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Fig. 38. Character 53, dorsolateral stripe B. State 1 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 38. Character 53, dorsolateral stripe B. State 1, present (femoralis, AMNH 140646).

Fig. 29. Character 22 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 29. Character 22, male supracarpal pad

Fig. 27. Character 19 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 27. Character 19, metacarpal ridge. State

Fig. 14 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 14. Hypothesized phylogeny of anurans, redrawn from Lynch (1973).

Fig. 15 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 15. Hypothesized phylogeny of neobatrachians, redrawn from Ford and Cannatella (1993).

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2013View details →

FIG. 15. Silverstoneia minima, n in Review of the Frog Genus Silverstoneia, with Descriptions of Five New Species from the Colombian Chocó (Dendrobatidae: Colostethinae)

FIG. 15. Silverstoneia minima, n. sp. Back-riding tadpole (late stage 24)

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2001View details →

Fig. 17 in Two New Species of Frogs of the Genus Colostethus (Dendrobatidae) from Peru and a Redescription of C. trilineatus (Boulenger, 1883)

Fig. 17. Palmar view of right hand of Colostethus alessandroi (AMNH 157004). Scale bar = 2 mm.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2001View details →

Fig. 9 in Two New Species of Frogs of the Genus Colostethus (Dendrobatidae) from Peru and a Redescription of C. trilineatus (Boulenger, 1883)

Fig. 9. Right foot and hand of Colostethus melanolaemus (MUSM 15607). Scale bars = 2 mm.

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Data from: Genome size evolution and phenotypic correlates in the poison frog family Dendrobatidae

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FIGURE 7 in Systematics of the Ameerega rubriventris complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) with descriptions of two new cryptic species from the East-Andean versant of Peru

FIGURE 7. Known distribution of species in the A. rubriventris complex. Each distribution was created by applying a 20 km buffer to a minimum convex polygon surrounding the known localities of each species. An asterisk indicates samples confirmed with genetic data. Gray dots represent frogs collected as either A. hahneli and A. picta over the past decades; in much of southern Peru it is impossible to positively ascribe these localities to either species based on observation alone. Thus, we have pooled them here to represent the joint distribution of these two similar looking species.

FIGURE 6 in Systematics of the Ameerega rubriventris complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) with descriptions of two new cryptic species from the East-Andean versant of Peru

FIGURE 6. Advertisement calls of the A. rubriventris complex. The plot in center depicts the 2D call space occupied by each species with the x-axis representing advertisement call dominant frequency and y-axis representing individual note length (in seconds). Density plots extend from each axis and depict the relative frequency of each species' values. Letters depict significant differences among taxa (ANOVA: dominant frequency, df=3, F= 22.55, p<0.001; note length, df=3, F= 8.55, p<0.001). Black lines in density plots on each axis depict median, upper-, and lower-quartiles for each species. The isopleths in center plot depict a 2D kernel density estimation of each species' call space. White dots represent values for A. altamazonica.

FIGURE 5 in Systematics of the Ameerega rubriventris complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) with descriptions of two new cryptic species from the East-Andean versant of Peru

FIGURE 5. Advertisement calls of: A) Ameerega hahneli from Panguana Biological Research Station at 25°C. B) A. rubriventris from type locality, Boqueron de Padre Abad, Peru at 24°C. C) A. altamazonica from type locality, near Tarapoto, Peru at 23°C. D) A. panguana from type locality at 24°C. E) A. imasmari from type locality at 23°C. Solid gray line depicts 5 kHz.

FIGURE 4. A–C in Systematics of the Ameerega rubriventris complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) with descriptions of two new cryptic species from the East-Andean versant of Peru

FIGURE 4. A–C) Holotype of Ameerega panguana in life (MUSM 26846), SVL=17.3mm. D–E) Holotype of Ameerega imasmari in life (CORBIDI 20575), SVL= 19.9 mm, see Fig. 1 for additional image.

FIGURE 2 in Systematics of the Ameerega rubriventris complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) with descriptions of two new cryptic species from the East-Andean versant of Peru

FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic relationships of A. rubriventris complex and outgroups. A) Species tree of focal taxa using UCE genome-scale molecular markers. B) Maximum-likelihood phylogeny based on 16s mtDNA and a backbone constraint tree from mtDNA genome data (Fig 3). Art by WXG. *Depicts taxa with mtDNA genome data, whose relationships were fixed in our constraint tree. Support values were not included, as they are misleading due to the use of a constraint tree. See Fig. 3 for more rigorous phylogeny. ǂ =holotype, α =paratype

FIGURE 1 in Systematics of the Ameerega rubriventris complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) with descriptions of two new cryptic species from the East-Andean versant of Peru

FIGURE 1. Species in the Ameerega rubriventris species complex: A & B) Ameerega altamazonica, C) A. rubriventris dorsal view, D) A. rubriventris ventral view E) Ameerega panguana sp. nov. (photo T. Ostrowski), F) Ameerega imasmari sp. nov. (holotype)

opennotspecifiedMar 2020View details →

FIGURE 2 in Description of a new diminutive Hyloxalus (Anura: Dendrobatidae: Hyloxalinae) from the Magdalena Valley of Colombia

FIGURE 2. Details of the arm gland in adult males of some Colombian species of the genus Hyloxalus: (A–B) black arm gland of Hyloxalus ramosi (IAvH-Am-5496, SVL =18.2 mm); (C–D) black arm gland of Hyloxalus fascianigrus (IAvH-Am- 6224, SVL =18.4 mm); (E–F) black arm gland Hyloxalus lehmanni (IAvH-Am-1793, SVL =18.1 mm); (G–H) pale arm gland Hyloxalus arliensis sp. nov. (Paratype IAvH-Am-6554, SVL =17.3 mm); (I–J) pale arm gland Hyloxalus saltuarius (IAvH-Am- 7644, SVL =20.0 mm).

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FIGURE 1 in Description of a new diminutive Hyloxalus (Anura: Dendrobatidae: Hyloxalinae) from the Magdalena Valley of Colombia

FIGURE 1. Altitudinal distribution of the species of the genus Hyloxalus in Colombia. * Records that represent a wide distribution throughout the Andean region probably correspond to species complexes.

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FIGURE 11 in A new species of Leucostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the Cordillera Mache-Chindul in northwestern Ecuador, with comments on similar Colostethus and Hyloxalus

FIGURE 11.—Maximum likelihood tree depicting evolutionary relationships within Leucostethus and Colostethinae inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Bayesian posterior probabilities> 95 and bootstrap support> 70% are indicated by an asterisk (*). The inset map indicates the type locality of Leucostethus bilsa sp. nov. (yellow dot), and localities of Leucostethus sp., Epipedobates boulengeri and E. sp. (aff. darwinwallacei). Colored species next to the clades are species occurring in the Isla Gorgona and the Pacific lowlands of Ecuador.

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FIGURE 10 in A new species of Leucostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the Cordillera Mache-Chindul in northwestern Ecuador, with comments on similar Colostethus and Hyloxalus

FIGURE 10.—Sonogram of the advertisement call of adult male Leucostethus bilsa sp. nov. recorded on 5 January 2004 (tape MR2004-1-12); specimen not collected but photographed in life (see Fig. 4B). Three consecutive notes selected from near the center of a call consisting of 84 notes.