (Alberta) and NW USA (Idaho & Montana). M.e. kadiacensis Merriam, 1896 — Alaska (Kodiak I). M.e. kaneti Baird, 1857 — NE China, Russia (E Siberia). M.e. karaginensis Jurgenson, 1936 — NE Russia (Karaginsky I). M.e. lymani Hollister, 1912 — E Russia (Altai Mts, Siberia). M.e. minima Cavazza, 1912 — Switzerland. M.e. mongolica Ognev, 1928 — NW China and Mongolian Altai. M. e. muricus Bangs, 1899 — USA (N California, Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah & Wyoming). M. e. nippon Cabrera, 1913 — Japan. M.e. olympica Hall, 1945 — NW USA (Olympic Peninsula, Washington). M.e. polaris Barrett-Hamilton, 1904 — Greenland. M.e.richardsonii Bonaparte, 1838 — N Canada. M.e. ricinae G. S. Miller, 1907 — Scotland (Islay I). M.e.salva Hall, 1944 — SE Alaska (Admiralty I). M.e.seclusa Hall, 1944 — SE Alaska (Suemez I). M.e.sempler Sutton & Hamilton, 1932 — Canada (Franklin & Keewatin Districts). M.e.stabilis Barrett-Hamilton, 1904 — Great Britain. M.e.streatori Merriam, 1896 — W USA (NE California, Oregon & coastal Washington). M.e.teberdina Kornejv, 1941 — Russian Caucasus. M.e. tobolica Ognev, 1923 — W Siberia. Introduced to New Zealand. in Mustelidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M. e. erminea Linnaeus, 1758 — Finland, Norway, NW Russia, and Sweden. M. e. aestiva Kerr, 1792 — most of mainland N & C Europe to C Asia in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. M. e. alascensis Merriam, 1896 — S Alaska. M. e. anguinae Hall, 1932 — SW Canada (Vancouver I, British Columbia). M. e. arctica Merriam, 1896 — Alaska and NW Canada. M. e. bangsi Hall, 1945 — C Canada and NC USA. M. e. celenda Hall, 1944 — Alaska (Prince of Wales I). M.e. cicognanii Bonaparte, 1838 — SE Canada and NE USA. M. e. fallenda Hall, 1945 — W Canada (British Columbia) and NW USA (N Washington). M. e. ferghanae Thomas, 1895 — Afghanistan, N India, and Pakistan. M.e. gulosa Hall, 1945 — NW USA (E Washington). M.e. haidarum Preble, 1898 — W Canada (Queen Charlotte Is, British Columbia). M.e. hibernica Thomas & Barrett-Hamilton, 1895 — Ireland. M.e. imatis Hall, 1944 — Alaska (Baranof I). M.e. invicta Hall, 1945 — SW Canada (Alberta) and NW USA (Idaho & Montana). M.e. kadiacensis Merriam, 1896 — Alaska (Kodiak I). M.e. kaneti Baird, 1857 — NE China, Russia (E Siberia). M.e. karaginensis Jurgenson, 1936 — NE Russia (Karaginsky I). M.e. lymani Hollister, 1912 — E Russia (Altai Mts, Siberia). M.e. minima Cavazza, 1912 — Switzerland. M.e. mongolica Ognev, 1928 — NW China and Mongolian Altai. M. e. muricus Bangs, 1899 — USA (N California, Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah & Wyoming). M. e. nippon Cabrera, 1913 — Japan. M.e. olympica Hall, 1945 — NW USA (Olympic Peninsula, Washington). M.e. polaris Barrett-Hamilton, 1904 — Greenland. M.e.richardsonii Bonaparte, 1838 — N Canada. M.e. ricinae G. S. Miller, 1907 — Scotland (Islay I). M.e.salva Hall, 1944 — SE Alaska (Admiralty I). M.e.seclusa Hall, 1944 — SE Alaska (Suemez I). M.e.sempler Sutton & Hamilton, 1932 — Canada (Franklin & Keewatin Districts). M.e.stabilis Barrett-Hamilton, 1904 — Great Britain. M.e.streatori Merriam, 1896 — W USA (NE California, Oregon & coastal Washington). M.e.teberdina Kornejv, 1941 — Russian Caucasus. M.e. tobolica Ognev, 1923 — W Siberia. Introduced to New Zealand.

Subspecies and Distribution. L. p. perspicillata Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1826 — SE Asia from India, S China, and Mainland SE Asia to Borneo, Sumatra, and E Java. L. p. maxwelli Hayman, 1957 — Iraq and possibly bordering Iran. L. p. sindica Pocock, 1940 — Afghanistan and Pakistan. in Mustelidae

Subspecies and Distribution. L. p. perspicillata Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1826 — SE Asia from India, S China, and Mainland SE Asia to Borneo, Sumatra, and E Java. L. p. maxwelli Hayman, 1957 — Iraq and possibly bordering Iran. L. p. sindica Pocock, 1940 — Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Subspecies and Distribution. V. p. peregusna Giildenstadt, 1770 — Russia. V. p. alpherakii Birula, 1910 — Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. V. p. euxina Pocock, 1936 — Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Turkey, and Ukraine. V. p. negans G. S. Miller, 1910 — NC & W China and S Mongolia. V.p. pallidior Stroganov, 1948 — Kazakhstan. V. p. syriaca Pocock, 1936 — Armenia, Azerbaidjan, Egypt, Georgia, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, and Syria. in Mustelidae

Subspecies and Distribution. V. p. peregusna Giildenstadt, 1770 — Russia. V. p. alpherakii Birula, 1910 — Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. V. p. euxina Pocock, 1936 — Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Turkey, and Ukraine. V. p. negans G. S. Miller, 1910 — NC & W China and S Mongolia. V.p. pallidior Stroganov, 1948 — Kazakhstan. V. p. syriaca Pocock, 1936 — Armenia, Azerbaidjan, Egypt, Georgia, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, and Syria.

Distribution. Europe, E up to Volga River, Russia; also Caucasus and Middle East from Turkey, Israel, Lebanon, and Syria, to N Afghanistan. in Mustelidae

Distribution. Europe, E up to Volga River, Russia; also Caucasus and Middle East from Turkey, Israel, Lebanon, and Syria, to N Afghanistan.