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225 results for “Environmental variables”
Primary production and environmental variables from 1971 to 2021 in the North Basin of Lake Biwa
<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Global climate change and anthropogenic oligotrophication are expected to reshape the dynamics of primary production (PP) in aquatic ecosystems however, few studies have explored their long-term effects. In theory, the PP of phytoplankton in Lake Biwa may decline over decades due to warming, heightened stratification, and anthropogenic oligotrophication. Furthermore, the PP of large phytoplankton, which are inedible to zooplankton, along with biomass-specific productivity (PBc), could decrease. In this study, data from 1976–2021 and active fluorometry measurements taken in 2020 and 2021 were evaluated. Quantitatively, the temporal dynamics of mean seasonal PP during 1971–2021 were assessed according to the carbon fixation rate to investigate relationships among environmental factors. Qualitatively, phytoplankton biomass, PP, and PBc were measured in two size fractions [edible (S) or inedible (L) for zooplankton] in 2020 and 2021, and the L:S balance for these three measures was compared between 1992 (low-temperature/high-nutrient conditions) and 2020–2021 (high-temperature/low-nutrient conditions) to assess seasonal dynamics. The results indicated that climate change and anthropogenic oligotrophication over the past 50 years have diminished Lake Biwa's PP since the 1990s, impacting the phenology of PP dynamics. However, the L:S balance in PP and PBc has exhibited minimal change since 1992. These findings suggest that, although climate change and oligotrophication may reduce overall PP, they do not markedly alter the inedible/edible phytoplankton balance in terms of PP and PBc. Instead, as total PP declines, the production of small edible phytoplankton decreases proportionally, potentially affecting trophic transfer efficiency and material cycling in Lake Biwa.</p>
Environmental variables and occurrence points of Solenopsis geminata
<p>Occurrence points of Solenopsis geminata was obtained from GBIF which is global database website. </p> <p>Optimal data was constructed by spatial filtering and removing duplicate coordinates.</p> <p>Environmental variables (bio1~19) was obtained from Worldclim.</p> <p>Optimal variables was selected by considering correlation analysis and species characteristics. </p>
Environmental variability as a predictor of behavioral flexibility in urban environments
<p>Global urbanization processes have highlighted the importance of understanding the effects of urban habitats on animal behavior. Behavioral changes are usually evaluated along an urbanization gradient, comparing urban and rural populations. However, this metric fails to consider heterogeneity between urban habitats that can differ significantly in their characteristics, such as their level of environmental variability. We suggest incorporating dimensions of environmental variability into the urbanization metric. We tested the importance of both level of urbanization and level of urban stability (the rate of anthropogenic changes) on animals' behavioral flexibility by comparing reversal learning abilities in house sparrows from sites differing in the rate of urban development over time. We show that at least for males, urban stability better explains levels of behavioral flexibility than urbanization level. We further show that urban stability corresponds to other behavioral traits such as scrounging behavior and foraging activity. Thus, considering environmental stability and predictability in the form of urban changes can help better understand the mechanisms allowing behavioral changes and adaptations to urban environments. Evaluating the dynamics of the urban built environment could provide a better metric with which to understand urbanization effects on wildlife behavior and an important next step in urban ecology.</p>
Environmental and geographic variables are effective surrogates for genetic variation in conservation planning
<p><strong>Environmental and geographic variables are effective surrogates for genetic variation in conservation planning</strong></p> <p>Jeffrey O. Hanson, Jonathan R. Rhodes, Cynthia Riginos, Richard A. Fuller.</p> <p>Correspondence should be addressed to jeffrey.hanson@uqconnect.edu.au.</p> <p><em>Research summary</em></p> <p>Protected areas buffer species from anthropogenic threats and provide places for the processes that generate and maintain biodiversity to continue. However, genetic variation, the raw material for evolution, is difficult to capture in conservation planning, not least because genetic data require considerable resources to obtain and analyze. Here we show that freely available environmental and geographic distance variables can be highly effective surrogates in conservation planning for representing adaptive and neutral intra-specific genetic variation. We obtained occurrence and genetic data from the IntraBioDiv project for 27 plant species collected over the European Alps using a gridded sampling scheme. For each species, we identified loci that were potentially under selection using outlier loci methods, and mapped their main gradients of adaptive and neutral genetic variation across the grid cells. We then used the cells as planning units to prioritize protected area acquisitions. First, we verified that the spatial patterns of environmental and geographic variation were correlated, respectively, with adaptive and neutral genetic variation. Second, we showed that these surrogates can predict the proportion of genetic variation secured in randomly generated solutions. Finally, we discovered that solutions based only on surrogate information secured substantial amounts of adaptive and neutral genetic variation. Our work paves the way for widespread integration of surrogates for genetic variation into conservation</p> <p><em>Overview</em></p> <p>This repository contains the data and source code that underpins the findings in our manuscript "Environmental and geographic variables are effective surrogates for genetic variation in conservation planning".</p> <p>To rerun all computational analyses, run `make clean && make all`.</p> <ul> <li>article <ul> <li>manuscript main text, figures, and supporting information</li> </ul> </li> <li>code <ul> <li>R: scripts used to run the analysis</li> <li>parameters: files used to run analysis in TOML format</li> <li>rmarkdown: files used to compile them manuscript</li> </ul> </li> <li>data <ul> <li>raw: raw data used to run the analysis</li> <li>intermediate_ results generated during processing</li> <li>final: results used in the paper</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p><em>Software required</em></p> <ul> <li>Operating system <ul> <li>Ubuntu (Trusty 14.04 LTS)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Programs <ul> <li>[R (version 3.3.2)](https://www.r-project.org)</li> <li>GNU make</li> <li>pandoc (version 1.16.0.2+)</li> <li>Gurobi (version 7.0.2; academic licenses are available for no cost)</li> <li>LaTeX</li> </ul> </li> </ul>
Genetic diversity of Avena ventricosa populations along an ecogeographical transect in Cyprus is correlated to environmental variables
<p>genetic data</p>
Data for: Akhund-Zade et al The effect of environmental enrichment on behavioral variability depends on genotype, behavior, and type of enrichment
<p>Data and analysis scripts for the manuscript entitled "The effect of environmental enrichment on behavioral variability depends on genotype, behavior, and type of enrichment" by Jamilla Akhund-Zade et al. </p>
Monitoring of the UHPFRC strengthened Chillon viaduct under environmental and operational variability
<p>Datasets corresponding to 3 months of data of the monitoring of Chillon viaduct.</p> <p>Each file contains: </p> <ul> <li>the vibration data from 11 acelerometers, in vertical direction</li> <li>the sampling ratio</li> <li>Temperature </li> <li>Humidity</li> </ul> <p>The accelerometer positions are illustarted in the pdf "accelerometres Position.pdf". </p> <p>When employing this dataset, please cite:"Martín-Sanz, Henar, Konstantinos Tatsis, Vasilis K. Dertimanis, Luis David Avendaño-Valencia, Eugen Brühwiler, and Eleni Chatzi. "Monitoring of the UHPFRC strengthened Chillon viaduct under environmental and operational variability." <em>Structure and Infrastructure Engineering</em> (2019): 1-31."</p>
Datasets from: Gulf Stream meanders drive environmental variability within deep reefs, expanding concepts of the cold-water coral niche
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data of contents amino sugars and microbial necromass carbon in plant roots and the environmental variables
<p><span>Data display the results of environmental properties of 19 sampling sites, amino sugars and microbial necromass carbon (MNC) in the fresh roots of 27 dominant species and mixed roots (including dead roots) of mixed species in Inner Mongolian grasslands, AMF biomass and colonization rate in the fresh roots of 27 dominant species, contents of biomarkers (amino sugars and plant-derived lipids) and organic carbon during the decomposition experiment in model soils, and the relationships between environmental properties and root-borne MNC and their contribution to soil organic carbon.<br></span></p>
Data from: A functional diversity approach of crop sequences reveals that weed diversity and abundance show different responses to environmental variability
1. Combining several crop species and associated agricultural practices in a crop sequence has the potential to control weed abundance while promoting weed diversity in arable fields. However, how the variability of environmental conditions that arise from crop sequences affects weed diversity and abundance remains poorly understood, with most studies to-date simply opposing weed communities in monoculture and in crop rotation. Here, we describe crop sequences along gradients of disturbance and resource variability using a crop functional trait and associated agricultural practices. We tested the hypothesis that variability of disturbances reduces weed abundance while variability of resources promotes weed diversity. 2. We used functional Hill's numbers to compute crop sequence functional diversity based on sowing date, herbicide spectrum and crop height - these are the respective proxies of disturbance timings, disturbance types and light availability. Using a large-scale weed monitoring database, we assessed crop sequence diversity for 1045 crop sequences of five consecutive cropping seasons. We computed weed richness and abundance at pluri-annual (pool of weeds observed across five cropping seasons) and annual (pool of weeds observed during a winter cereal cropping season preceded by five cropping seasons) scales. We also accounted for herbicide and tillage intensities to test whether management intensity affects the response of weed diversity and abundance to crop sequence diversity. 3. At the pluri-annual scale, weed richness increased with the diversity of crop height and sowing date while weed abundance decreased with sowing date diversity. Annual weed richness decreased with sowing date diversity while annual weed abundance poorly relied on crop sequence diversity. 4. Synthesis and applications. This study establishes a scientific basis for designing crop sequences according to specific weed management goals. We show that farmers may enhance arable weed diversity on a pluri-annual scale by sequentially sowing crop species that differ in their competitive ability and sowing date. They may also achieve a better control of weed abundance by increasing the diversity of crop sowing dates across the crop sequence.
Data from: What determines prey selection in owls? Roles of prey traits, prey class, environmental variables, and taxonomic specialization
Ecological theory suggests that prey size should increase with predator size, but this trend may be masked by other factors affecting prey selection, such as environmental constraints or specific prey preferences of predator species. Owls are an ideal case study for exploring how predator body size affects prey selection in the presence of other factors due to the ease of analyzing their diets from owl pellets and their widespread distributions, allowing interspecific comparisons between variable habitats. Here, we analyze various dimensions of prey resource selection among owls, including prey size, taxonomy (i.e., whether or not particular taxa are favored regardless of their size), and prey traits (movement type, social structure, activity pattern, and diet). We collected pellets of five sympatric owl species (Athene noctua, Tyto alba, Asio otus, Strix aluco, and Bubo bubo) from 78 sites across the Mediterranean Levant. Prey intake was compared between sites, with various environmental variables and owl species as predictors of abundance. Despite significant environmental impacts on prey intake, some key patterns emerge among owl species studied. Owls select prey by predator body size: Larger owls tend to feed on wider ranges of prey sizes, leading to higher means. In addition, guild members show both specialization and generalism in terms of prey taxa, sometimes in contrast with the expectations of the predator–prey body size hypothesis. Our results suggest that while predator body size is an important factor in prey selection, taxon specialization by predator species also has considerable impact.
Data from: Near-global freshwater-specific environmental variables for biodiversity analyses in 1km resolution
The lack of freshwater-specific environmental information at sufficiently fine spatial grain hampers broad-scale analyses in aquatic biology, biogeography, conservation, and ecology. Here we present a near-global, spatially continuous, and freshwater-specific set of environmental variables in a standardized 1 km grid. We delineate the sub-catchment for each grid cell along the HydroSHEDS river network and summarize the upstream climate, topography, land cover, surface geology and soil to each grid cell using various metrics (average, minimum, maximum, range, sum, inverse distance-weighted average and sum). All variables were subsequently averaged across single lakes and reservoirs of the Global lakes and Wetlands Database that are connected to the river network. Monthly climate variables were summarized into 19 long-term climatic variables following the 'bioclim' framework. This new set of variables provides a basis for spatial ecological and biodiversity analyses in freshwater ecosystems at near global extent, yet fine spatial grain. To facilitate the generation of freshwater variables for custom study areas and spatial grains, we provide the 'r.stream.watersheds' and 'r.stream.variables' add-ons for the GRASS GIS software.
Data from: Long-lived marine species may be resilient to environmental variability through a temporal portfolio effect
<p>Maintenance of a portfolio of adaptive alleles may provide resilience of populations to natural environmental variability. We used Pacific ocean perch (POP; Sebastes alutus) to test for the maintenance of adaptive variation across overlapping generations. POP are a long-lived species characterized by widespread larval dispersal in their first year and a longevity of over 100 years. In order to understand how early marine dispersal affects POP survival and population structure, we used Restriction Site Associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) to obtain 11,146 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 401 young-of-the-year (YOY) POP collected during surveys conducted in 2014 (19 stations) and 2015 (4 stations) in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. Population clustering analysis showed that the POP samples represented four distinct ancestral populations mixed throughout the sampling area. Based on prior work on larval dispersal of POP, these larvae are most likely from distinct parturition locations that are mixing during their pelagic dispersal life stage. Latent factor mixed models revealed that POP larvae face significant selection during their first year at sea, which were specific to the year of their birth. Thus each adult cohort's genetic composition is heavily influenced by the environmental conditions experienced during their first year at sea. Long-lived species relying on broadcast spawning strategies may therefore be uniquely resilient to environmental variability by maintaining a portfolio of cohort-specific adaptive genotypes, and age truncation due to overfishing of older cohorts may have detrimental effect on the population viability.</p>
Figure 2 in Capybaras (Rodentia: Cavidae) in highlands: environmental variables related to distribution, and herbivory effects on a common plant species
Figure 2. (a) The high-altitude grasslands of the Itatiaia National Park, surrounding the studied marsh; (b) footprints and (c) faeces of Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris at the study site; (d) herbivory on the rosette of the Actinocephalus polyanthus by Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris; (e) normal rosette of the A. polyanthus; (f) normal flowering of A. polyanthus; and (g) anomalous flowering in rosettes of A. polyanthus that underwent foliar damage by capybara herbivory.
Figure 3 in Capybaras (Rodentia: Cavidae) in highlands: environmental variables related to distribution, and herbivory effects on a common plant species
Figure 3. Frequency of capybara occurrence between July 2014 and June 2015 (a) in the Campo Belo and Aiuruoca rivers and (b) along the three types of soil cover in the Itatiaia National Park, Brazil.
Foraging in a dynamic environment: response of four sympatric sub-Antarctic albatross species to interannual environmental variability
Seasonal and annual climate variations are linked to fluctuations in the abundance and distribution of resources, posing a significant challenge to animals that need to adjust their foraging behaviour accordingly. Particularly during adverse conditions, and while energetically constrained when breeding, animals ideally need to be flexible in their foraging behaviour. Such behavioural plasticity may separate 'winners' from 'losers' in light of rapid environmental changes due to climate change. Here, the foraging behaviour of four sub-Antarctic albatross species was investigated from 2015/16 to 2017/18, a period characterized by pronounced environmental variability. Over three breeding seasons on Marion Island, Prince Edward Archipelago, incubating wandering (WA, Diomedea exulans; n=45), grey-headed (GHA, Thalassarche chrysostoma; n=26), sooty (SA, Phoebetria fusca; n=23) and light-mantled (LMSA, P. palpebrata; n=22) albatrosses were tracked with GPS loggers. The response of birds to environmental variability was investigated by quantifying inter-annual changes in their foraging behaviour along two axes: spatial distribution, using kernel density analysis, and foraging habitat preference, using generalized additive mixed models and Bayesian mixed models. All four species were shown to respond behaviourally to environmental variability, but with substantial differences in their foraging strategies. WA was most general in its habitat use defined by sea surface height, eddy kinetic energy, wind speed, ocean floor slope and sea level anomaly, with individuals foraging in a range of habitats. In contrast, the three smaller albatrosses exploited two main foraging habitats, with habitat use varying between years. Generalist habitat use by WA and inter-annually variable use of habitats by GHA, SA and LMSA would likely offer these species some resilience to predicted changes in climate such as warming seas and strengthening of westerly winds. However, future investigations need to consider other life history stages coupled with demographic studies, to better understand the link between behavioural plasticity and population responses.
FIGURES 35–36 in The larvae of caddisfly species (Insecta, Trichoptera) in northern Thai streams and their relationships to environmental variables
FIGURES 35–36. Larva of Hydropsyche askalaphos Malicky & Chantaramongkol 2000: 35, sterna VIII and IX and anal prolegs, ventral; 36, tergum IX (with small lateral sclerite and large subdorsal sclerite) and anal prolegs, right lateral.
FIGURES 2–8 in The larvae of caddisfly species (Insecta, Trichoptera) in northern Thai streams and their relationships to environmental variables
FIGURES 2–8. Larva of Hydropsyche pallipenne Banks 1938: 2, larval habitus, right lateral; 3, head, right dorsolateral; 4, head, ventral; 5, frontoclypeal apotome, dorsal; 6, labrum, dorsal; 7, submentum and anterior ventral apotome, ventral; 8, mandibles, ventral. ap = acuminate peg-like setae, tp = truncate peg-like setae.
FIGURES 16–19 in The larvae of caddisfly species (Insecta, Trichoptera) in northern Thai streams and their relationships to environmental variables
FIGURES 16–19. Larva of Hydropsyche pallipenne Banks 1938: 16–17, abdominal segments I–II with slender, dark hair-like setae (hl) and scale-hair setae (sh). 18, sterna VIII and IX and anal prolegs, ventral, with paired sternites (arrows); 19, tergum IX, with large subdorsal sclerite (arrow), and anal prolegs, right dorsolateral.
FIGURES 27–34 in The larvae of caddisfly species (Insecta, Trichoptera) in northern Thai streams and their relationships to environmental variables
FIGURES 27–34. Larva of Hydropsyche askalaphos Malicky & Chantaramongkol 2000: 27, pronotum, dorsal; 28, mesonotum, dorsal; 29, metanotum, dorsal; 30, right pleuron, foretrochantin (arrow indicating lower fork), and foreleg, right posterolateral; 31, right midleg, right posterolateral; 32, right hind leg, right posterolateral; 33, prosternites, ventral; 34, abdominal segments I–III with dorsal scale-like setae and hair-like setae, right lateral.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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