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FIGURE 10. A in A new species of Zhangixalus (Anura: Rhacophoridae), previously confused with Zhangixalus smaragdinus (Blyth, 1852)

FIGURE 10. A female (KIZ 20160126) of Zhangixalus pachyproctus sp. nov. in amplexus (a) and its ventral view in preservative (b).

FIGURE 8 in A new species of Zhangixalus (Anura: Rhacophoridae), previously confused with Zhangixalus smaragdinus (Blyth, 1852)

FIGURE 8. Frontolateral view of the holotype of Zhangixalus pachyproctus sp. nov. (KIZ 20160119) in life (a) and dorsal (b) and ventral (c) views of the holotype of the species in preservative. The protruding vent is highlighted using arrow.

FIGURE 6 in A new species of Zhangixalus (Anura: Rhacophoridae), previously confused with Zhangixalus smaragdinus (Blyth, 1852)

FIGURE 6. Scatterplot of principal components 1 and 2 of size-adjusted morphometric data for samples of Zhangixalus smaragdinus (indicated by triangles) and the new species (indicated by circles).

FIGURE 9 in A new species of Zhangixalus (Anura: Rhacophoridae), previously confused with Zhangixalus smaragdinus (Blyth, 1852)

FIGURE 9. Ventral view of hand (a) and foot (b) of the holotype of Zhangixalus pachyproctus sp. nov. (KIZ 20160119) in preservative.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Zhangixalus (Anura: Rhacophoridae), previously confused with Zhangixalus smaragdinus (Blyth, 1852)

FIGURE 2. Ventral view of cloacal region of males assigned to Zhangixalus pachyproctus sp. nov. (A, KIZ 20160119, collected from Mengla, southern Yunnan; B, KIZ 090148, collected from Puer, southern Yunnan; C, FMNH 265822, collected from Phu Rua, Loei, Thailand, Photo by Alan Resetar) and Z. smaragdinus (D, KIZ 20160299, collected from Yingjiang, western Yunnan; E, KIZ 06241Rao, collected from Muotuo, southern Tibet; F, CAS 224706, collected from Putao District, Kachin, Myanmar, Photo by Eric Ely; G, BMNH 1940.6.3.15, collected from Kachin, Myanmar, Photo by Jeff Streicher; H, BMNH 1872.4.17.283, collected from Khassi, northeastern India, Photo by Jeff Streicher). The protruding vent is highlighted using arrow.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Zhangixalus (Anura: Rhacophoridae), previously confused with Zhangixalus smaragdinus (Blyth, 1852)

FIGURE 3. Lateral views of specimens assigned to Zhangixalus pachyproctus sp. nov. (A, KIZ 20160119, collected from Mengla, southern Yunnan; B, KIZ 20160219, collected from Menghai, southern Yunnan; C, KIZ 090124, collected from Puer, southern Yunnan) and Z. smaragdinus (D, KIZ 20160299, collected from Yingjiang, western Yunnan; E, Muotuo, southern Tibet, reproduced from AmphibiaChina 2019; F, MZMU 600, collected from Mizoram, India, reproduced from Lalramdinfeli & Lalremsanga 2017; G, Namdapha Tiger Reserve, northeastern India, reproduced from Deepak et al. 2019; H, BMNH 1940.6.3.14, collected from Kachin, Myanmar, Photo by Jeff Streicher; I, CAS 224706, collected from Kachin, Myanmar, Photo by Eric Ely).

FIGURES 1–6 in Taxonomic confusion among gall-thrips and host-plants, with three new combinations from the genus Austrothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae)

FIGURES 1–6. Ocnothrips cochinchinensis. (1) head; (2) antenna; (3) pelta and tergites I–II; (4) pronotum; (5) mes and metanotum; (6) type slides.

FIGURE 3. G in Revision of Pazala Moore, 1888: The Graphium (Pazala) alebion and G. (P.) tamerlanus Groups, with Notes on Taxonomic and Distribution Confusions (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

FIGURE 3. G. (P.) alebion (Gray, [1853]); upperside above, underside below; scale bar = 10 mm. A–B: ♂, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; C: ♀, ditto; D: ♀, Jurong, Jiangsu, China; A and C © Jian-Qing Zhu (Shanghai Zoological Park, Shanghai, China).

FIGURE 9. G in Revision of Pazala Moore, 1888: The Graphium (Pazala) alebion and G. (P.) tamerlanus Groups, with Notes on Taxonomic and Distribution Confusions (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

FIGURE 9. G. (P.) tamerlanus (Oberthür, 1876); upperside above, underside below; scale bar = 10 mm. A–C: ssp. tamerlanus (Oberthür, 1876), ♂(A–B), Baoxing, Sichuan, China, ♀(C), Pingwu, Sichuan, China, © Peking University; D–F: ssp. kansuensis (O. Bang-Haas, 1933), ♂(D–E), ♀(F), Ningshan, Shaanxi, China.

FIGURE 7 in Revision of Pazala Moore, 1888: The Graphium (Pazala) alebion and G. (P.) tamerlanus Groups, with Notes on Taxonomic and Distribution Confusions (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

FIGURE 7. Male genitalia of G. (P.) parus (Nicéville, 1900) from Yulong Xueshan, Lijiang, N.W. Yunnan, China; scale bar = 1.0 mm. All: genitalia as a whole, R.: lateral view of ring, TSU: dorsal view of tegumen, socii and uncus, V.: right valve, Ae.: lateral view of aedeagus, Ju.: ventral view of juxta.

FIGURE 4 in Revision of Pazala Moore, 1888: The Graphium (Pazala) alebion and G. (P.) tamerlanus Groups, with Notes on Taxonomic and Distribution Confusions (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

FIGURE 4. Male genitalia of G. (P.) alebion (Gray, [1853]) from Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; scale bar = 1.0 mm. All: genitalia as a whole, R.: lateral view of ring, TSU: dorsal view of tegumen, socii and uncus (lines and arrows indicate the distance measured), V.: right valve, Ae.: lateral view of aedeagus, Ju.: ventral view of juxta.

FIGURE 6. G in Revision of Pazala Moore, 1888: The Graphium (Pazala) alebion and G. (P.) tamerlanus Groups, with Notes on Taxonomic and Distribution Confusions (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

FIGURE 6. G. (P.) parus (Nicéville, 1900); upperside above, underside below; scale bar = 10 mm. A: ♂, Weixi, Yunnan, China; B: ♂, Zhongdian, Yunnan, China; C–D: ♂, Yulong Xueshan, Yunnan, China; E: ♀, ditto; ♂, F: Baoxing, Sichuan, China.

FIGURE 10 in Revision of Pazala Moore, 1888: The Graphium (Pazala) alebion and G. (P.) tamerlanus Groups, with Notes on Taxonomic and Distribution Confusions (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

FIGURE 10. Male genitalia of G. (P.) tamerlanus tamerlanus (Oberthür, 1876) from Baoxing, Sichuan, China; scale bar = 1.0 mm. All: genitalia as a whole, R.: lateral view of ring, TSU: dorsal view of tegumen, socii and uncus, V.: right valve, Ae.: lateral view of aedeagus, Ju.: ventral view of juxta.

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Data from: Barcoding snakeheads (Teleostei, Channidae) revisited: discovering greater species diversity and resolving perpetuated taxonomic confusions

Snakehead fishes of the family Channidae are predatory freshwater teleosts from Africa and Asia comprising 38 valid species. Snakeheads are important food fishes (aquaculture, live food trade) and have been introduced widely with several species becoming highly invasive. A channid barcode library was recently assembled by Serrao and co-workers to better detect and identify potential and established invasive snakehead species outside their native range. Comparing our own recent phylogenetic results of this taxonomically confusing group with those previously reported revealed several inconsistencies that prompted us to expand and improve on previous studies. By generating 343 novel snakehead coxI sequences and combining them with an additional 434 coxI sequences from GenBank we highlight several problems with previous efforts towards the assembly of a snakehead reference barcode library. We found that 16.3% of the channid coxI sequences deposited in GenBank are based on misidentifications. With the inclusion of our own data we were, however, able to solve these cases of perpetuated taxonomic confusion. Different species delimitation approaches we employed (BIN, GMYC, and PTP) were congruent in suggesting a potentially much higher species diversity within snakeheads than currently recognized. In total, 90 BINs were recovered and within a total of 15 currently recognized species multiple BINs were identified. This higher species diversity is mostly due to either the incorporation of undescribed, narrow range, endemics from the Eastern Himalaya biodiversity hotspot or the incorporation of several widespread species characterized by deep genetic splits between geographically well-defined lineages. In the latter case, over-lumping in the past has deflated the actual species numbers. Further integrative approaches are clearly needed for providing a better taxonomic understanding of snakehead diversity, new species descriptions and taxonomic revisions of the group.

Figs. 27 29 in Taxonomic updates for some confusing Micronesian species of Camponotus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae)

Figs. 27 29: Frontal views of Camponotus micronesicussp.n. types (collection details in Table 4): paratype FSM.13. CAM.Yap (27), paratype FSM.4. CAM.Chuuk (28), and holotype FSM.10. CAM.Pohnpei (29).

Figs. 30 35 in Taxonomic updates for some confusing Micronesian species of Camponotus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae)

Figs. 30 35: Holotype of Camponotus tol sp.n. in frontal (30), dorsal (31), and lateral (32) views, and minor paratype from the same collection in frontal (33), dorsal (34), and lateral (35) views.

Figs. 11 16 in Taxonomic updates for some confusing Micronesian species of Camponotus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae)

Figs. 11 16: Syntypes of Camponotus kubaryi stat. rev. (11 12; CASENT0904012 and CASENT0910153, from www.AntWeb.org, photographs by Zach Lieberman), holotype of C. micronesicus sp.n. (13), specimen of C. kubaryi stat. rev. collected from Peliliu Is. (14; CASENT0173088, from www.AntWeb.org, photograph by April Nobile), and syntypes ofC. chloroticus from New Guinea (15) and Tonga (16). Scale bar in Fig. 13 applicable to Figures 11 16.

Figs. 17 20 in Taxonomic updates for some confusing Micronesian species of Camponotus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae)

Figs. 17 20: Syntype ofCamponotus chloroticus from New Guinea in frontal (17), lateral (18), and dorsal (19) views, and the original locality label (20).

Figs. 8 10 in Taxonomic updates for some confusing Micronesian species of Camponotus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae)

Figs. 8 10: Simplified representation of the PCA plots shown in Figs. 3 7, with the total area covered by individual points colored as single blocks. Figure 8 shows all species together, with missing measurements (including in cases when minor or major specimens are not associated), and figures 9 and 10 show majors and minors separately, without missing data extrapolated.

Figs. 3 7 in Taxonomic updates for some confusing Micronesian species of Camponotus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae)

Figs. 3 7: Relationships between Principal Components 1 and 2 for the Principal Component Analysis of morphological measurements taken from specimens in the molecular phylogeny of CLOUSE & al. (2015) and types for the species of interest in this study. Figure 3 shows all species together, with missing measurements (including in cases when minor or major specimens are not associated), and figures 4 and 5 show magnified views of the same scatterplot, with some species removed. Figures 6 and 7 show majors and minors separately, without missing data extrapolated.