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FIGURES 73–77 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 73–77. SEM micrograph of anterior ends of eggs of Osmia chalybea and Stelis ater. 73. Anterior pole of egg of O. chalybea. 74. Micropylar area of same identified by rectangle in figure 73. 75. Close-up of micropylar disc of same. 76. Anterior pole of Stelis ater. 77. Micropylar area of same identified by rectangle in figure 76.

FIGURES 58–63 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 58–63. SEM micrographs of nipple end of cocoon of Stelis ater with outer layer of cocoon removed. 58. Part of nipple removed to expose passageway from tip of nipple to screened surface. 59. Close-up of screen forming base of chamber. 60. Part removed from nipple, showing texture of inner surface thought to result from larva pushing silk forward from inside the cocoon. 61–63. Close-ups of area identified by rectangles in figure 61, respectively; note changes in surface texture of silk, with silk of inner chamber shiniest.

FIGURES 18–22 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 18–22. Microphotographs of cocoons of Osmia chalybea. 18. Inner surface of cocoon with cap of filter removed, cut longitudinally, showing white inner layer on anterior section fusing posteriorly with middle layer to produce dark semitransparent surface; note dark outer screen of nipple (pointer). 19. Front end viewed from inside, showing white silk of inner lining and inner screen (pointer). 20. Rear end viewed from inside, showing shiny, semitransparent inner surface with fecal streaks. 21. Front end of cocoon in early stages of construction viewed from inside, showing deposit of silk (pointer) that will make up hard cap of completed cocoon. 22. Front end of cocoon before inner lining applied, viewed from inside, showing undersurface of outer screen (pointer) before turning dark.

FIGURES 11–13. Osmia chalybea. 11 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 11–13. Osmia chalybea. 11. Photograph of adult female. 12. Microptic photograph of cocoon, front end up, lateral view. 13. Close-up of nipple of same with outer cocoon layer removed and cap pried up to show outer screen beneath, near lateral view. FIGURES 14–16. Stelis ater. 14. Photograph of adult female. 15. Microptic photograph of entire cocoon, front end up, lateral view. 16. Microphotograph of same, showing characteristic elongate fecal pellets, lateral view.

FIGURES 1–7 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 1–7. Trap nests used in the study of Osmia chalybea and Stelis ater. 1. Two trap nests deployed in the field. 2. Front end of U-shaped trap nest. 3. Front end of circular trap nest, showing circular openings to boreholes lined with paper straws and unlined; note that two exhibit nest closures. 4. U-shaped trap nest seen

FIGURES 33, 34 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 33, 34. Radiographs of cocoons of Osmia chalybea, side view. 33. X-rayed cell containing mature larva surrounded by its cocoon. 34. Slice of CT scan of another cocoon showing anterior end of cocoon close to rear of preceding cell; note components of filter system at nipple although fine, loose silk not visible.

FIGURES 53, 54 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURES 53, 54. Microphotographs of postdefecating larva of Thalestria spinosa. 53. Right mandible, adoral surface, showing thin but broad apex with fine sharp teeth on upper and lower margins and single larger apical projection. 54. Spiracle on pigmented tubercle, showing pronounced circular primary tracheal opening and concentrically pointing atrial spines as well a circular shape of atrial rim.

FIGURES 46–48 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURES 46–48. Pupae of Protoxaea gloriosa. 46. Lateral dorsal outline of thorax, anterior end toward left. Mid- and hind tibiae and tarsi of 47. male and 48. female.

FIGURES 49–52 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURES 49–52. Diagram of postdefecating larva of Thalestria spinosa. 49. Entire larva, lateral view. 50, 51. Head, lateral and frontal views, respectively. 52. Dorsal view of mandible showing apex and projection rising parallel to apex from adoral surface of base.

FIGURES 41–43. Microphotographs. 41 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURES 41–43. Microphotographs. 41. Right mandibular apex of 4th instar of Protoxaea gloriosa enclosing developing apex of 5th instar. 42. Integument of postdefecating form of Oxaea flavescens showing minute parallel wrinkles that presumably allow integument to shrink as body size reduces with onset of postdefecating form. 43. Spiracle of Protoxaea gloriosa, exterior view, showing oval atrial rim enclosing perpendicular line created by paired lips of primary tracheal opening. FIGURES 44, 45. Microphotographs of spiracle of postdefecating larva of Mesoxaea nigerrima: 44. Outer (exterior) view, again showing: perpendicular line created by lips of primary tracheal opening. 45. Spiracle from the front, with part of surrounding integument removed.

FIGURES 36, 37 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURES 36, 37. Last larval instars of Mesoxaea nigerrima, lateral view, postdefecating form and predefecating form, respectively.

FIGURES 34, 35 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURES 34, 35. Last larval instars of Oxaea flavescens, lateral view, postdefecating form and early stage postdefecating form, respectively.

FIGURES 29–32 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURES 29–32. SEM micrographs of egg of Protoxaea gloriosa. 29. Anterior end showing apical mound of micropyle. 30. Close-up of micropyle. 31. Close-up of pits in micropyle demonstrating texture of chorion. 32. Close-up of partly eclosed egg showing spiculelike structures suggestive of hatching spines (arrows).

FIGURES 20–23 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURES 20–23. Diagrammatic representations of patterns of simple nests of Protoxaea gloriosa with dimensions and shapes approximated, side view, identified by year of discovery. 20. 1970. With three cells. 21. 1990. With five cells. 22. 1990. With four cells and quarry excavation. 23. 1989. With one cell and quarry excavations; note short blockage of lateral!

FIGURES 2–7 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURES 2–7. Same area and date as figure 1. 2. Main tunnel of partly excavated nest, approximate side view. White, dry plaster-of-Paris powder marking curved path of open descending tunnel. 3. Excavated nodule containing cluster of four cells (arrows) adhering to one another because of thick walls. 4. Single cell opened perpendicularly to show shape and characteristic shiny, waterproof lining. 5. Cell with upper part removed to view curved egg at center of top surface of provisions, approximate lateral view. 6. Cell with top part removed showing circular wall of cell at midlength with intermediate stage feeding larva on top surface of very moist, orange provisions. 7. More mature larva than in figure 6 with one side of body now submerged while feeding on provisions that have further liquefied.

FIGURE 1 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURE 1. Nesting site of Protoxaea gloriosa at 1 mile north of Rodeo, New Mexico, August 1970. View of area where numerous nests were discovered and excavated, demonstrating habitat, with K.C. Rozen standing to the left of excavation equipment and the Chiricahua Mountains of Arizona in the background at left.

FIGURE 28 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURE 28. Diagram of nest of Mesoxaea nigerrima. Chamela, Mexico, 1986, with five cells and a possible short quarry excavation, below which is a branch containing a dead adult female, as indicated.

FIGURES 24–27 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURES 24–27. Diagrammatic representations of more complex nests of Protoxaea gloriosa, side and top views of each nest, both discovered in 1970. 24, 25. Demonstrating complex distribution of immature stages in cells, with sequence of egg deposition indicated by approximate age of immatures: cell 1, unknown; cell 2, one-half grown; cell 3, two-thirds grown; cell 4, unknown; cell 5, four-fifths grown; cell 6, three-fourths grown; cell 7, one-fifth grown; cell 8, full-grown predefecating larva; cell 9, full-grown predefecating larva; cell 10, egg on firm provisions; cell 11, egg on soft provisions (hence, older than egg in cell 10). 26. Side view, demonstrating clusters of cells and varying contents of clusters I-V and contents of individual cells identified as follow: back-filled or containing dead immatures = grey; egg or live larvae = large stipples; live larvae = parallel bars. Upper back-filled lateral lost but possibly leading to back-filled cells (not shown); three descending back-filled tunnels at lowest part of nest presumably leading to unexplored old cells of previous generation(s). 27. Top view of same nest showing approximate distribution of cell clusters from above.

FIGURES 16–19 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURES 16–19. Diagrams of cells and egg of Protoxaea gloriosa. 16. Demonstrating exact shape of lumen and entrance tunnel as well as approximation of cell and tunnel wall. 17. Cell with provisions showing position of egg on provisions with subsurface bubbles presumably of gas. 18. Cell with postdefecating larval of P. gloriosa with moldy fecal material applied to upper end. 19. Egg, lateral view, anterior end to left.

FIGURES 8–13 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURES 8–13. Nest components of Oxaeinae in the American Museum of Natural History, photographed at the time of preparation of this manuscript. 8. Unit of cells of Protoxaea gloriosa collected in 1970 demonstrating hardness of cell and tunnel walls. 9. Close-up of one opened cell with curved tunnel wall attached, showing smooth water-retardant cell inner surface with dried orange provisions on lower surface. 10. Opened curved tunnel of P. gloriosa, approximate top view, showing series of septa resulting from cell closing and position of cell wall attached below. 11. Plaster cast of open cell and connecting tunnel, demonstrating accurate shape of cell of P. gloriosa. 12, 13. Inner surfaces of spiral closures of two cells of P. gloriosa. 14, 15. From nests of Mesoxaea nigerrima, collected from Chamela, Jalisco, Mexico, 1986. 14. Cell, side view, demonstrating smooth lining to inner surface and hard cell wall, lateral view. 15. Cell closure, showing spiral closure.