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245 results for “Cannibalization”
Filial cannibalism leads to chronic nest failure of eastern hellbender salamanders (Cryptobranchus alleganienesis)
<p><span>These data and code support the results in our accompanying manuscript. In species that provide parental care, parents will sometimes cannibalize their own young. Here, we quantified the frequency of whole-clutch filial cannibalism in a species of giant salamander (eastern hellbender; <em>Cryptobranchus</em> <em>alleganienesis</em>) that has experienced precipitous population declines with unknown causes. We used underwater, artificial nesting shelters deployed across a gradient of upstream forest cover to assess the fates of 182 nests at 10 sites over 8 years. We found strong evidence that nest failure rates increased at sites with low riparian forest cover in the upstream catchment. At several sites, reproductive failure was 100%, mainly due to cannibalism by the caring male. The high incidence of filial cannibalism at degraded sites was not explained by evolutionary hypotheses for filial cannibalism based on adult body condition or low reproductive value of clutches. Instead, larger clutches at degraded sites were most vulnerable to cannibalism. We hypothesize that high frequencies of filial cannibalism of large clutches in areas with low forest cover could be related to changes in water chemistry or siltation that influence parental physiology or that reduce viability of eggs. Importantly, our results identify a possible mechanism contributing to population declines and observed geriatric age structure in this imperiled species.</span></p>
Fig. 33 in Revision of the larger cannibal snails (Natalina s. l.) of southern Africa - Natalina s. s., Afrorhytida and Capitina (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rhytididae)
Fig. 33. Distribution of Natalina quekettiana complex; contours at 1000 m and 1500 m.
Fig. 84 in Revision of the larger cannibal snails (Natalina s. l.) of southern Africa - Natalina s. s., Afrorhytida and Capitina (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rhytididae)
Fig. 84. Distribution of Natalina species in relation to biome type (Mucina & Rutherford 2006).
Data from: Tradeoffs affect the adaptive value of plasticity: Stronger cannibal-induced defenses incur greater costs in toad larvae
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Data from: Direct and indirect effect of cannibalism and intraguild predation in the two sibling Harmonia ladybird beetles
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Data from: Cannibalism by damselflies increases with rising temperature
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Filial cannibalism leads to chronic nest failure of eastern hellbender salamanders (Cryptobranchus alleganienesis)
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Impacts of female body size on cannibalism and juvenile abundance in a dominant arctic spider
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Cryptic genetic variation in brain gene expression precedes the evolution of cannibalism in spadefoot toad tadpoles
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Luring cannibal: dishonest sexual signalling in the springbok mantis
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Relatedness modulates density-dependent cannibalism rates in Drosophila
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Experimental evolution of a more restrained clutch size when filial cannibalism is prevented in burying beetles Nicrophorus vespilloides
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FIG. 3 in Tyrannosaur cannibalism: A case of a tooth-traced tyrannosaurid bone in the Lance Formation (Maastrichtian), Wyoming
FIG. 3.—Details of Knethichnus parallelum and Linichnus serratus traces on SWAU HRS13997. A) Most prominent K. parallelum (center) and L. serratus (bottom) examples. B) Most prominent L. serratus in more detail and a different lighting angle. Small portion of the most prominent K. parallelum is also visible in the lower right corner. C) Detailed view of the other, less prominent L. serratus (left) and K. parallelum (right) traces. All scale bars = 1 mm.
Figure 2 in Cannibalism in Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 2. Tyrannosaurus rex bones bearing tooth marks made by Tyrannosaurus rex. A1ı A2: UCMP 137538ı pedal phalanx in dorsal view. B1ı B2: Pedal phalanxı MOR 1126ı dorsal view. C1ı C2ı Humerus of MOR 902 in caudal view. D1ı D2 metatarsal III of T. rex MOR 1602ı medial view. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013419.g002
FIG. 4 in Tyrannosaur cannibalism: A case of a tooth-traced tyrannosaurid bone in the Lance Formation (Maastrichtian), Wyoming
FIG. 4.—Histology of a Tyrannosaurus rex metatarsal (SWAU HRS13997) in cross section under different light regimes. A) Section of cortical bone from the medullary cavity (left) to the subperiosteal surface (right) under regularly transmitted light. Boxes show where areas of this bone are shown in higher detail under regularly transmitted light (B, F, J), cross-polarized light (C, G, K), cross-polarized light with a waveplate (D, H, L), and reflected light (E, I, M). Scale bar for A = 5 mm, all other scale bars = 1 mm.
Data from: Size-mediated priority and temperature effects on intra-cohort competition and cannibalism in a damselfly
1. A shift in the relative arrival of offspring, e.g., a shift in hatching time, can affect competition at the intraspecific level through size-mediated priority effects, where the larger individuals gain more resources. These priority effects are likely to be affected by climate warming and the rate of intraspecific predation, i.e., cannibalism. 2. In a laboratory experiment, we examined size-mediated priority effects in larvae of the univoltine damselfly, Lestes sponsa, at two different temperatures (21°C and 23°C). We created three size groups of larvae by manipulating hatching time: early hatched with a large size (extra-advanced), intermediate hatched with an intermediate size (advanced) and late hatched with a small size (non-advanced). Thereafter we reared the larvae from these groups in non-mixed and mixed groups of 12 larvae. 3. We found strong priority and temperature effects. First, extra-advanced larvae most often had higher survival, growth and development rates than non-advanced larvae in mixed groups, compared to groups that consisted of only extra-advanced larvae. Second, temperature increased growth and development rates and cannibalism. 4. However, the strength of priority effects did not differ between the two experimental temperatures, because there was no statistical interaction between temperature and treatments. That is, the mixed and non-mixed groups of non-advanced, advanced and extra-advanced larvae showed the same relative change in life history traits across the two temperatures. 5. Non-advanced and advanced larvae had similar or higher growth rate and mass in mixed groups compared to non-mixed groups, suggesting that predation from advanced larvae in the mixed group released resources for the non-advanced and advanced larvae that survived despite cannibalism risk. Thus, a thinning effect occurred due to cannibalism caused by priority effects. 6. The results suggest that a shift in the relative arrival of offspring can cause temperature-dependent priority effects, mediated through cannibalism, growth and development, which may change the size distribution and abundance of emerging aquatic insects.
Data from: Cannibalism as an interacting phenotype: pre-cannibalistic aggression is influenced by social partners in the endangered Socorro isopod (Thermosphaeroma thermophilum)
Models for the evolution of cannibalism highlight the importance of asymmetries between individuals in initiating cannibalistic attacks. Studies may include measures of body size but typically group individuals into size/age classes or compare populations. Such broad comparisons may obscure the details of interactions that ultimately determine how socially contingent characteristics evolve. We propose that understanding cannibalism is facilitated by using an interacting phenotypes perspective that includes the influences of the phenotype of a social partner on the behaviour of a focal individual and focuses on variation in individual pairwise interactions. We investigated how relative body size, a composite trait between a focal individual and its social partner, and the sex of the partners influenced precannibalistic aggression in the endangered Socorro isopod, Thermosphaeroma thermophilum. We also investigated whether differences in mating interest among males and females influenced cannibalism in mixed sex pairs. We studied these questions in three populations that differ markedly in range of body size and opportunities for interactions among individuals. We found that relative body size influences the probability of and latency to attack. We observed differences in the likelihood of and latency to attack based on both an individual's sex and the sex of its partner but found no evidence of sexual conflict. The instigation of precannibalistic aggression in these isopods is therefore a property of both an individual and its social partner. Our results suggest that interacting phenotype models would be improved by incorporating a new conditional ψ, which describes the strength of a social partner's influence on focal behaviour.
Data from: Watch out for your neighbor: climbing onto shrubs is related to risk of cannibalism in the scorpion Buthus cf. occitanus
The distribution and behavior of foraging animals usually imply a balance between resource availability and predation risk. In some predators such as scorpions, cannibalism constitutes an important mortality factor determining their ecology and behavior. Climbing on vegetation by scorpions has been related both to prey availability and to predation (cannibalism) risk. We tested different hypotheses proposed to explain climbing on vegetation by scorpions. We analyzed shrub climbing in Buthus cf. occitanus with regard to the following: a) better suitability of prey size for scorpions foraging on shrubs than on the ground, b) selection of shrub species with higher prey load, c) seasonal variations in prey availability on shrubs, and d) whether or not cannibalism risk on the ground increases the frequency of shrub climbing. Prey availability on shrubs was compared by estimating prey abundance in sticky traps placed in shrubs. A prey sample from shrubs was measured to compare prey size. Scorpions were sampled in six plots (50 m x 10 m) to estimate the proportion of individuals climbing on shrubs. Size difference and distance between individuals and their closest scorpion neighbor were measured to assess cannibalism risk. The results showed that mean prey size was two-fold larger on the ground. Selection of particular shrub species was not related to prey availability. Seasonal variations in the number of scorpions on shrubs were related to the number of active scorpions, but not with fluctuations in prey availability. Size differences between a scorpion and its nearest neighbor were positively related with a higher probability for a scorpion to climb onto a shrub when at a disadvantage, but distance was not significantly related. These results do not support hypotheses explaining shrub climbing based on resource availability. By contrast, our results provide evidence that shrub climbing is related to cannibalism risk.
Data from: Choosy cannibals preferentially consume siblings with relatively low fitness prospects
When an individual can selfishly cannibalize a relative or altruistically set it free, the benefits of altruism will be positively associated with the relative's fitness prospects (the benefits it receives from altruism). We tested the prediction that altruism should be preferentially directed toward high-quality relatives using larvae of the New Mexican spadefoot toad (Spea multiplicata), a species in which tadpoles plastically express omnivore and carnivore ecomorphs. In a no-choice design, we presented carnivores with sibling or nonsibling omnivores varying in developmental stage, which is positively associated with survival in this toad's ephemeral larval environment. There was a significant interaction between relatedness and developmental stage on the probability of cannibalism: carnivores were overall more likely to cannibalize less developed omnivores, but this effect was exaggerated when the potential victim was a sibling. This evidence that altruists favor relatives with high fitness prospects highlights the numerous factors shaping altruism's payoffs.
FIGURE 40 in Revision of the dwarf cannibal snails (Nata s. l.) of southern Africa— Nata s. s. and Natella (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rhytididae), with description of three new species
FIGURE 40. Distribution of Natella viridescens (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1891). Triangles with a white centre indicate localities for specimens used in DNA analyses (Moussalli & Herbert 2016); contour at 1000 m.
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