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Fig. 5 in Early-Middle Ordovician cephalopods from Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen - a pelagic fauna with Laurentian affinities

Fig. 5. Cyrtoconic cephalopods from the Olenidsletta Member, Floian, Ordovician, Profilstranda section, Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen. A–C. Lawrenceoceras larus sp. nov., FMNH-P30351, holotype, from bed PO 131. A. Lateral view with siphuncle on left side. B. Ventral view, prosiphuncular side. C. Adoral view of septum and septal perforation. D–E. Lawrenceoceras ebenus sp. nov., FMNH-P30335, holotype, from bed PO 123.3. D. Lateral view with siphuncle on left side. E. Ventral view, prosiphuncular side. F–G. Olenidslettoceras farmi gen. et sp. nov., FMNH-P30334, holotype, from bed PO 123.3. F. Lateral view with siphuncle on left side. G. Ventral view, prosiphuncular side. H–N. Vallhalloceras floweri King & Evans, 1990. H–I. Specimen FMNH-P30337, from bed PO 131. H. Lateral view, siphuncle on right side I. Ventral view, prosiphuncular side. J–L. Specimen FMNH-P30343 from bed PO 123.3, J. Lateral view with siphuncle on left side. K. Ventral view, prosiphuncular side. L. Dorsal view, antisiphuncular side. M–N. Specimen FMNH-P30338 from bed PO 131. M. Lateral view with siphuncle on left side. N. Ventral view, prosiphuncular side. O–Q. Cyclostomiceras profilstrandense sp. nov., specimen FMNH-P30336, from bed PO 123.3. O. Lateral view with siphuncle on left side. P. Ventral view, prosiphuncular side. Q. Dorsal view, antisiphuncular side. Scale bar = 10 mm for all figures.

Fig. 27 in Early-Middle Ordovician cephalopods from Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen - a pelagic fauna with Laurentian affinities

Fig. 27. Median sections of phragmocones of Bactroceras boliviensis Aubrechtová, 2015, from the Olenidsletta Member, Floian, Ordovician, Profilstranda section, Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen. Note conical endisiphuncular lining in A–D. A. Specimen FMNH-P30215, from bed PO 131. B. Specimen FMNH-P30259, from bed PO 7.5. C–D. Specimen FMNH-P30243, from bed PO 7.5. E. Specimen FMNH-P30383, from bed PO 131. Scale bars: A–C, E = 5 mm; D = 1 mm.

Fig. 15 in Early-Middle Ordovician cephalopods from Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen - a pelagic fauna with Laurentian affinities

Fig. 15. Median sections of phragmocones of Ethanoceras solitudines gen. et sp. nov. from from bed PO 123.3, Olenidsletta Member, Floian, Ordovician, Profilstranda section, Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen. A. Specimen FMNH-P30394. B. Specimen FMNH-P30406. C. Specimen FMNH-P30395, oblique section roughly dorsal-ventrally oriented with ventral side directed toward the left. Scale bar = 1 mm for all figures.

Fig. 10 in Early-Middle Ordovician cephalopods from Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen - a pelagic fauna with Laurentian affinities

Fig. 10. Median section of orthocones from bed PO 131 of the Olenidsletta Member, Floian, Ordovician, Profilstranda section, Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen. A. Catoraphiceras sp., FMNH-P30425, with graptolite trapped in siphuncle. B–D. Proterocameroceras vallhallfonnense sp. nov. B. Specimen FMNH-P30429. C–D. Holotype, specimen FMNH-P30427. C. Complete specimen with asymmetric endosiphuncular deposits and imploded septa. D. Detail of holotype showing dorsal side of connecting ring and septal necks. Scale bars: A–B = 2 mm; C = 10 mm; D = 1 mm.

Fig. 11 in Early-Middle Ordovician cephalopods from Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen - a pelagic fauna with Laurentian affinities

Fig. 11. Reconstruction and interpretation of details of connecting ring and septal necks in orthoconic cephalopods from the Olenidsletta Member, Floian, Ordovician, Profilstranda section, Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen. A. Order, genus and species indet. B, FMNH-P30424, see also Fig. 49A. B. Buttsoceras buldrebreenense sp. nov., FMNH-P30421, holotype, see also Fig. 35A. C. Proterocameroceras vallhallfonnense sp. nov., FMNH-P30429, see also Fig. 10B. Without scale.

Fig. 6 in Fossil coleoid cephalopod from the Mississippian Bear Gulch Lagerstätte sheds light on early vampyropod evolution

Fig. 6 Bayesian tip-dated FBD (Fossilized Birth-Death) morphological phylogeny of neocoleoid cephalopods, showing the position of Syllipsimopodi bideni gen. et sp. nov. Numbers at nodes indicate posterior probabilities (percentage). Tips dated from the first appearance of the oldest member of the relevant lineage in the fossil record (see "Methods" and Supplementary Information). Showing geological timescale dated using Gradstein et al.2, dates in Ma and colors from International Commission on Stratigraphy; Q = Quaternary (pale yellow). Important taxa highlighted: orange = Belemnoidea, purple = Decabrachia, yellow = Prototeuthidina, green = Loligosepiina, cyan = Vampyromorphida, blue = 'teudopseid' grade, red = Octopoda. Tree does not show revised taxonomic designations: Teudopsis bollensis = Briggsiteuthis bollensis gen. et comb. nov., Teudopsis jeletzkyi = Fuchsiteuthis jeletzkyi gen. et comb. nov., Teudopsis subcostata = Suttoniteuthis subcostata gen. et comb. nov., Glyphiteuthis rhinophora = Justinianiteuthis rhinophora gen. et comb. nov., Glyphiteuthis minor = Fisheriteuthis minor gen. et comb. nov., and Trachyteuthis bacchiai = Edmunditeuthis bacchiai gen. et comb. nov. Tree drawn from MrBayes TRE output file using icytree.org. Source data are provided as a Source data file.

Fig. 2 in Fossil coleoid cephalopod from the Mississippian Bear Gulch Lagerstätte sheds light on early vampyropod evolution

Fig. 2 Idealized drawing of vampyropod gladius (based on Vampyroteuthis). Showing median field, hyperbolar zones, lateral fields, and cone flags, with examples of growth lines. Asymptotes denote borders of hyperbolar zones.

Fig. 3 in Fossil coleoid cephalopod from the Mississippian Bear Gulch Lagerstätte sheds light on early vampyropod evolution

Fig. 3 Syllipsimopodi bideni gen. et sp. nov., holotype ROMIP 64897. a Schematic drawing of Syllipsimopodi bideni gen. et sp. nov.; teal = gladius, orange = head (including arms), brown = buccal apparatus, gray = ink sac, blue = conus, magenta = fin support, patterned yellow = scale-like patches (possible connective tissue remnant). b Increased contrast false color image of Syllipsimopodi, holotype ROMIP 64897. Scale = 1 cm. c Artistic reconstruction showing suckers (created by K. Whalen).

Fig. 5 in Fossil coleoid cephalopod from the Mississippian Bear Gulch Lagerstätte sheds light on early vampyropod evolution

Fig. 5 Overview of coleoid shell evolution, showing our interpretations of the gladius/proostracum. Early coleoids, such as Gordoniconus13, add the primordial rostrum85 and proostracum14; vampyropods lose the phragmocone and primordial rostrum, the proostracum is now a gladius14; belemnoids and early decabrachians lose the body chamber86 and add the rostrum85; oegopsids lose the rostrum, some retain a demineralized primordial rostrum85 and phragmocone71, the proostracum is now a gladius14. Structures only labeled when they appear (solid black line) or are lost (dashed black line). Shell tissues: orange = phragmocone + body chamber (dashed = demineralized), blue = proostracum/gladius, green = primordial rostrum (dashed = demineralized), yellow = rostrum.

Fig. 4 in Fossil coleoid cephalopod from the Mississippian Bear Gulch Lagerstätte sheds light on early vampyropod evolution

Fig. 4 Syllipsimopodi bideni gen. et sp. nov., holotype ROMIP 64897, showing arm crown. a–d Scale = 1 cm. a Complete body fossil. b–d Showing arm crown; c arm traces in blue, purple indicates the arm is overlapping below two other arms, green indicates the arm is overlapping above itself; d red and yellow circles mark individual suckers. e–g scale = 5 mm; closeup of arms showing suckers, select suckers indicated with white arrows.

Fig. 1 in Fossil coleoid cephalopod from the Mississippian Bear Gulch Lagerstätte sheds light on early vampyropod evolution

Fig. 1 Overview of neocoleoid interrelationships and divergence time estimates, showing the position of Syllipsimopodi bideni gen. et sp. nov. Based on our Bayesian tip-dated phylogenetic reconstruction (Fig. 6). Shells color coded: blue = proostracum/gladius (hyperbolar zones and lateral reinforcements in darker blue), orange = phragmocone, green = primordial rostrum, yellow = rostrum. Geologic period abbreviations (colors from International Commission on Stratigraphy): = Cambrian (dark green), O = Ordovician (teal), S = Silurian (light blue), D = Devonian (brown), C = Carboniferous (blue), P = Permian (red orange), TR = Triassic (purple), J = Jurassic (cyan), K = Cretaceous (green), PG = Paleogene (orange), N = Neogene (yellow), unlabeled = Quaternary (pale yellow). Purple arrows indicate named nodes, purple bar indicates teudopseid grade. Artistic depictions created by K. Whalen.

Fig. 9 in Orthoceratoid and coleoid cephalopods from the Middle Triassic of Switzerland with an updated taxonomic framework for Triassic Orthoceratoidea

Fig. 9 Lectotype and paralectotype of Trematoceras elegans (MÜnster, 1841) from the Carnian of the Cassian Formation. A, C SNSB-BSPG AS VII 1014, lectotype. B, D–F SNSB-BSPG AS VII 1015, paralectotype. A External (lateral?) view. B Apertural view. C Longitudinal section. D Apical view. E Lateral view, venter right. F Ventral view

Fig. 2 in Orthoceratoid and coleoid cephalopods from the Middle Triassic of Switzerland with an updated taxonomic framework for Triassic Orthoceratoidea

Fig. 2 Orthoceratoids from the Besano Formation (Middle Triassic) of the Monte San Giorgio, Ticino, Switzerland. A–H: Trematoceras cf. elegans (MÜnster, 1841). A PIMUZ 39056, partially fixed with silicon, bed 41. B PIMUZ 39487, bed 87. C-E PIMUZ 39586, sectioned specimen, bed 45. F–G PIMUZ 39029, bed 61. H PIMUZ 39064, bed 162

Cross section shape: circular elliptical unknown Siphuncle position: central marginal unknown Fig. 4 Morphometrics of orthoconic cephalopods from the Besano Formation. Measurements are compared with discrete characters of the shell. Orange circles represent definite and orange crosses likely orthoceratoids, while blue triangles represent definite and blue crosses likely coleoids. Black crosses are indeterminable. A Apical angle, calculated from length and diameters of the specimens. B Maximum diameter in Orthoceratoid and coleoid cephalopods from the Middle Triassic of Switzerland with an updated taxonomic framework for Triassic Orthoceratoidea

Cross section shape: circular elliptical unknown Siphuncle position: central marginal unknown Fig. 4 Morphometrics of orthoconic cephalopods from the Besano Formation. Measurements are compared with discrete characters of the shell. Orange circles represent definite and orange crosses likely orthoceratoids, while blue triangles represent definite and blue crosses likely coleoids. Black crosses are indeterminable. A Apical angle, calculated from length and diameters of the specimens. B Maximum diameter

Fig. 3 in Orthoceratoid and coleoid cephalopods from the Middle Triassic of Switzerland with an updated taxonomic framework for Triassic Orthoceratoidea

Fig. 3 Ticinoteuthis chuchichaeschtli gen. et sp. nov. from the Besano Formation (Middle Triassic) of the Monte San Giorgio, Ticino, Switzerland and a co-occurring orthoceratoid for taphonomic comparison. A–D PIMUZ 39491, holotype, bed 112 A Lateral view. B Adapical view of preserved phragmocone, exposing the ventral position of the siphuncle. C Lateral view of preserved phragmocone, exposing faint traces of inclined septa. D Lateral view of adapical external mould, exposing potential traces of septa. E–G PIMUZ 39493, T. chuchichaeschtli gen. et sp. nov., bed 94. E Lateral view. F Enlarged view of longitudinal ribs. G Lateral view of counterpart. H PIMUZ 39060, bed 94, likely orthoceratoid with similar longitudinal ribs. Note the irregularity in these structures, suggesting that these represent a taphonomic artefact. Abbreviations: si = siphuncle, se = septa

Fig. 10 in Orthoceratoid and coleoid cephalopods from the Middle Triassic of Switzerland with an updated taxonomic framework for Triassic Orthoceratoidea

Fig. 10 Reconstructions of non-ammonoid cephalopods from the Anisian of Monte San Giorgio. A Breviconoteuthis breviconus (Reis, 1907); B Mojsisovicsteuthis sp.; C Ticinoteuthis chuchichaeschtli gen. et sp. nov.; D Trematoceras elegans (MÜnster, 1841); F Enoploceras rieberi Pieroni, 2022

Fig. 1 in Orthoceratoid and coleoid cephalopods from the Middle Triassic of Switzerland with an updated taxonomic framework for Triassic Orthoceratoidea

Fig. 1 Stratigraphic distribution of orthoconic cephalopods in the Besano Formation at Point 902 and corresponding strata at Monte San Giorgio. Each symbol represents one specimen. Stratigraphy modified after Röhl et al. (2001) and Pieroni (2022)

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Fig. 6 in The tarphyceratid cephalopod Trocholites in the Middle-Upper Ordovician of the Prague Basin -the Baltican element in peri-Gondwana

Fig. 6. Tarphyceratid cephalopod Trocholites chaloupkai sp. nov. from Praha-Štěrboholy, central Bohemia, Czech Republic, upper part of the Zahořany Formation (lower Katian, Upper Ordovician). A. Holotype NM L 63626, detail of apicalmost part of the phragmocone (A1) and drawing (A2) indicating line of contact of whorls, position of siphuncle, position of (partly fragmented) septa and shape of initial chamber and umbilical window.

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Fig. 4 in The tarphyceratid cephalopod Trocholites in the Middle-Upper Ordovician of the Prague Basin -the Baltican element in peri-Gondwana

Fig. 4. Tarphyceratid cephalopod Trocholites fugax Babin and GutiérrezMarco, 1992, from Březová Hůrka near Starý Plzenec, central Bohemia, Czech Republic, Dobrotivá Formation (upper Middle–lower Upper Ordovician). A. NM L 63625a, b, counterpart (A1) and part (A2).