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Fig. 16 in Braincase Of The Upper Devonian Shark Cladodoides Wildungensis (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii With Observations On The Braincase In Early Chondrichthyans

Fig. 16. Surface rendering of the scanned Cladodoides braincase with clipping planes cutting through the postorbital process and suborbital shelf. Both views are reversed to facilitate comparison with figure 15. The clipping plane in panel A is almost parallel to the sagittal plane. In panel B the plane is more oblique, cutting the posterior part of the braincase farther laterally and the anterior part farther medially. Orientation data for clipping planes are as follows: Plane (axis, position, rotation); A (X, 14.08, 77.0; Y, 5.0, 109.0; Z, 11.34, 270.0); B (X, 10.56, 77.0, Y, 1.60, 121.0, Z, 0.80, 270.0). These values represent positions along and angular deviations from the surface rendering's original XYZ axes.

Fig. 3 in Braincase Of The Upper Devonian Shark Cladodoides Wildungensis (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii With Observations On The Braincase In Early Chondrichthyans

Fig. 3. Volume and surface renderings of the Cladodoides braincase. (A, B) Combined volume and surface renderings; (C, D) surface rendering only. Panels A and C are oblique left anterolateral views; panels B and D are oblique left posterolateral views. Note the marked lack of preparation in the occipital region and a thin but significant covering of matrix in the ethmoid region and the anterior part of the supraorbital shelf (darker gray areas).

Fig. 13 in Braincase Of The Upper Devonian Shark Cladodoides Wildungensis (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii With Observations On The Braincase In Early Chondrichthyans

Fig. 13. Detail of the hypophyseal region in Cladodoides. (A) Medial view; (B) ventral view. Anterior to left in both views. The probable course of the internal carotid artery is indicated by a series of dots. After entering the buccohypophyseal fenestra (which is essentially an extracranial space), the artery continues around its margin before it enters the braincase via a central opening in the floor of the hypophyseal chamber.

Fig. 11 in Braincase Of The Upper Devonian Shark Cladodoides Wildungensis (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii With Observations On The Braincase In Early Chondrichthyans

Fig. 11. Cladodoides endocast; detail of passages for optic nerve and ophthalmic and efferent pseudobranchial arteries (surface rendering, oblique anterolateral view).

Fig. 2 in Braincase Of The Upper Devonian Shark Cladodoides Wildungensis (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii With Observations On The Braincase In Early Chondrichthyans

Fig. 2. Reproductions of original illustrations of the Cladodoides braincase, slightly modified from Gross (1937) by combining several originally separate figures. (A) Dorsal view; (B) ventral view; (C) left lateral view; (D) scrap lateral view of orbit with postorbital process removed; (E) posterior view of postorbital process. For the convenience of the reader, the original abbreviations of the annotations in German are retained, so that features identified by Gross and discussed in the text are more readily identified; for further explanation, the original work should be consulted. These annotations differ from those used elsewhere in the present paper and are not explained in the list of abbreviations. The only other changes from the original published drawings are digital clarification of leader lines and some abbreviations, cleaned outlines, and improved contrast.

Fig. 22 in Braincase Of The Upper Devonian Shark Cladodoides Wildungensis (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii With Observations On The Braincase In Early Chondrichthyans

Fig. 22. Otic region of the Cladodoides braincase (surface rendering), oblique perspective detail views. (A) Anteromedial view; (B) anterolateral view; (C) posterior view; (D) posteromedial view. This block overlaps slightly with that depicted in figure 17, repeating the exit of the hyomandibular trunk. Note the absence of a medial wall to the saccular chamber, utricular recess, and crus commune, although the semicircular canals are almost completely enclosed by cartilage. The position of the octaval (acusticovestibular) nerve is indicated, but is more clearly seen in sections (see fig. 18E). The hypotic lamina extends beneath the otic capsule, forming a wide glossopharyngeal canal and a short metotic fissure. The lateral dorsal aorta is enclosed by cartilage posteriorly, then emerges ventrally. The uneven internal floor and thickened cranial roof in front of the posterior dorsal fontanelle are artifacts of digital interpretation, as the braincase wall is poorly calcified in these areas; it is unlikely that the synotic tectum was originally as thick as shown here.

Fig. 21 in Braincase Of The Upper Devonian Shark Cladodoides Wildungensis (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii With Observations On The Braincase In Early Chondrichthyans

Fig. 21. Ventral view of the braincase in Cladodoides (surface rendering, mirrorimaged), with a reconstruction of the basicranial arterial circuit. No scale.

Fig. 20 in Braincase Of The Upper Devonian Shark Cladodoides Wildungensis (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii With Observations On The Braincase In Early Chondrichthyans

Fig. 20. Diagrammatic views of the postorbital process looking posteriorly, in Cladodoides (A) and Orthacanthus (B). Both panels are from Schaeffer (1981), whose original abbreviations are as follows; etha, ethmoid articulation (= orbital articulation in this work); fepsa, foramen for efferent pseudobranchial artery; foph, foramen for ophthalmic artery; fpal, foramen for branch of palatine nerve (= trigeminal mandibular ramus in this work); fso, foramen for superficial ophthalmic nerve; jc, jugular canal; tfr, trigeminofacialis recess (probably a recess in Orthacanthus, but not in Cladodoides; see text for details); II, optic foramen.

Fig. 18 in Braincase Of The Upper Devonian Shark Cladodoides Wildungensis (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii With Observations On The Braincase In Early Chondrichthyans

Fig. 18. Transverse CT scan slices of the Cladodoides braincase (levels of slices indicated by white lines on lateral view). (A) Slice 126, through the postorbital process and the presumed origin of rectus muscle; (B) slice 139, through the jugular canal, showing the combined exit for the trigeminal and anterodorsal lateral line nerves, and the convergence of the anterior passage for the palatine ramus with the groove for the orbital artery; (C) slice 148, showing the separation of passages for the hyomandibular trunk and posterior branch of the palatine ramus; (D) slice 156, showing the exit of the hyomandibular trunk; (E) slice 161, showing the passage of the octaval nerve entering the otic capsule

Fig. 9 in Braincase Of The Upper Devonian Shark Cladodoides Wildungensis (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii With Observations On The Braincase In Early Chondrichthyans

Fig. 9. The Cladodoides braincase in lateral, ventral, and medial views, showing the inferred polar cartilagederived region (gray area) and important related landmarks. Compare with neoselachians (fig. 10).

Fig. 12 in Braincase Of The Upper Devonian Shark Cladodoides Wildungensis (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii With Observations On The Braincase In Early Chondrichthyans

Fig. 12. Transverse CT scan slices of the Cladodoides braincase (levels of slices indicated by white lines on lateral view). (A) Slice 68, through optic foramen; (B) slice 99, through oculomotor and trochlear foramina; (C) slice 106, through pedicel ridge and hypophyseal chamber; (D) slice 110, through hypophyseal chamber and buccohypophyseal fenestra.

Fig. 17 in Braincase Of The Upper Devonian Shark Cladodoides Wildungensis (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii With Observations On The Braincase In Early Chondrichthyans

Fig. 17. Postorbital region of Cladodoides braincase (surface rendering), oblique perspective detail views. (A) Posterolateral view; (B) anterolateral view; (C) anteromedial view; (D) posteromedial view. Differences from Gross (1937) involve the positions of the abducent and profundal nerve. The dorsum sellae overhangs the deep hypophyseal chamber, and the lateral hypophyseal ridge delimits the side wall of this chamber. The superficial ophthalmic ramus passes through the postorbital process and emerges posteriorly just above the main trigeminal and facial nerve foramina.

Fig. 19. A in Braincase Of The Upper Devonian Shark Cladodoides Wildungensis (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii With Observations On The Braincase In Early Chondrichthyans

Fig. 19. A series of clipping plane sections through the surface rendering of the left postorbital process in Cladodoides. (A) Lateral view, showing foramina for oculomotor, trochlear, and facial nerves and pituitary vein; (B) showing foramina for the anterior and posterior ramules of palatine ramus; (C, D) canal for mandibular ramus of trigeminal nerve (or main buccalmaxillary complex?); (E) showing alignment of trigeminal foramen with canal for mandibular ramus in postorbital process; (F) slice through jugular canal, with position of superficial ophthalmic canal indicated by white dashed lines. This section just clips the anterior ampulla (inflated area behind trigeminal foramen).

FIG. 12 in The Early Devonian Acanthodian Uraniacanthus curtus (Powrie, 1870) n. comb. from the Midland Valley of Scotland

FIG. 12. - Uraniacanthus Meckel's cartilage: A, U. probaton (Bernacsek & Dineley, 1977) n. comb., UALVP42095. Modified from Hanke & Davis (2008: fig. 9D) by being flipped horizontally 180 degrees and relabelled; B, U.curtus (Powrie,1870) n. comb., NMS G.1891.92.250. Abbreviations: cp, coronoid process; lt.mk, left Meckel's cartilage; rt.mk, right Meckel's cartilage. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIG. 10 in The Early Devonian Acanthodian Uraniacanthus curtus (Powrie, 1870) n. comb. from the Midland Valley of Scotland

FIG. 10. — Uraniacanthus curtus (Powrie, 1870) n. comb., NMS G.1964.31.30A, an incomplete moderate sized specimen from Hayston Hill, Angus, Scotland. Scales removed from the dorsal caudal region (A-E), posterior to the pdfs (F-K), and mid-flank (L-O), photographed under ESEM: A, lateral view; B, anterolateral view; C, posterocrown view; D, anterocrown view; E, posterior view with the back of the scale crown broken off.; F, crown view; G, crown view; H, posterior view; I, lateral view; J, crown view; K, basal view; L, laterocrown view; M, lateral view; N, crown view; O, crown view. Abbreviations: c, canal; p, pore opening. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIG. 9 in The Early Devonian Acanthodian Uraniacanthus curtus (Powrie, 1870) n. comb. from the Midland Valley of Scotland

FIG. 9. — Uraniacanthus curtus (Powrie, 1870) n. comb., an incomplete moderate sized specimen from Hayston Hill, Angus, Scotland: A, B, NMS G.1964.31.30B, in situ but scattered body scales on the counterpart; C, D, NMS G.1964.31.30A, in situ scattered scales in the tail region of the part. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

FIG. 11 in The Early Devonian Acanthodian Uraniacanthus curtus (Powrie, 1870) n. comb. from the Midland Valley of Scotland

FIG. 11. — Uraniacanthus curtus (Powrie, 1870) n. comb., NMS G.1964.31.30A, an incomplete moderate sized specimen from Hayston Hill, Angus, Scotland. Various thin sections of scales: A, vertical longitudinal section; B, vertical longitudinal section with the anterior of the crown missing; C, vertical transverse section; D, vertical transverse section; E, mid crown horizontal section; F, low crown horizontal section. Abbreviations: ac, ascending canal; cc, circular canal; cz, crown growth zone; dt, dentine tubules; lc, longitudinal canal; p, pore opening; rc, radial canal. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIG. 6 in The Early Devonian Acanthodian Uraniacanthus curtus (Powrie, 1870) n. comb. from the Midland Valley of Scotland

FIG. 6. — Uraniacanthus curtus (Powrie, 1870) n. comb., NMS G.1964.31.30A, the part of an incomplete, moderate sized specimen from Hayston Hill, Angus, Scotland: A, photograph of the specimen; B, line drawing of the specimen. Abbreviations: ad.fs, anterior dorsal fin spine; a.fs, anal fin spine; cc, central canal; cf, caudal fin; hp, head plates; scs, scapula shaft; pd.fs, posterior dorsal fin spine. Scale bars: 10 mm.

FIG. 7 in The Early Devonian Acanthodian Uraniacanthus curtus (Powrie, 1870) n. comb. from the Midland Valley of Scotland

FIG. 7. — Uraniacanthus curtus (Powrie, 1870) n. comb. anterior dorsal fin spines: A, NMS G.1964.31.30A, from Hayston Hill, Angus, Scotland; B, NMS G.1891.92.250, from Turin Hill (Tillywhandland), Angus, Scotland. Abbreviation: scs, scapula shaft. Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B, 5 mm.

FIG. 4 in The Early Devonian Acanthodian Uraniacanthus curtus (Powrie, 1870) n. comb. from the Midland Valley of Scotland

FIG. 4. — Uraniacanthus curtus (Powrie, 1870) n. comb., NMS G.1891.92.250, a very small complete individual from Turin Hill (Tillywhandland),Angus, Scotland: A, complete specimen; B, ossification of the right Meckel's cartilage with the coronoid process visible on the upper surface; C, external view of the spatulate opercular plates with a trace of thin ridge ornamentation; D, scapulocoracoids;E, possible prepectoral spines with the posterior one being larger; F, internal surface of a postorbital plate. Scale bars: A, 5 mm; B-D, F, 1 mm; E, 0.1 mm.