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163 results for “Alligator”
FIG. 2 in Nest Attendance Patterns in the American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)
FIG. 2. Generalized additive model (GAM) analysis of alligator nest visitation varying over the incubation period in 2011 (A; v2 ¼ 64.31, r2 ¼ 0.07, P, 0.01) and 2012 (B; v2 ¼ 56.98, r2 ¼ 0.13, P, 0.01). Nests with an alligator present (1) or absent (0) are shown as binary classes (boxes) with darker shading indicating higher densities of observations. Binary data were used to calculate the proportion of nests with visits (circles). Nest attendance declined rapidly during the first weeks, remained low for the majority of incubation, and increased during
FIG. 1 in Nest Attendance Patterns in the American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)
FIG. 1. Minimum length of visits to nests, based on the number of photos in which the alligators were captured. Photos were captured every five minutes, and time ranges were based on the number of consecutive photos in which the alligators were captured.
Figure 2 in A strikingly ornamented fossil alligator lizard (Squamata: Abronia) from the Miocene of California
Figure 2. Holotype of Abronia cuyama sp. nov. UCMP 54560. Images on the left are of the physical specimen and those on the right are digital renderings; B, D and F are volume renderings, whereas H and I are surface renderings. A, B, skull in right lateral view. C, D, skull in left lateral view. E, F, skull in dorsal view. G, quadrate, squamosal and osteoderms from mudstone block in posterior view. H, I, segmented quadrate, squamosal and osteoderms dorsal to the quadrate in posterior and anterior view, respectively. Scale bars: 1 mm. Abbreviations: am.s, anteromedial surface; co, conch; De, dentary; fn, frontonasal; f.pr, facial process; fp, frontoparietal; Fr, frontal; Ju, jugal; k, keel; La, lacrimal; m.so, median supraocular; Me.gr, Meckelian groove; Mx, maxilla; or.pr, orbital process; p.in, posterior internasal; Pp, palpebral; prf, prefrontal; pt.lm, pterygoid lamina; Px, premaxilla; px.pr, premaxillary process; Qu, quadrate; Smx, septomaxilla; Sq, squamosal; ty.cr, tympanic crest.
Figure 4 in A strikingly ornamented fossil alligator lizard (Squamata: Abronia) from the Miocene of California
Figure 4. Comparison of Abronia cuyama sp. nov. and skulls of extant gerrhonotines, in anterior view. A, Abronia cuyama sp. nov. UCMP 54560. B, Abronia graminea UTA 38831. C, Elgaria multicarinata TNHC 35666. D, Barisia leƲicollis MVZ 68783. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Figure 1. A, geographical context. B in A strikingly ornamented fossil alligator lizard (Squamata: Abronia) from the Miocene of California
Figure 1. A, geographical context. B, local Oligocene and Miocene sedimentary units. In A, distribution data for Abronia are from GBIF.org (2021). Distribution data were filtered manually to remove selected outliers using the study by GutiérrezRodríguez et al. (2021) as a reference. Grey shading in A indicates elevation (i.e. mountainous areas). Geological data in B are based on the studies by Hoyt et al. (2018) and Jennings (2010). The location of the UCMP V-5847 fossiliferous site was obtained from the study by James (1963).
Figure 5 in A strikingly ornamented fossil alligator lizard (Squamata: Abronia) from the Miocene of California
Figure 5. Phylogenetic position of Abronia cuyama sp. nov. among alligator lizards in Bayesian inference analyses. A, partially constrained tree. B, fully constrained tree. Outgroups are removed for clarity, and other gerrhonotine genera or species are condensed to single terminals. Black circles indicate nodes with posterior probability> 0.95.
Anatomy, ontogeny, and evolution of the archosaurian respiratory system: a case study on Alligator mississippiensis and Struthio camelus
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American alligator ultrasound and microCT
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Data from: Joint histology in Alligator mississippiensis challenges the identification of synovial joints in fossil archosaurs and inferences of cranial kinesis
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Fatigue resistant jaw muscles facilitate long-lasting courtship behavior in the southern alligator lizard (Elgaria multicarinata)
<p>The southern alligator lizard (<i>Elgaria multicarinata</i>) exhibits a courtship behavior during which the male firmly grips the female's head in his jaws for many hours at a time. This extreme behavior counters the conventional wisdom that reptile muscles are fast to fatigue and incapable of powering high endurance behaviors. We conducted <i>in situ</i> experiments in which the jaw-adductor muscles of lizards were stimulated directly while bite force was measured simultaneously with a force transducer. Fatigue tests were performed by supramaximally and bilaterally stimulating the muscles for several minutes with a series of tetanic trains. Our results show that a substantial sustained force gradually develops during the first few minutes of the fatigue test. This sustained force persists after peak tetanic forces have declined to a fraction of their initial magnitude. The observed sustained force during <i>in situ</i> fatigue tests is consistent with the natural courtship behavior of these lizards and likely reflects physiological specialization. The results of molecular analysis reveal that the jaw-adductor muscles contain masticatory myosin and tonic myosin fibers. We propose that the presence of tonic fibers may explain the unusual sustained force properties during mate-holding behavior. The characterization of muscle properties that facilitate extreme performance in specialized systems may help reveal general mechanisms, especially when done in light of convergently evolved systems exhibiting similar performance characteristics.</p>
Alligator Reef Fishes species checklist 2020.xlsx Spreadsheet of the checklist of fish species documented in the study area of Alligator Reef & environs, Florida Keys, USA, by Starck, Estapé & Estapé (2017), updated with 14 additional species records
<p><em>Alligator Reef Fishes species checklist 2020.xlsx</em> Spreadsheet of the checklist of fish species documented in the study area of Alligator Reef & environs, Florida Keys, USA, by Starck, Estapé & Estapé (2017), updated with 14 additional species records</p>
Alligator Reef Fishes species photographs 2020: updated version of Fishes of Alligator Reef & environs, Florida Keys, USA. Starck, Estapé & Estapé (2017) obtained 323 images of 318 fish species, now we add 33 additional photographs of species listed in 2017, plus 13 photographs of new records
<p><em>Alligator Reef Fishes species photographs 2020</em>: updated version of Fishes of Alligator Reef & environs, Florida Keys, USA. Starck, Estapé & Estapé (2017) obtained 323 images of 318 fish species, now we add 33 additional photographs of species listed in 2017, plus 13 photographs of new records since 2017, to make a total of 369 images of 364 fish species in the study area (all but 4 taken by Carlos Estapé and Allison Morgan Estapé). </p>
Data from: Associations between testosterone and immune activity in alligators depend on bacteria species and temperature
<p>Males often use elaborate sexual traits to enhance reproduction, but can experience trade-offs between investment in these traits and other physiological needs. The immunocompetence handicap hypothesis (ICHH) postulates that testosterone supports development of sexual traits while also suppressing immunity. While the ICHH implicates testosterone-mediated immunosuppression as a key mechanism of honest signaling in males, conflicting patterns across studies suggest that testosterone-immunity interactions are complex. In this study, we test the ICHH in free-ranging alligators and examine how intrinsic (steroid hormone levels) and extrinsic (temperature) factors modulate testosterone-immunity relationships. Specifically, we quantified simultaneous effects of testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on killing capacity of plasma against three bacteria species at two challenge temperatures. We found that DHEA was important in predicting the effects of testosterone on killing capacity. Further, testosterone-mediated effects were dependent on both temperature and bacteria species. Our results highlight the context dependency of interactions between testosterone and immunity, and illustrate the importance of evaluating the ICHH in natural systems to identify key intrinsic and extrinsic factors mediating testosterone-immunity trade-offs.</p>
FIGURE 9 in New early Pleistocene Alligator (Eusuchia: Crocodylia) from Florida bridges a gap in Alligator evolution
FIGURE 9. Dorsal osteoderms of the Alligator hailensis holotype (UF 224688). Scale = 2 cm.
Data from: Ontogenetic development of otoliths in alligator gar
Alligator Gar Atractosteus spatula is a species of conservation concern throughout its range and an examination of otoliths during early development would aid understanding its life history and ecology. We conducted X-ray computed tomography (CT) scans, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and light microscopy to examine the three pairs of otoliths and how they developed over time in relation to fish size and age. The sagittae are the largest, with distinct dorsal and ventral lobes, and covered with small otoconia concentrated in the sulcul region. The sagittae exhibited allometric growth, increasing more rapidly in the ventral lobe than in the dorsal. The asterisci were smaller and also exhibited small otoconia on their surface, but much less than the sagittae. The lapilli were oriented laterally, in contrast to the sagittae and asterisci that were oriented vertically, with a hump on the dorsum and very large otoconia on the lateral surface that appeared to fuse into the main otolith as the fish grew. Based on size measurements and ring counts in all three pairs of otoliths from known-age Alligator Gar sampled weekly through 91 days after hatch (N =101), we developed regression models to examine otolith growth and predict age. All relationships were significant and highly explanatory (r² ≥ 0.93), but the strongest relationship between otolith and fish size existed for measurements from sagittae (r² = 0.98) and age predictions from the lapillus (r² = 0.99). Age prediction models all resulted in a slope near unity, indicating that ring deposition occurred approximately daily. The first ring in sagittae and lapilli corresponded to swim-up whereas the first ring formed in asterisci approximately 8 days after swim-up. These results fill a gap in knowledge and can aid understanding of evolutionary processes as well as provide useful information for management and conservation.
Data from: A novel accessory respiratory muscle in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)
The muscles that effect lung ventilation are key to understanding the evolutionary constraints on animal form and function. Here, through electromyography, we demonstrate a newly discovered respiratory function for the iliocostalis muscle in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). The iliocostalis is active during expiration when breathing on land at 28C and this activity is mediated through the uncinate processes on the vertebral ribs. There was also an increase in muscle activity during the forced expirations of alarm distress vocalisations. Interestingly we did not find any respiratory activity in the iliocostalis when the alligators were breathing with their body submerged in water at 18C, which resulted in a reduced breathing frequency. The iliocostalis is an accessory breathing muscle that alligators are able to recruit in to assist expiration under certain conditions.
FIGURE 9 in Taxonomic assessment of Alligator Snapping Turtles (Chelydridae: Macrochelys), with the description of two new species from the southeastern United States
FIGURE 9. (Continued)
FIGURE 9 in Taxonomic assessment of Alligator Snapping Turtles (Chelydridae: Macrochelys), with the description of two new species from the southeastern United States
FIGURE 9. (Continued)
FIGURE 1 in Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné, 1955) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) a potential candidate for the biological control of alligator weed, Alternanthera philoxeroides (Martius) Grisebach (Amaranthaceae): redescription of the adult, first description of immature stages, and biological notes
FIGURE 1. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné), male, dorsal habitus.
Figure 5 from: Richardson DJ, Moser WE, Hammond CI, Lazo-Wasem EA, McAllister CT, Pulis EE (2017) A new species of leech of the genus Placobdella (Hirudinida, Glossiphoniidae) from the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) in Mississippi, USA. ZooKeys 667: 39-49. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.667.10680
Figure 5 - Dorsal surface, anal region, (note lack of papillae between anus and commencement of prominent paramedial papillae) of A Placobdella papillifera (YPM 083792) B Placobdella siddalli Richardson & Moser (YPM 083857). Scale bars: 1 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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