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FIGURE 7 in Whip black corals (Antipatharia: Antipathidae: Stichopathes) of the Mesophotic Coral Ecosystem of Mo'orea (French Polynesia), with the description of a new species

FIGURE 7. Stichopathes cf. contorta. General views of entire colonies, which always have a well-defined contorted pattern. (a–b) In situ and laboratory illustrations of specimen NHMT-R2E1005. (c) Specimen NHMT-R2E1004. (d) Specimen NHMT-R2E1006.

FIGURE 1 in Whip black corals (Antipatharia: Antipathidae: Stichopathes) of the Mesophotic Coral Ecosystem of Mo'orea (French Polynesia), with the description of a new species

FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree of 53 antipatharians representing 4 families inferred by Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses and based on the Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 rDNA, with the Myriopathidae family as outgroup (note that the analysis included one Stylopathidae Tylopathes sp. in the family). Both analyses gave the same tree topologies. Node values are based on 1000 bootstrap replicates and posterior probabilities, respectively. Clades of Stichopathes species are highlighted by colors and correspond to those of Bo et al. 2012. French Polynesian specimens with field numbers correspond to specimens for which only pictures of the colony and DNA extractions were available.

FIGURE 10 in Whip black corals (Antipatharia: Antipathidae: Stichopathes) of the Mesophotic Coral Ecosystem of Mo'orea (French Polynesia), with the description of a new species

FIGURE 10. Examples of the differences seen in polyp shape and appearance of the same fragment from the same colony. (a) Entire colony NHMT R2E1018. (b) In situ picture. (c) Freshly sampled fragment. (d) Fragment stored in 70% ethanol for a few months.

FIGURE 3 in Whip black corals (Antipatharia: Antipathidae: Stichopathes) of the Mesophotic Coral Ecosystem of Mo'orea (French Polynesia), with the description of a new species

FIGURE 3. Stichopathes desaturata sp. nov. (a) Holotype NHMT-R2E1001. (b) Stichopathes C38 field observation. (c) Stichopathes C39 field observation. (d) Paratype NHMT-R2E1002. (e) Stichopathes C41 field observation. (f) Stichopathes C42 field observation. (g) Paratype NHMT-R2E1003. (h) Aspect of the polyps of the holotype NHMT-R2E1001 after a few months stored in 70% ethanol. (i–j) Field observations of living polyps with extended tentacles in Stichopathes C61 and Stichopathes C41, respectively.

FIGURE 4 in Whip black corals (Antipatharia: Antipathidae: Stichopathes) of the Mesophotic Coral Ecosystem of Mo'orea (French Polynesia), with the description of a new species

FIGURE 4. Basal, middle, and apical sections of the skeletons of two representative specimens of Stichopathes desaturata sp. nov., with the polypar sides oriented on the right. (a) Schizoholotype R2E1001.S3, 0.37 mm in diameter. (b) Schizoholotype R2E1001.S2, 0.34 mm in diameter. (c) Schizoholotype R2E1001.S1, 0.20 mm in diameter. (d) Schizoparatype R2E1003.S3, 0.73 mm in diameter. (e) Schizoparatype R2E1003.S2 0.40 mm in diameter. (f) Schizoparatype R2E1003.S1 0.15 mm in diameter.

FIGURE 2 in Whip black corals (Antipatharia: Antipathidae: Stichopathes) of the Mesophotic Coral Ecosystem of Mo'orea (French Polynesia), with the description of a new species

FIGURE 2. (a) Phylogenetic tree of Symbiodiniaceae sequences belonging to Cladocopium and Breviolum detected in some Stichopathes colonies (from Clade C) derived from Bayesian approaches. Bayesian posterior probabilities (first values) and Maximum Likelihood bootstrap support values (in brackets) are presented in black. (b–d) Histological views of zooxanthellaelike cells repartition in black coral tissues (blue arrows). Stichopathes C01 was identified belonging from Clade C based on a picture and the general morphology of the colony.

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Fig. 2 in Mitogenomics reveals low variation within a trigeneric complex of black corals from the North Pacific Ocean

Fig. 2 Map of collection sites for the specimens in this study including Dendrobathypathes boutillieri USNM-1070762 (circle), Parantipathes cf. larix USNM-1404491 (square), and Lillipathes cf. wingi USNM- 1457355 (triangle)

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Fig. 1 in Mitogenomics reveals low variation within a trigeneric complex of black corals from the North Pacific Ocean

Fig. 1 Gross morphological comparison of Parantipathes sp. (Museum of Tropical Queens- land G62019; left), Lillipathes sp. (California Academy of Sciences 218816; middle), and Dendrobathypathes sp. (Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales-IN 41150; right). These specimens were not analyzed in this study

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Fig. 4 in Mitogenomics reveals low variation within a trigeneric complex of black corals from the North Pacific Ocean

Fig. 4 Maximum likelihood–based phylogenetic tree based on 13 protein-coding genes and two ribosomal RNAs (29 taxa and 17,651 sites). The tree is rooted internally to the Leiopathidae. Node support

Figure 8 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics

Figure 8. SEM photographs of the indistinguishable trigeneric complex, comprising Parantipathes, Lillipathes, and Dendrobathypathes (all collected from the eastern North Pacific Ocean). A, D. boutillieri (USNM 1014186; scale bars 0.1 mm); B, L. wingi (USNM 1014106; scale bars 0.1 mm); C–E, Parantipathes sp. (J2095-2-7-6). C, individual spine.

Figure 7 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics

Figure 7. In-situ and laboratory photographs of the indistinguishable trigeneric complex, comprising Parantipathes, Lillipathes, and Dendrobathypathes (all collected from the eastern North Pacific Ocean). A, branched Parantipathes sp. (J2106-7-1; 937 m); B, small colony of D. boutillieri with lab photo inset (J2097-2-1; 1734 m); C, unbranched Parantipathes sp. (J2012-6-3; 862 m); D, unbranched Parantipathes sp. (J2095-2-7-4; 843 m); E, D. boutillieri (J2095-2-5-1; 2162 m); F, Lillipathes sp. (specimen not included in this study; photo reproduced with permission from http://mcbi.marine -conservation.org; © NOAA/MBARI; 1520 m in the eastern Gulf of Alaska). Photos A, B, C courtesy of NOAA.

Figure 6 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics

Figure 6. SEM and in situ photographs of aphanipathid Stichopathes. Left, Stichopathes cf. flagellum (Lyman Seamount; specimen LYM106-5; depth of collection: 1485 m). Right, Stichopathes dissimilis (Lyman Seamount; LYM105-1; 1485 m). Inset, S. dissimilis (Rehoboth Seamount; REH202-2; 1681 m). In situ photos courtesy of the Mountains in the Sea Research Team, URI/IAO, IFE, and NOAA.

Figure 5 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics

Figure 5. ML-based phylogenetic reconstruction of the cox3-cox1 nucleotide alignment, rooted to the Actiniaria (sea anemones). AIC within jModelTest selected the TVM + G model of nucleotide substitution (gamma: 0.1860). ML parameters and character usage are the same as in Figure 2.

Figure 4 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics

Figure 4. ML-based phylogenetic reconstruction of the nuc-contig alignment. AIC within jModelTest selected the TIM3 + I + G model of nucleotide substitution (pinvar: 0.8420, gamma: 0.5910). ML parameters, outgroup selection, and character usage are the same as in Figure 2. Due to difficulty in amplifying and sequencing 18S and 28S for Elatopathes abietina and Stichopathes dissimilis, their sequences were chimeras comprising data from multiple individuals (USNM 1116469 & USNM 1116470 and LYM105-1 & MAN802-1, respectively).

Figure 3 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics

Figure 3. ML-based phylogenetic reconstruction of the mt-contig alignment incorporating the full cox3-cox1 plus the Gblocks-edited igrW and igrN. AIC within jModelTest selected the TVM + I + G model of nucleotide substitution (pinvar: 0.4210, gamma: 0.8800). ML parameters, outgroup selection, and character usage are the same as in Figure 2. ∧ Includes Tanacetipathes barbadensis USNM 1116465, T. tanacetum SED804-7, Plumapathes pennacea USNM 1086297, and P. pennacea USNM 1086302*. ∧∧ Includes Antipathes curvata USNM 1015453, A. cf. virgata USNM 99750, and Cirrhipathes sp. P4-226-9. ∧∧∧ Includes Stichopathes cf. occidentalis TMKO-132* and TMNI0707-22*.

Figure 2 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics

Figure 2. ML-based phylogenetic reconstruction of the mt-contig alignment, rooted to the Leiopathidae (an ingroup). Numbers at nodes are bootstrap support values based on 1000 replicates. AIC within jModelTest selected the TVM + I + G model of nucleotide substitution [proportion of invariable sites (pinvar): 0.3940; gamma distribution parameter: 1.0000]. Tip labels indicate the specimen used in the alignment. Several specimens shared identical haplotypes or had haplotypes that were rendered identical following manipulations of the sequence alignment (see text); only one representative of these haplotypes was included in the analysis but the taxa affected are highlighted as follows: identical nominal taxa are separated by a forward slash, and an asterisk indicates unique haplotypes rendered identical following sequence manipulations. For the indistinguishable trigeneric complex, the taxon used in the phylogeny is listed in curly brackets. ∧ Includes Tanacetipathes barbadensis USNM 1116465, T. tanacetum SED804-7, Plumapathes pennacea USNM 1086297, and P. pennacea USNM 1086302*. ∧∧ Includes Antipathes curvata USNM 1015453, A. cf. virgata USNM 99750, and Cirrhipathes sp. P4-226-9. ∧∧∧ Includes Stichopathes cf. occidentalis TMKO-132* and TMNI0707-22*.

Figure 1 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics

Figure 1. Interspecific genetic distances (based on the K2P) within families (or select clades – see text) for the three mitochondrial gene regions. The highest genetic distance estimate obtained was for the Aphanipathidae + A.t. and E.a. using igrN (26.06%). The IGR (intergenic region) separating cox3 and cox1 (i.e. igrC) was removed prior to analysis. Alignments include indels. A.v., Aphanipathes verticillata; A.t., Acanthopathes thyoides; E.a., Elatopathes abietina. See Table 3 for details on which taxa were included/excluded in the distance estimates for each family.

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Figure 3 in Morphological and molecular characterization of the problematic whip black coral genus Stichopathes (Hexacorallia: Antipatharia) from Indonesia (North Sulawesi, Celebes Sea)

Figure 3. Morphological characteristics of the four Indonesian clades. A–D, clade A. A, spiral or contorted, thin stem. B, C, triangular, laterally compressed, papillose spines. D, light-brown polyps. E, H, clade B. E, contorted, thick stem, with flat and meandritic convolutions. F, G, triangular–conical spines, with few, small apical tubercles, and, at times, basal papillae. H, brown polyps, sagittally compressed. I, L, clade C. I, spiral, thick stem. J, K, triangular–conical spines, with numerous, small apical tubercles and sparse secondary spines. L, dense brown or white polyps, sagittally compressed. M, P, clade D. M, straight, thick stem, several metres long, and often with one or a few lateral branches. N, O, triangular–conical spines, with numerous, small apical tubercles and sparse secondary spines. P, dense brown or white polyps, sagittally compressed. Scale bars: M, 20 cm; A, E, I, 10 cm; D, 5 cm; H, L, P, 0.5 cm; B, F, J, N, 400 Mm; C, G, K, O, 200 Mm.

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Figure 4 in Morphological and molecular characterization of the problematic whip black coral genus Stichopathes (Hexacorallia: Antipatharia) from Indonesia (North Sulawesi, Celebes Sea)

Figure 4. SEM photographs showing the variability of the spines in clade A (A–H), clade B (I–P), and clade C (Q–X) (central portions shown). A, E, straight portions of the stem. B, F, curved portions of the stem. C, G, polypar spines. D, H, abpolypar spines. I–J, M–N, curved portions of the stem. K, O, polypar spines. L, M, abpolypar spines. Q–R, U–V, curved portions of the stem. S, W, polypar spines. T, X, abpolypar spines. Scale bar: A, C, E, F, I, J, M, N, Q, R, U, and V, 250 Mm; K, L, O, P, S, T, W, and X, 100 Mm; C, D, G, and H, 50 Mm.