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354 results for “Budget”
The allometry of daily energy expenditure in hummingbirds: an energy budget approach
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Migration strategies, performance and annual activity budget in a short-distance migrant, the common starling Sturnus vulgaris
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Data from: Phosphorus budgets of intensively managed row crops at a long-term agroecosystem research site in the upper US Midwest
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Houbara time budgets according to individual and season
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Data from: The contribution of carbon budget to masting intervals in Veratrum album populations inhabiting different elevations
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AGU Centennial Grand Challenge: Quantifying nutrient budgets for sustainable nutrient management
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Data from: The fate of nitrogen during agricultural intensification in East Africa: nitrogen budgets in contrasting agroecosystems
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Data from: Stress-coping styles are associated with energy budgets and variability in energy management strategies in a capital breeder
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A budget and spatial representation of Phosphorus in the central Arizona-Phoenix area
Phosphorus is a limited resource and a critical element in biogeochemistry. The raster datasets included here were created to show the spatial distribution of phosphorus stocks, accumulation, and throughput in the Central Arizona Phoenix Long Term Ecological Research study area. These rasters were created as the products of a phosphorus budget compiled within the CAP-LTER study area and are intended to be used by researchers studying biogeochemical cycles and sustainability. The raster of phosphorus stocks show the distribution of both abiotic and biotic phosphorus pools in the environment, which generally have long residence in the urban ecosystem. The accumulation and throughput raster show the likely areas where phosphorus will aggregate (inputs-outputs) over time and throughput shows areas with the highest inputs plus outputs of P. In addition to our final products we also include rasters used as variables to calculate the raw stocks, accumulation, and throughput rasters. For more information on how each layer was calculated please see: url="http://www.esajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1890/11-0865.1" Ecological Applications, 22(2), 2012, pp. 705 to 721 Copyright 2012 by the Ecological Society of America Metson, G, R Hale, D Iwaniec, E Cook, J Corman, C Galletti, and D Childers, "Phosphorus in Phoenix: a budget and spatial representation of phosphorus in an urban ecosystem," Ecological Applications, 22(2), 2012, pp. 705 to 721 Phosphorus is a limited resource and a critical element in the biogeochemistry of ecosystems. These raster datasets were create. For more information on how each layer was calculated please see: "http://www.esajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1890/11-0865.1" Ecological Applications, 22(2), 2012, pp. 705 to 721 Copyright 2012 by the Ecological Society of America. Metson, G, R Hale, D Iwaniec, E Cook, J Corman, C Galletti, and D Childers, "Phosphorus in Phoenix: a budget and spatial representation of phosphorus in an urban ecosystem," Ecological Application
Estimates of surface layer net community production based on underway Lagrangian measurements of the dissolved O2/Ar ratio using Equilibrator Inlet Mass Spectrometry (EIMS), based on both steady-state and non-steady-state assumptions of the mixed-layer biological oxygen budget. Also included are estimates of the potential contribution of vertical fluxes: advection, eddy diffusion, and entrainment.
The ratio of dissolved oxygen to argon in surface seawater is frequently employed to estimate rates of net community production (NCP) in the oceanic mixed layer. The in situ O2/Ar-based method accounts for many physical factors that influence oxygen concentrations in the surface ocean, permitting isolation of the biological oxygen signal produced by the balance of photosynthesis and respiration. However, this technique traditionally relies upon several assumptions when calculating the mixed layer O2/Ar budget, most notably the absence of vertical fluxes of O2/Ar and the existence of a steady-state balance between net productivity and the air-sea gas exchange of biological oxygen. Employing a Lagrangian study design and leveraging data outputs from a regional physical oceanographic model, we conducted in situ measurements of O2/Ar in the California Current Ecosystem in spring 2016 and summer 2017 to evaluate these assumptions within a ‘worst-case’ field environment. Quantifying the magnitude of vertical fluxes and comparing NCP estimates obtained using steady-state versus non-steady-state assumptions, we find the importance of the non-steady-state term to be considerable, also observing significant potential effects from vertical flux terms, particularly advection. Additionally, we observe strong diel variability in O2/Ar and calculated NCP rates at multiple stations. Our results reemphasize the importance of accounting for vertical fluxes when interpreting O2/Ar-derived NCP data as well as the potentially large effect of non-steady-state conditions, including diel cycles in surface O2/Ar that can bias interpretation of NCP data based on local productivity and the time of day at which measurements were made.
MITgcm Alboran Sea Budgets and Manifolds Nov 2007-Mar 2008
<p>Eulerian volume, temperature, salinity, and momentum budget components for the Western Alboran Gyre. Also Lagrangian manifolds for the edge of the WAG; their frequency maps; and the isopycnal velocity maps they are derived from.</p>
Figure 4 in Seasonal variations in the time - activity budget of Royle's pika in the Western Himalayaı India
Figure 4. Relationships between the amount of time allocated to different behaviours ((a), locomotion; (b), vigilance) and habitat characteristics (food availability and rock cover) for adult Royle's pika during different seasons at various elevations.
Figure 1 in Seasonal variations in the time - activity budget of Royle's pika in the Western Himalayaı India
Figure 1. Proportions (%) of time during which adult Royle's pika were active at different elevations and in different seasons.
Fallow deer fawn time budgets
<p>Data collected and used in final year research project “Born to be wild? Exploring early life behaviour in fallow deer.” submitted by Alison Norman as to fulfill requirements for Bachelor of Science Honours Degree in Zoology, UCD. Description of the files is given in the description.pdf within the folder. The data contains focals and time budgets of fallow deer (<em>Dama dama</em>) at 3-6 months of age, collected from September to December 2019 in Phoenix Park, Co.Dublin. Project Supervisor is Dr Simone Ciuti.</p>
Raw data for the research article "The relevance of pyrogenic carbon for carbon budgets from fires: insights from the FIREX experiment"
<p>These are the raw data for the paper entitled "The relevance of pyrogenic carbon for carbon budgets from fires: insights from the FIREX experiment" that is currently under revision in Global Biochemical Cycles. </p>
Data from: Coral reef carbonate budgets and ecological drivers in the central Red Sea – a naturally high temperature and high total alkalinity environment
The structural framework provided by corals is crucial for reef ecosystem function and services, but high seawater temperatures can be detrimental to the calcification capacity of reef-building organisms. The Red Sea is very warm, but total alkalinity (TA) is naturally high and beneficial for reef accretion. To date, we know little about how such detrimental and beneficial abiotic factors affect each other and the balance between calcification and erosion on Red Sea coral reefs, i.e., overall reef growth, in this unique ocean basin. To provide estimates of present-day reef growth dynamics in the central Red Sea, we measured two metrics of reef growth, i.e., in situ net-accretion/-erosion rates (Gnet) determined by deployment of limestone blocks and ecosystem-scale carbonate budgets (Gbudget), along a cross-shelf gradient (25km, encompassing nearshore, midshore, and offshore reefs). Along this gradient, we assessed multiple abiotic (i.e., temperature, salinity, diurnal pH fluctuation, inorganic nutrients, and TA) and biotic (i.e., calcifier and epilithic bioeroder communities) variables. Both reef growth metrics revealed similar patterns from nearshore to offshore: net-erosive, neutral, and net-accretion states. The average cross-shelf Gbudget was 0.66kg CaCO3m−2yr−1, with the highest budget of 2.44kg CaCO3m−2yr−1 measured in the offshore reef. These data are comparable to the contemporary Gbudgets from the western Atlantic and Indian oceans, but lie well below optimal reef production (5–10kg CaCO3m−2yr−1) and below maxima recently recorded in remote high coral cover reef sites. However, the erosive forces observed in the Red Sea nearshore reef contributed less than observed elsewhere. A higher TA accompanied reef growth across the shelf gradient, whereas stronger diurnal pH fluctuations were associated with negative carbonate budgets. Noteworthy for this oligotrophic region was the positive effect of phosphate, which is a central micronutrient for reef building corals. While parrotfish contributed substantially to bioerosion, our dataset also highlights coralline algae as important local reef builders. Altogether, our study establishes a baseline for reef growth in the central Red Sea that should be useful in assessing trajectories of reef growth capacity under current and future ocean scenarios.
Data from: Regulation of reproductive processes with Dynamic Energy Budgets
1. Linking organismal level processes to underlying suborganismal mechanisms at the molecular, cellular and organ level constitutes a major challenge for predictive ecological risk assessments. This challenge can be addressed with the simple bioenergetic models in the family of Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB), which consist of a small number of state equations quantifying universal processes, such as feeding, maintenance, development, reproduction and growth. 2. Motivated by the need for process-based models to evaluate the impact of endocrine disruptors on ecologically relevant endpoints, this paper develops and evaluates two general modeling modules describing demand-driven feedback mechanisms within the DEB modeling framework exerted by gonads on the allocation of resources to production of reproductive matter. 3. These modules describe iteroparous, semelparous and batch-mode reproductive strategies. The modules have a generic form with both positive and negative feedback components; species and sex specific attributes of endocrine regulation can be added without changing the core of the modules. 4. We demonstrate that these modules successfully describe time-resolved measurements of wet weight of body, ovaries and liver, egg diameter and plasma content of vitellogenin and estradiol in rainbow trout (Oncorynchus mykiss) by fitting these models to published and new data, which require the estimation of less than two parameters per data type. 5. We illustrate the general applicability of the concept of demand-driven allocation of resources to reproduction by evaluating one of the modules with data on growth and seed production of an annual plant, the common bean (Phaseolis vulgaris).
Data from: Hummingbirds budget energy flexibly in response to changing resources
1. Managing energy stores in response to variable resource availability is a key component to individual fitness, yet because directly measuring energy budgets is difficult, daily energy management is rarely measured. 2. Hummingbirds' energy management is relatively simple to model compared to other endotherms because they have high mass-specific metabolic rates and store little fat. 3. We determined which aspects of the hummingbird daily energy budget (i.e. thermoregulation, daytime activity costs, nighttime costs) change at the individual level in response to environmental variation. 4. We found that daily energy expenditure varied three-fold in two populations of broad-billed hummingbirds (Cynanthus latirostris). 5. Our model indicated the energy budget was distributed in the following proportions: daytime activity, 59% (range 22-84%); thermoregulation, 23% (11 – 32%), basal metabolism, 7% (3 – 16%), and nighttime energy 17% (6 – 37%). Activity costs were higher at the hotter, homogeneous site and during the early-wet season at both sites. 6. Increased daily energy expenditure was related to decreased nectar availability, and not significantly related to temperature or bird mass. With climate change, the indirect energetic costs of shifting resources could have greater impacts on endotherm energy budgets than direct costs such as thermoregulation. Increased foraging and activity costs could decrease the energy available to birds for somatic repair and reproduction, potentially causing differential fitness across seasons and sites.
Data from: Accelerometers can measure total and activity-specific energy expenditure in free-ranging marine mammals only if linked to time-activity budgets
Energy expenditure is an important component of foraging ecology, but is extremely difficult to estimate in free-ranging animals and depends on how animals partition their time between different activities during foraging. Acceleration data have emerged as a new way to determine energy expenditure at a fine scale but this needs to be tested and validated in wild animals. This study investigated whether vectorial dynamic body acceleration (VeDBA) could accurately predict the energy expended by marine predators during a full foraging trip. We also aimed to determine whether the accuracy of predictions of energy expenditure derived from acceleration increased when partitioned by different types of at-sea activities (i.e. diving, transiting, resting and surface activities). To do so, we equipped 20 lactating northern (Callorhinus ursinus) and 20 lactating Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) with GPS, time-depth recorders and tri-axial accelerometers and obtained estimates of field metabolic rates using the doubly labelled water (DLW) method. VeDBA was derived from tri-axial acceleration, and at-sea activities (diving, transiting, resting and surface activities) were determined using dive depth, tri-axial acceleration and travelling speed. We found that VeDBA did not accurately predict the total energy expended by fur seals during their full foraging trips (R2 = 0·36). However, the accuracy of VeDBA as a predictor of total energy expenditure increased significantly when foraging trips were partitioned by activity and when activity-specific VeDBA was paired with time-activity budgets (R2 = 0·70). Activity-specific VeDBA also accurately predicted the energy expenditures of each activity independent of each other (R2 > 0·85). Our study confirms that acceleration is a promising way to estimate energy expenditures of free-ranging marine mammals at a fine scale never attained before. However, it shows that it needs to be based on the time-activity budgets that make up foraging trips rather than being derived as a single measure of VeDBA applied to entire foraging trips. Our activity-based method provides a cost-effective means to accurately calculate energy expenditures of fur seals using acceleration and time-activity budgets, that can be transfered to studies on other species.
Datafiles for: "Benchmarking Derivative-Free Global Optimization Algorithms under Limited Dimensions and Large Evaluation Budgets"
<p>Datafiles for results of the experiments reported in the paper "Benchmarking Derivative-Free Global Optimization Algorithms under Limited Dimensions and Large Evaluation Budgets"</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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