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Fig. 8 in Early-middle Cambrian stratigraphy and faunas from northern Siberia

Fig. 8. Lingulid brachiopod Homotreta gorjanskii (Pelman, 1973) from the middle Cambrian Kuonamka Formation, Malaya Kuonamka and Bol'shaya Kuonamka rivers, Siberia, Russia; samples 1/28 (A, B) and 1/22 (H) and samples 8/14.8 (C, D), 8/18.5 (F), and 8/23.1 (E, G). A–D. Specimens with both valves preserved, SMNH Br151197–151200, respectively. A1, B1, lateral; A2, B3, D1, posterior; and B2, ventral views; C, D2, view on the ventral valve showing brephic shell. E–G. Ventral valves, SMNH Br151201–151203, respectively. H. Ventral valves, SMNH Br151204, sagittal cross-section showing lamination. Scale bar: 1 mm (E–G), 500 µm (H), 250 µm (A, B, D1), 125 µm (C), 60 µm (D2).

Fig. 6 in Early-middle Cambrian stratigraphy and faunas from northern Siberia

Fig. 6. Lingulid brachiopod Eoobolus variabilis (Pelman, 1977) from the middle Cambrian Kuonamka Formation, Bol'shaya Kuonamka River, Siberia, Russia, sample 8/23.1. A, B, D. Dorsal valves, SMNH Br151184–151186, respectively. A2, A3, close-ups of tuberculate surface. C. Ventral valve, SMNH Br151187. E, F. Specimens with both valves preserved, view on the ventral valve, SMNH Br151188 and 151189, respectively. Scale bar: 1 mm (A1, B–F), 250 µm (A3), 50 µm (A2).

Fig. 5 in Early-middle Cambrian stratigraphy and faunas from northern Siberia

Fig. 5. Lingulid brachiopod Eoobolus priscus (Poulsen, 1932) from the lower Cambrian Emyaksin Formation, Bol'shaya Kuonamka River, Siberia, Russia; samples 6/66.2 (A–I, L) and 7/55 (J, K). A–E, L. Ventral valves, SMNH Br151173–151177, 151272, respectively. E2, close up of E1; L2, L3, close-ups of the brephic shell. F–K. Dorsal valves, SMNH Br151178–151183, respectively. Scale bar: 1 mm (A–E1, F–K), 500 µm (L1), 250 µm (E2), 60 µm (L2), and 8 µm (L3).

Fig. 2 in Early-middle Cambrian stratigraphy and faunas from northern Siberia

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic columns of sections 96-1 and 96-2, Malaya Kuonamka River and section 96-8, Bol'shaya Kuonamka River, Siberia, Russia (after Kouchinsky et al. 2011: fig. 2). Arrows with numbers indicate derivation of fossiliferous samples. Botoman Stage is correlated herein with the Cambrian Stage 4, in accordance with Geyer (2019). Asterisk A, indicates occurrences of Davidonia anabarica, Enigmaconus? pyramidalis, Pelagiella sp. 1 and 2, Majatheca tumefacta, Tetratheca clinisepta, "Lenatheca groenlandica", Conotheca cf. mammilata, Parkula cf. esmeraldina (see Kouchinsky et al. 2015a). Asterisk B, indicates occurrences of Anabaroconus sibiricus, Eotebenna viviannae, Kuonamkaella oliva, Leptostega cf. hyperborea, Pelagiella sp. cf. Cambretina mareki, Pelagiella sp. cf. Costipelagiella zazvorkai, Pojetaia dentifera, Protowenella sp., Pseudomyona queenslandica, and Yochelcionella angustiplicata (see Gubanov et al. 2004b and Kouchinsky et al. 2011). Abbreviations: Ac., Acadoparadoxides; An., Anabaraspis; B., Bergeroniellus expansus; P., Paramicmacca; Fm., Formation; H., Homotreta; O-S, Ovatoryctocara–Schistocephalus; T., Triplagnostus.

Fig. 6 in New materials of multicellular algae from the earliest Cambrian Kuanchuanpu biota in South China

Fig. 6. SEM and SRXTM images of the indeterminate alga; Kuanchuanpu Formation, Fortunian, Terreneuvian, Cambrian in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province, China. A. ELISN103-361; A1, SEM image; A2, A3, A4, close-up views of polygonal cells. B. ELISN111-78; B1, SEM image; B3, 3D rendering; B4, B6, B7, virtual sections; B5, B8, close-up views of B4 and B7 (respectively). Intervals between cells, white arrowheads (A4, B2, B5); cell clumps, white arrows (B1, B4, B6); intervals between cell and membrane, black arrowheads (B2, B8).

Fig. 4 in New materials of multicellular algae from the earliest Cambrian Kuanchuanpu biota in South China

Fig. 4. Measurements of problematic alga Calathophycus irregulatus Tang gen. et sp. nov. and concave opening. A. Histogram of maximal length and width of bowl-shaped fossils. B. Histogram of maximal length and width of concave opening. C. Scatter diagram indicating a linear relationship between the maximal length and width of C. irregulatus. D. A linear relationship between the maximal length and width of the concave opening.

Fig. 3 in New materials of multicellular algae from the earliest Cambrian Kuanchuanpu biota in South China

Fig. 3. SEM images of problematic alga Calathophycus irregulatus Tang gen. et sp. nov. with a deep central concavity; Kuanchuanpu Formation, Fortunian, Terreneuvian, Cambrian in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province, China. A. ELISN72-52, holotype; A1, front view; A2, back view. B. ELISN163-729; B1, front view; B2, back view. C. ELISN133-60. D. ELISN163-339. Cell clumps, white arrows (A, C, D); gaps between cell clumps, black arrows (A, B1). Fossils are arranged in order of size, suggesting a possible sequence of growth and development.

Fig. 2 in New materials of multicellular algae from the earliest Cambrian Kuanchuanpu biota in South China

Fig. 2. SEM images of problematic alga Calathophycus irregulatus Tang gen. et sp. nov. with a shallow central concavity; Kuanchuanpu Formation, Fortunian, Terreneuvian, Cambrian in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province, China. A. ELISN80-91; A1, front view; A2, back view. B–D. ELISN85-39, ELISN163-455, ELISN164-15, respectively. E. ELISN164-271; E1, front view; E2, close-up view. Cell clumps, white arrows (A, C, D); gaps between cell clumps, black arrows (B, E); external membrane, equilateral arrowheads (B, C, D). The specimens are selected and arranged in order of size so as to indicate a possible sequence of growth and development.

Fig. 1 in New materials of multicellular algae from the earliest Cambrian Kuanchuanpu biota in South China

Fig. 1. Geological map (A; modified from Han et al. 2016), stratigraphic column (B), and typical fossils (C–E) from Cambrian the Shizhonggou section in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province, China. C. Carinachitid Carinachites spinatus Qian, 1977. D. Anabaritid Anabarites trisulcatus Missarzhevsky in Voronova and Missarzhevsky, 1969. E. Olivooid Olivooides multisulcatus Qian, 1977.

Fig. 5 in New materials of multicellular algae from the earliest Cambrian Kuanchuanpu biota in South China

Fig. 5. Internal structure of problematic alga Calathophycus irregulatus Tang gen. et sp. nov. revealed by Micro-CT; Kuanchuanpu Formation, Fortunian, Terreneuvian, Cambrian in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province, China. A. ELISN72-52, holotype; A1, SEM image; A2, 3D rendering; A3, A5, virtual sections; A4, A6, close-up views. B. ELISN164-15; B1, SEM image; B2, 3D rendering; B3, B4, B7, virtual sections; B5, B6, close-up views. Gap between cell clumps, black arrows (A4, B6, B7); gaps between cells, white arrowhead (A4); interval between polygonal cells, white arrowhead (B5); interval between cells and clumps, black arrowheads (A6, B5, B6); cell clumps, white arrows (B3, B7); external membrane, equilateral arrowhead (B6).

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Fig. 2 in A new euarthropod from the Cambrian Stage 4 Guanshan Biota of South China

Fig. 2. Euarthropods Astutuscaris bispinifer gen. et sp. nov. (A, B) and Guangweicaris spinatus Luo, Fu, and Hu, 2007 (C, D) collected from Cambrian Guanshan Biota, Lihuazhuang village, Yunnan, China. A. RCP 0002a, specimen before preparation. B. RCP 0002b, specimen before preparation (B1, B2) and after preparation (B3). C. RCP 0003, a small and incomplete specimen about 16 mm in length. D. RCP 0004, a small specimen about 17 mm in length. Natural light photographs (A1, B1, C, D); fluorescent photographs (A2, B2, B3,). Abbreviations: en, endopod; ex, exopod; ey, eye; fa, frontal appendage; gut, digestive tract; hs, head shield; lim, limb; p1–p5, podomeres 1–5; st, stalk; T1–T11, tergites 1–11; ts, terminal spine.

Fig. 8 in Camenellan tommotiids from the Cambrian Series 2 of East Antarctica: Biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeography, and systematics

Fig. 8. The camenellan tommotiid Dailyatia sp. 1 A sclerites and fragments from the Cambrian Series 2, Stages 3, 4, Shackleton Limestone, Holyoake Range, Transantarctic Mountains, East Antarctica. A. A sclerite, NRM X10006, apical (A1), anterior (A2), oblique posterior (A3), and posterior (A4) views, magnification of radial plicae on the lateral field (A5), magnification of single plica showing the densely stacked growth series of the radial plicae (A6). B. Fragment of A sclerite anterior field, NRM X10007, general view (B1), oblique view showing cross section of plicae (B2). C. Fragment of A sclerite anterior field, NRM X10008, top of specimen (C1), general view (C2), detail showing plicae (C3). D. Fragment of A sclerite with partial lateral and anterior field, NRM X10009. E. Fragment of sclerite lateral field, NRM X10010. F. Fragment of A sclerite lateral field, NRM X10011. G. Fragment of unknown sclerite type, with chaotically distributed plicae, NRM X10012, general view (G1), detail (G2). Scale bars 200 µm.

Fig. 11. The tommotiid Shetlandia multiplicata Wrona, 2004, unknown type sclerite fragments from the Cambrian Series 2, Stages 3, 4 in Camenellan tommotiids from the Cambrian Series 2 of East Antarctica: Biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeography, and systematics

Fig. 11. The tommotiid Shetlandia multiplicata Wrona, 2004, unknown type sclerite fragments from the Cambrian Series 2, Stages 3, 4, Shackleton Limestone, Holyoake Range, Transantarctic Mountains, East Antarctica. A. NRM X10020, general view (A1), detail showing arched growth series (A2). B. NRM X10021, general view (B1), detail of broken margin (B2). C. NRM X10022, general view (C1), detail of comarginal ribs and broken edge (C2). D. NRM X10023. E. NRM X10024. Scale bars 200 µm, except B2, 100 µm. A–C taken with backscattered electron detector.

Fig. 5 in Camenellan tommotiids from the Cambrian Series 2 of East Antarctica: Biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeography, and systematics

Fig. 5. The camenellan tommotiid Dailyatia icari sp. nov. C1 sclerites and sclerite fragments from the lower Cambrian Schneider Hills limestone, Schneider Hills, Argentina Range, East Antarctica. A. Dextral sclerite, KUMIP 585059, apical view (A1), view of dorsal (A2) and ventral (A3) surfaces, view of distal (A4) and proximal (A5) edges. B. Sinistral sclerite, KUMIP 585060, apical view (B1), oblique view of proximal edge and dorsal surface (B2), oblique view of distal edge and ventral surface (B3), view of distal edge (B4). C. Dextral sclerite, KUMIP 585061, dorsal (C1), apical (C2), and oblique dextral (C3) views. D. Dextral sclerite, KUMIP 585062, apical (D1), apical-dorsal (D2), ventral (D3), and lateral (D4) views. E. Large fragment from unknown sclerite type, KUMIP 585063. F. Sclerite of unknown chirality, KUMIP 585064, apical (F1) and lateral (F2) views. G. Sclerite fragment from unknown sclerite type, KUMIP 585065, detail showing distinctive pseudoplicae (G1), general view (G2). H. Sclerite of unknown chirality, KUMIP 585066, detail of apertural margin (H1), oblique views of the aperture (H2, H3). I. Fragment of unknown sclerite type showing pseudoplicae, KUMIP 585067. Scale bars 200 µm.

Fig. 2 in Camenellan tommotiids from the Cambrian Series 2 of East Antarctica: Biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeography, and systematics

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic columns of the sampled sections in the Holyoake Range (HRA) and Churchill Mountains (CM2). Grain size: B, boundstone; G, grainstone; M, mudstone; P, packstone; W, wackestone.

Fig. 1. A in Camenellan tommotiids from the Cambrian Series 2 of East Antarctica: Biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeography, and systematics

Fig. 1. A. Topographic map of the Central Transantarctic Mountains (adapted from the USGS 2008) with the main geographic features and the sites visited by the Kansas University expeditions (study areas marked by section names GM, 87-L2, M, H, S). The locality GM is the type locality for Dailyatia braddocki, which is close to the location of the CM2 section. The locality M is the type locality of Dailyatia odyssei). B. The area of the Churchill Mountains visited by the Swedish-Australian expedition, showing the location of the CM2 section. C. The area of the Holyoake Range visited by the Swedish-Australian expedition, showing the location of the HRA section. D. Overview of Antarctica showing the extent of the Transantarctic Mountains, including the the location of the Argentina Range, and IC (location on sections unknown) in the Schneider Hills (sampled by the Kansas Expeditions).

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Fig. 1 in A new euarthropod from the Cambrian Stage 4 Guanshan Biota of South China

Fig. 1. Euarthropod Astutuscaris bispinifer gen. et sp. nov. from the Cambrian Stage 4 Guanshan Biota, Lihuazhuang village, Yunnan, China. A. RCP 0002a, part of the sole specimen; showing the head shield, 11 imbricated tergites most with pleural spines, and two terminal spines (A1, A2); possible eyes (A3, A4, A5); first appendages with small spines (A3, A4, white arrows); endopod with at least five podomeres (A6). B. RCP 0002b, counterpart of the sole specimen; note the 11 imbricated tergites and trunk limbs (B1, B2); restored specimenby digitally combining the part and counterpart, the dashed line indicating the contact (B3); interpretive drawing of the narrow doublures of thoracic tergites marked in dark grey (B4); T7–T10 and pleural spines (B5); detail of the unknown structure (B6); the limb with an endopod and a possible exopod (B7); single endopod under T1 and T2 respectively (B8); T11 and two separate spines being marked (B9). Natural light photographs (A1, A3, A4, B1, B8); fluorescent photographs (A2, A5–A6, B2, B3, B5–B7, B9). Abbreviations: en, endopod; ex, exopod; ey, eye; fa, frontal appendage; gut, digestive tract; hs, head shield; lim, limb; p1–p5, podomeres 1–5; st, stalk; T1–T11, tergites 1–11; ts, terminal spine.

Fig. 10. The tommotiid Kennardiidae indet. from the Cambrian Series 2, Stages 3, 4 in Camenellan tommotiids from the Cambrian Series 2 of East Antarctica: Biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeography, and systematics

Fig. 10. The tommotiid Kennardiidae indet. from the Cambrian Series 2, Stages 3, 4, Shackleton Limestone, Holyoake Range, Transantarctic Mountains, East Antarctica. A. Symmetrical first sclerite type, KUMIP 585077, apical view (A1), oblique view of posterior field (A2), lateral field (A3). B. Third sclerite type, KUMIP 585078, apical (B1) and lateral (B2) views. C. Third sclerite type, KUMIP 585079, apical view (C1), ventral side (C2), dorsal side (C3). D. Third sclerite type, KUMIP 585080, ventral side (D1), apical view (D2). E. Third sclerite type, KUMIP 233002, apical view (E1), detail of dorsal side (E2), detail of ventral side (E3), ventral side (E4). F. Third type of sclerite, KUMIP 585081, ventral side (F1), detail showing plicae on ventral surface (F2), distal edge (F3). G. Second type of sclerite, KUMIP 585082, apical view (G1), oblique view of posterior field (G2), lateral field (G3). H. Third type of sclerite, KUMIP 585083, posterior side (H1), distal edge (H2), apical view (H3). I. Third type of sclerite, KUMIP 585084, ventral side (I1), detail showing plicae on the ventral surface (I2). Scale bars 200 µm, except E2, E3, I2, 100 µm.

Fig. 7. The camenellan tommotiids from from the Cambrian Series 2, Stages 3, 4 in Camenellan tommotiids from the Cambrian Series 2 of East Antarctica: Biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeography, and systematics

Fig. 7. The camenellan tommotiids from from the Cambrian Series 2, Stages 3, 4, Shackleton Limestone, Transantarctic Mountains, East Antarctica. Dailyatia braddocki Evans and Rowell, 1990, Churchill Mountains (A, B), Dailyatia decobruta Betts in Betts et al., 2019, Holyoake Range (C–F), and Dailyatia cf. odyssei, Holyoake Range (G–I). A. C sclerite, NRM X10001, ventral view (A1), detail showing fold in the margin of the ventral field (A2). B. Sclerite of unknown chirality, NRM X10002, dorsal view (B1), detail showing apex (B2). C. Dextral C sclerite, KUMIP 585071, details showing micro-ornament on the anterior-lateral (C1) and the posterior (C3) fields, apical view (C2). D. Dextral C sclerite, KUMIP 585072, apical view (D1), view of proximal edge and dorsal field (D2). E. Sclerite of unknown chirality, KUMIP 585073, oblique view of ventral field (E1), view of apical area showing perforated apex (E2). F. Sclerite of unknown chirality, KUMIP 585074, dorsal (F1) and oblique apical (F2) views. G. Dextral C sclerite, NRM X10003, view of broken dorsal field (G1), detail showing fine growth series (G2), apex (G3), oblique basal view showing plicae at distal edge (G4). H. Sinistral C sclerite, NRM X10004, apical view (H1), oblique view of distal edge and part of ventral field (H2). I. Unknown sclerite type, NRM X10005, ventral view (I1), detail showing fine growth series (I2). Scale bars 200 µm, except E2, 50 µm.

Fig. 4 in Camenellan tommotiids from the Cambrian Series 2 of East Antarctica: Biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeography, and systematics

Fig. 4. The camenellan tommotiid Dailyatia icari sp. nov. A sclerites from the lower Cambrian Schneider Hills limestone, Schneider Hills, Argentina Range, Antarctica. A. KUMIP 585054, view of anterior field (A1), enlarged view of the anterior apical area (A2), oblique view of the lateral field (A3), apical view with anterior to the top (A4). B. KUMIP 585055, anterior field of broken sclerite. C. KUMIP 585056 anterior field of broken sclerite. D. KUMIP 585057, view of anterior field (D1), apical view with anterior to the top (D2), lateral view (D3). E. KUMIP 585058, view of anterior field (E1), apical view with anterior to the top (E2). Scale bars 200 µm.