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FIG. 11 in Fossil large mammals from the early Pliocene locality of Alcoy (Spain) and their importance in biostratigraphy

FIG. 11. — Bivariate plots of the upper cheek teeth of Hipparion crassum Gervais, 1859 from Alcoy and Serrat d'en Vaquer, and Hipparion cf. crassum from Dorkovo. Measures taken at the base and at the occlusal surface. Abbreviations: DAP, antero-posterior diameter; DT, transverse diameter.

FIG. 13 in Fossil large mammals from the early Pliocene locality of Alcoy (Spain) and their importance in biostratigraphy

FIG. 13. — Dihoplus schleiermacheri (Kaup, 1832) from Alcoy: A, right p3 (Alc 24), occlusal view; B, left p4 (Alc 25), occlusal view; C, D, right m1 (Alc 26); C, occlusal view; D, lingual view; E, F, left m1 (Alc 27); E, occlusal view; F, lingual view; G, H, right m3 (Alc 28); G, lingual view; H, occlusal view. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 2 in Fossil large mammals from the early Pliocene locality of Alcoy (Spain) and their importance in biostratigraphy

FIG. 2. — Bivariate plot of the P4 of Agriotherium insigne (Gervais, 1859) from Alcoy (cast MNHN), A. insigne from Montpellier (Gervais 1859b), A. roblesi Morales & Aguirre, 1976 from Venta del Moro (MGUV), A. palaeoindicum (Lydekker, 1884) and A. sivalense (Falconer & Cautley, 1836), A. intermedium Qiu & Schmidt-Kittler, 1983 and A. africanum Hendey, 1972. Abbreviations: DAP, anteroposterior diameter; DT, transverse diameter.

FIG. 8 in Fossil large mammals from the early Pliocene locality of Alcoy (Spain) and their importance in biostratigraphy

FIG. 8. — Bovidae from Alcoy: A-K, Alephis boodon (Gervais, 1852); A, B, right P2 (MAA); A, labial view; B, occlusal view; C, D, left M3 (M-2101); C, labial view; D, occlusal view; E, F, right m3 (MAA); E, occlusal view; F, lingual view; G, right m2 (MAA), labial view; H, I, second phalanx (M-693); H, dorsal view; I, lateral view; J, distal fragment of metacarpal (M-698), dorsal view; K, left astragalus (M-2430), dorsal view; L, Tragoportax sp., left astragalus (M-2435), dorsal view. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 5 in Fossil large mammals from the early Pliocene locality of Alcoy (Spain) and their importance in biostratigraphy

FIG. 5. — Bivariate plots of the lower cheek teeth of Sus Linnaeus, 1758 and Propotamochoerus Pilgrim, 1925: S. arvernensis Croizet & Jobert, 1828 from Alcoy (MCNV, MNHN); S. arvernensis from Perpignan (UCBL, NMB) and Villafranca de Asti (NMB); P. palaeochoerus (Kaup, 1833) from Eppelsheim (HLD), Wissberg (HLD, NMM), Gau Weinheim (BSPHGM), Esselborn (HLD), Castell de Barberá (IPS), Can Ponsic (IPS), Montréjau (NMB, UCBL), Hennersdorf (NMW), Wienerberg (NMW), Belvedere (NMW), VÖsendorf (IPUW, NMW) and Magersdorf (IPUW); isolated specimens from Eppelsheim, Wissberg, Esselborn, VÖsendorf and Montréjau are included, but for the rest of localities, only those specimens from tooth rows with premolars are included; P. provincialis (Gervais, 1859) from Venta del Moro (MNCN), Arenas del Rey (IPS), Montpellier (UCBL, NMB, LPUM), Roussillon (cast NMB) and Casino (AFS); Propotamochoerus sp. of MN11-13 from Maramena (studied in Mainz), Samos (NMW) and Baccinello V3 (NMB). Abbreviations: DAP, antero-posterior diameter; DT, transverse diameter; DTa, transverse diameter of the anterior or first lobe.

FIG. 1 in Fossil large mammals from the early Pliocene locality of Alcoy (Spain) and their importance in biostratigraphy

FIG. 1. — Diagram of the eastern sector of the Betic Chain with the location of the Alcoy-Mina site. Figures modified from Rodríguez Estrella (1977), Pierson d'Autrey (1987) and Santisteban et al. (1997).

FIG. 7 in Fossil large mammals from the early Pliocene locality of Alcoy (Spain) and their importance in biostratigraphy

FIG. 7. — Bivariate plots of the upper incisors of Sus Linnaeus, 1758 and Propotamochoerus Pilgrim, 1925: S. arvernensis Croizet & Jobert, 1828 from Alcoy (MCNV), Perpignan (NMB) and Villafranca (NMB); Propotamochoerus palaeochoerus (Kaup, 1833) from Wissberg (NMM), Castell de Barberà (IPS), Hostalets (IPS), Montréjau (NMB) and Mariatal (IPUW); Propotamochoerus provincialis (Gervais, 1859) from Venta del Moro (MNCN) and Casino (AFS); Propotamochoerus sp. of MN11-13 from Maramena (studied in Mainz), Samos (NMW) and Baccinello V3 (NMB); recent Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 from Spain (MNCN, UCM), the Netherlands (ZMA, NNML), Germany (ZMA, HUJ) and Israel (HUJ). Abbreviations: DLL, labio-lingual diameter; DMD, mesio-distal diameter.

FIG. 10 in Fossil large mammals from the early Pliocene locality of Alcoy (Spain) and their importance in biostratigraphy

FIG. 10. — Hipparion crassum Gervais, 1859 from Alcoy: A, right P2 (MAA), reversed section; B, right M1-2 (MAA), reversed section; C, left p3-4 (MAA); D, right m1-m3 (MNHN). Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 6 in Fossil large mammals from the early Pliocene locality of Alcoy (Spain) and their importance in biostratigraphy

FIG. 6. — Bivariate plots of the upper cheek teeth of Sus Linnaeus, 1758 and Propotamochoerus Pilgrim, 1925: S. arvernensis Croizet & Jobert, 1828 from Alcoy (MCNV, MNHN, MNCN, MAA); S. arvernensis from Gorafe IV (IPS), Perpignan (UCBL, NMB, MNCM), Roussillon (casts in NMB), Villafranca de Asti (NMB), Trévoux (UCBL), Bra (DSTUST) and Piedrabuena (studied in MNCN); P. palaeochoerus (Kaup, 1833) from Eppelsheim (HLD), Wissberg (HLD, NMM), Gau Weinheim (BSPHGM), Esselborn (HLD), Castell de Barberà (IPS), Drôme (MGL), Münchener Flinz (BSPHGM), Isarbet (cast NMB), Pyrha (cast MNHN), VÖsendorf (IPUW) and Wienerberg (NMW); isolated specimens from Eppelsheim, Wissberg, VÖsendorf and Montréjau are included, but for the rest of localities only those specimens from tooth rows with premolars or from skull fragments are included; P. provincialis (Gervais, 1859) from Venta del Moro (MNCN), Montpellier (UCBL, NMB, Montpellier) and Casino (AFS, IGF); Propotamochoerus sp. of MN11-13 from Maramena (studied in Mainz), Samos (NMW), and Baccinello V3 (NMB). Abbreviations: DAP, antero-posterior diameter; DT, transverse diameter; DTa, transverse diameter of the anterior or first lobe.

FIG. 12 in Fossil large mammals from the early Pliocene locality of Alcoy (Spain) and their importance in biostratigraphy

FIG. 12. — Bivariate plots of the lower cheek teeth of Hipparion crassum Gervais, 1859 from Alcoy and Serrat d'en Vaquer, and Hipparion cf. crassum from Dorkovo. Measures taken at the base and at the occlusal surface. Abbreviations: DAP, antero-posterior diameter; DT, transverse diameter.

FIG. 3 in Fossil large mammals from the early Pliocene locality of Alcoy (Spain) and their importance in biostratigraphy

FIG. 3. — Ursus boeckhi Schlosser, 1899 from Alcoy: A, right M1 (Alc 20); B, fragment of left jaw with m1-m2 (Alc 21). Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 14 in Fossil large mammals from the early Pliocene locality of Alcoy (Spain) and their importance in biostratigraphy

FIG. 14. — Anancus arvernensis (Croizet & Jobert, 1828) from Alcoy, left m3 (332M), occlusal view. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 9 in Fossil large mammals from the early Pliocene locality of Alcoy (Spain) and their importance in biostratigraphy

FIG. 9. — Alephis boodon (Gervais, 1852) from Alcoy: A, B, second phalanx (M-693); A, dorsal view; B, proximal view; C, D, left metacarpal (Alc 9); C, proximal view; D, transversal section. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 4 in Fossil large mammals from the early Pliocene locality of Alcoy (Spain) and their importance in biostratigraphy

FIG. 4. — Sus arvernensis Croizet & Jobert, 1828 from Alcoy: A, B, left m2 (MNHN); A, occlusal view; B, lingual view; C-E, right p4 (MNHN); C, occlusal view; D, lingual view; E, labial view; F-H, right P2 (MNHN); F, occlusal view; G, lingual view; H, labial view; I, right M3 (MNHN), occlusal view; J, right M2 (MNHN), occlusal view; K, left M2 (MNHN), occlusal view; L, left M3 (MNHN), occlusal view. Scale bar: 10 mm.

Fig. 9 in Description of the Earliest Fossil Penguin from South America and First Paleogene Vertebrate Locality of Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina

Fig. 9. The fibula of CADIC P 21 in lateral view. Anatomical abreviations: ff, facet for femur; sc, scar for attachment of lig. collateralis lateralis.

Fig. 7 in Description of the Earliest Fossil Penguin from South America and First Paleogene Vertebrate Locality of Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina

Fig. 7. The proximal portion of the CADIC P 21 tibiotarsus in oblique anterolateral view. The prominent fibular crest and notch (foramen interosseum proximale; Baumel and Witmer, 1993) proximal to it are indicated. The anterior cnemial crest is unbroken, but the lateral is missing. Anatomical abbreviations: acnc, anterior cnemial crest; fc, fibular crest; la, lateral articular surface; n, notch.

Fig. 4 in Description of the Earliest Fossil Penguin from South America and First Paleogene Vertebrate Locality of Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina

Fig. 4. The largest block of CADIC P 21 in (a, b) two views with parts of the acetabular and preacetabular ilium in ventromedial view, a small portion of the anterior pubis, the right tibiotarsus and the head of the left femur. Anatomical abbreviations: ac, acetabulum; f, femur, il, ilium; p, pubis; sc, scar for sacral transverse process; tb, tibiotarsus.

Fig. 6. The CADIC P 21 in Description of the Earliest Fossil Penguin from South America and First Paleogene Vertebrate Locality of Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina

Fig. 6. The CADIC P 21 block with the two articulating pieces of the right tibiotarsus joined. The tibiotarsus is shown in oblique anterolateral view. Portions of the left ilium, head of the left femur and part of the shaft of the right fibula are also visible. Anatomical abbreviations: f, femur; fb, fibula; il, ilium; tb, tibiotarsus.

Fig. 5 in Description of the Earliest Fossil Penguin from South America and First Paleogene Vertebrate Locality of Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina

Fig. 5. Right femur of CADIC P 21 prepared from the block in (left) anterior and (right) posterior views. Anatomical abbreviations: ail, anterior intermuscular line; cls, capital ligament scar; tcf, m. tibialis cranialis tendon fossa; ft, fibular trochlea; mc, medial supracondylar crest; pf, popliteal fossa; tr, trochanteric surface.

Fig. 2 in Description of the Earliest Fossil Penguin from South America and First Paleogene Vertebrate Locality of Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina

Fig. 2. Schematic map of the Cabo Campo del Medio–Punta Torcida anticline showing the distribution of the Punta Torcida Formation and unnamed strata (lower Eocene) and the Leticia Formation (upper middle Eocene). The star indicates where the new specimen (CADIC P 21) was recovered.