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565 results for “Herbivory”
Plant characteristics drive ontogenetic changes in herbivory damage in a temperate forest
<ol> <li>Understanding ontogenetic differences in plant defenses and herbivory damage is crucial for obtaining a better understanding of plant life-history strategies, community assembly, and dynamics. Although many studies have compared plant defenses or herbivory damage between ontogenetic stages (e.g., sapling vs. adult), how the effects of plant characteristics on leaf herbivory damage change during plant ontogeny has rarely been examined across species or in a species-rich natural community.</li> <li>To elucidate the effects of plant characteristics, we compared the relationships of leaf herbivory damage with stem density, plant size, and leaf traits between saplings and adults for almost all co-occurring woody species (56 species, ranging from rare to abundant) in a Japanese temperate forest.</li> <li>In most species, adults were larger, fewer in number, and had leaf traits that were potentially less favorable to herbivores (e.g., stronger, or with more phenolics). In contrast, we observed species-specific directions of changes in herbivory damage between adults and saplings with plant phylogeny or density having no clear effect. The relationships between some plant traits and herbivory damage were ontogeny dependent, indicating a shift from chemical to physical defense as plants mature, although most of the species characteristics studied were highly correlated between stages. Such ontogeny-dependent relationships between plant traits and herbivory damage could cause variation in the ontogenetic changes in herbivory damage among species depending on the value of plant traits. Moreover, the direction and magnitude of the effects of ontogenetic differences in species traits on the ontogenetic differences in herbivory damage varied depending on the traits. Together, these factors could have caused the observed ontogenetic changes in herbivory damage among species.</li> <li>Synthesis. Our study demonstrated how relationships between plant characteristics and herbivory damage can change ontogenetically across many coexisting woody species in a forest community, suggesting that plant traits may perform different functions related to herbivory at different ontogenetic stages. This has rarely been considered in previous dualistic comparisons of individual traits and herbivory damage between ontogenetic stages, and it is vital for understanding plant life-history strategies across stages in relationships with herbivores in natural communities.</li> </ol>
JorgeSantamaria/Herbivory_Learning: Herbivory_Learning
<p>This is the first release of the code and data used to analyze data for the article: "Learning takes time: Biotic resistance by native herbivores increases through the invasion process."</p>
Growth, defense, and storage responses of 12 oak (Quercus) species to varying locations and intensities of simulated herbivory
<p>The evolution of plant defenses is often constrained by phylogeny. Many of the differences between competing plant-defense theories hinge upon the differences in the location of meristem damage (apical vs. auxiliary) and the amount of tissue removed. We analyzed the growth and defense responses of 12 <i>Quercus </i>(oak) species from a well-resolved molecular phylogeny using phylogenetically independent contrasts. Access to light is paramount for forest-dwelling tree species, such as many members of the genus <i>Quercus. </i>We therefore predicted a greater investment in defense when apical meristem tissue was removed. We also predicted a greater investment in defense when large amounts of tissue were removed and a greater investment in growth when less tissues were removed. We conducted five simulated-herbivory treatments including a control with no damage and alterations of the location of meristem damage (apical vs. auxiliary shoots) and intensity (25% vs. 75% tissue removal). We measured growth, defense, and nutrient re-allocation traits in response to simulated herbivory. Phylomorphospace models were used to demonstrate the phylogenetic nature of trade-offs between characteristics of growth, chemical defenses, and nutrient re-allocation. We found that growth-defense trade-offs in control treatments were under phylogenetic constraints, but phylogenetic constraints and growth-defense trade-offs were not common in the simulated-herbivory treatments. Growth-defense constraints exist within the <i>Quercus </i>genus, although there are adaptations to herbivory that vary among species.</p>
Habitat attributes mediate herbivory and influence community development in algal metacommunities
<p>Data in support of accepted Article in Ecology. Information regarding data collection can be found in linked publication. Code performed on data can be found in the attached Github (<a href="http://github.com/gsrednick/herbivory_assembly">github.com/gsrednick/herbivory_assembly</a>).</p> <p>Metadata</p> <ul> <li>biomass_change_data.csv — algal biomass data per settlement tile over time</li> <li>block_data.csv — block and settlement tile metadata</li> <li>experiment_data_V2.csv — raw algal community structure data per settlement tile over time</li> <li>meta_table.csv — complete tile and treatment metadata</li> </ul>
Biogenic secondary organic aerosol participates in plant interactions and herbivory defense
<p>Biogenic secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) can be formed from the oxidation of plant volatiles in the atmosphere. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) can elicit plant defenses, but whether such ecological functions persist after they form SOAs was previously unknown. Here we show that Scots pine seedlings damaged by large pine weevils feeding on their roots release HIPVs that trigger defenses in neighboring conspecific plants. Interestingly, the biological activity persisted after HIPVs had been oxidized to form SOAs, which was indicated by receivers displaying enhanced photosynthesis, primed volatile defenses, and reduced weevil damage. The elemental composition and quantity of SOAs likely determines their biological functions. This work demonstrates that plant-derived SOAs can mediate interactions between plants, highlighting its ecological significance in ecosystems.</p>
Evaluating changing patterns of herbivory as a result of habitat change
<b>Description: </b><p>Estimates of leaf herbivory from leaves collected in litter traps</p><p><b>Project: </b>This dataset was collected as part of the following SAFE research project: <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/projects/project_view/109"><b>Evaluating changing patterns of herbivory as a result of habitat change</b></a></p><p><b>XML metadata: </b>GEMINI compliant metadata for this dataset is available <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/datasets/xml_metadata?id=108">here</a></p><p><b>Files: </b>This consists of 1 file: template_Metcalfe.xlsx</p><p><b>template_Metcalfe.xlsx</b></p><p>This file contains dataset metadata and 1 data tables:</p><ol><li><p><b>Herbivory data</b> (described in worksheet Data)</p><p>Description: Estimates of leaf herbivory from leaves collected in litter traps</p><p>Number of fields: 8</p><p>Number of data rows: 4630</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>Date</b>: Date leaves were collected in the field (Field type: Date)</li><li><b>Site</b>: SAFE Project sample site (Field type: Location)</li><li><b>LeafNo</b>: Identifier for individual leaf within 'Site' (Field type: Replicate)</li><li><b>imageID</b>: Filename for the photograph of that leaf (Field type: ID)</li><li><b>WithDamage</b>: Area of leaf (excluding herbivory damage) (Field type: Numeric)</li><li><b>WithoutDamage</b>: Area of leaf assuming no herbivory (Field type: Numeric)</li><li><b>Herbivory</b>: Herbivory damage to leaf (Field type: Numeric)</li><li><b>Zherbivory</b>: Herbivory damage to leaf (Field type: Numeric)</li></ul></li></ol><p><b>Date range: </b>2011-04-07 to 2011-07-03</p><p><b>Latitudinal extent: </b>4.6642 to 4.7714</p><p><b>Longitudinal extent: </b>116.9477 to 117.7028</p>
Dantas de Paula et al. 2024 Herbivory Results and Script
<p>Simulation results and figure plotting script for Dantas de Paula et al. 2024 Herbivory simulations using LPJ-GUESS-NTD</p>
Low-intensity insect herbivory could have large effects on ecosystem productivity through reduced canopy photosynthesis. R code and data.
<p>R code and data to reproduce analysis in the publication: Visakorpi K., Gripenberg S., Malhi Y. and Riutta T. Low-intensity insect herbivory could have large effects on ecosystem productivity through reduced canopy photosynthesis. Web Ecology, 2024.</p> <p> </p> <p>File named "Visakorpietal2024_litteratureSurvey.csv" contains data collected from literature survey and to perform a meta-analysis. The columns contain the following data:</p> <p>Reference = unique identifier for each study</p> <p>group_id = if a study described several experiments or treatments, this column identifies them from each other.</p> <p>Plant_species = name of the plant species studied</p> <p>Herbivore_species = name of the herbivore species studies</p> <p>Plant_species_phylo and Plant_species_phylo2 = alternative ways to write the plant species name for phylogenetic analysis</p> <p>Plant_clade = Angiosperm or Gymnosperm</p> <p>Growth_form = seedling, sapling or tree</p> <p>Herbivore_order = phylogenetic order of the herbivore species</p> <p>Herbivore_family = phylogenetic family of the herbivore species</p> <p>Type_of_herbivory = chewing, sap-sucking, root-feeding, leafmining or bark-feeding</p> <p>Leaf_type = whether the leaf that was measured was damaged by herbivores, or intact</p> <p>Manipulation = whether herbivores were added (A) or removed (R)</p> <p>Year_published = year when the study was published</p> <p>PN_herb, SD_herb, se_herb, n_herb = photosynthetic rate, standard deviation, standard error, and sample size, of the treatment group (i.e. experiencing herbivory)</p> <p>PN_intact, SD_intact, se_intact, n_intact = photosynthetic rate, standard deviation, standard error, and sample size, of the control group (i.e. not experiencing herbivory)</p> <p>Indirect_effect, SD_indirect = the proportional difference in photosynthetic rates between the treatment and control values, and the standard deviation of the proportional difference</p>
Differential coping capacities underlie the overall resistance of temperate seagrasses to herbivory
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Spatial heterogeneity in species composition constrains plant community responses to herbivory and fertilization
Environmental change can result in substantial shifts in community composition. The associated immigration and extinction events are likely constrained by the spatial distribution of species. Still, studies on environmental change typically quantify biotic responses at single spatial (time series within a single plot) or temporal (spatial beta-diversity at single time points) scales, ignoring their potential interdependence. Here, we use data from a global network of grassland experiments to determine how turnover responses to two major forms of environmental change – fertilization and herbivore loss – are affected by species pool size and spatial compositional heterogeneity. Fertilization led to higher rates of local extinction whereas turnover in herbivore exclusion plots was driven by species replacement. Overall, sites with more spatially heterogeneous composition showed significantly higher rates of annual turnover, independent of species pool size and treatment. Taking into account spatial biodiversity aspects will therefore improve our understanding of consequences of global and anthropogenic change on community dynamics.
Data for: Plant diversity effects on herbivory are related to soil biodiversity and plant chemistry
<p><span>Insect herbivory is a key process in ecosystem functioning. While theory predicts that plant diversity modulates herbivory, the mechanistic links remain unclear. We postulated that the plant metabolome mechanistically links plant diversity and herbivory.</span></p> <p>In late summer and in spring, we assessed individual plant aboveground herbivory rates and metabolomes of seven plant species in experimental plant communities varying in plant species diversity and resource acquisition strategies. In the same communities, we also measured plant individual biomass as well as soil microbial and nematode community composition.</p> <p>Herbivory rates decreased with increasing plant species richness. Path modelling revealed that plant species richness and community resource acquisition strategy correlated with soil community composition. In particular, changes in nematode community composition were related to plant metabolome composition and thereby herbivory rates.</p> <p><span>These results suggest that soil community composition plays an important role in reducing herbivory rates with increasing plant diversity by changing plant metabolomes.</span></p>
Data from: Nutrient enrichment increases invertebrate herbivory and pathogen damage in grasslands
<p>This dataset contains data on leaf damage by invertebrates and pathogens derived in a globally-distributed experiment manipulating nutrient addition (Nutrient Network). In total we estimated leaf damage on 153 plant taxa from twenty-seven grasslands worldwide, under ambient conditions and with experimentally elevated nitrogen and phosphorus. Additionally, we give MAT and MAP from WorldClim 1 for each site and percent cover for each plant species in the respective plot.</p>
Insect herbivory increases from forest to alpine tundra in Arctic mountains
<p>Current theory holds that the intensity of biotic interactions decreases with increases in latitude and elevation; however, empirical data demonstrate great variation in the direction, strength and shape of elevational changes in herbivory. The latitudinal position of mountains may be one important source of this variation, but the acute shortage of data from polar mountains hampers exploration of latitude effects on elevational changes in herbivory. Here, we reduce this knowledge gap by testing the prediction that a decrease in herbivory occurs with increasing elevation from forest to alpine tundra. We examined six elevation gradients located in three Arctic mountain ranges. Across the ten most abundant evergreen and deciduous woody plant species, relative losses of foliage to insect herbivores were 2.2-fold greater at the highest elevations (alpine tundra) than in mid-elevation birch woodlands or low elevation coniferous forests. Plant quality for herbivores (quantified by specific leaf area) significantly decreased with elevation across all studied species, indicating that bottom-up factors were unlikely to shape the observed pattern in herbivory. An experiment with open-top chambers established at different elevations showed that even a slight increase in ambient temperature enhances herbivory in Arctic mountains. Therefore, we suggest that the discovered increase in herbivory with elevation is explained by higher temperatures at the soil surface in open habitats above the treeline compared with forests at lower elevations. This explanation is supported by the significant difference in elevational changes in herbivory between low and tall plants: herbivory on low shrubs increased 4-fold from forest to alpine sites, while herbivory on trees and tall shrubs did not change with elevation. We suggest that an increase in herbivory with an increase in elevation is typical for high-latitude mountains, where inverse temperature gradients, especially at the soil surface, are common. Verification of this hypothesis requires further studies of elevational patterns in herbivory at high latitudes.</p>
Data for: Elevational changes in insect herbivory on woody plants in six mountain ranges of temperate Eurasia: Sources of variation
<p>Current theory predicts that the intensity of biotic interactions, and particularly herbivory, decreases with increasing latitude and elevation. However, recent studies have revealed substantial variation in both the latitudinal and elevational patterns of herbivory. This variation is often attributed to differences in study design and type of data collected by different researchers. Here, we used a standardised sampling protocol along elevational gradients in six mountain ranges, located at different latitudes within temperate Eurasia, to uncover the sources of variation in elevational patterns in insect herbivory on woody plant leaves. We discovered the considerable variation in elevational patterns among different mountain ranges; nevertheless, herbivory generally decreased with increasing elevation at both the community-wide and individual plant species levels. This decrease was mostly due to openly living defoliators, whereas no significant association was detected between herbivory and elevation among insects living within plant tissues (i.e. miners and gallers). The elevational decrease in herbivory was significant for deciduous plants but not for evergreen plants, and for low-stature plants but not for tall plants. The community-wide herbivory increased with increases in both specific leaf area and leaf size. The strength of the negative correlation between herbivory and elevation increased from lower to higher latitudes. We conclude that elevational gradients in herbivory demonstrate considerable variation, and that this variation is mostly associated with herbivore feeding habit, some plant traits and latitude of the mountain range.</p>
Herbivory selects for tolerance and constitutive defence across stages of community succession
<p>Plants defend themselves from herbivory by either reducing damage (resistance) or minimizing its negative fitness effects with compensatory growth (tolerance). Factors mediating the selection for defenses such as herbivory and competition are in constant flux in an early secondary successional community, which can create temporal variation in selection for these traits. We manipulated successional age of the community and insect herbivory in a genotypic selection experiment with the perennial herb Solidago altissima. We found selection for investment in aboveground biomass in early succession but not in mid-succession, suggesting that the importance of competition is highest in the very first years of succession. Herbivory selected for smaller and better defended plants in both successional ages but decreased plant survival and probability of flowering only in mid-succession. Despite dramatic differences in herbivory between early and mid-succession, selection on defense traits did not change. These results demonstrate that changes in the community that affect key life-history traits in an individual species can occur over very short timescales in a dynamic secondary successional environment. Such temporal variation may be an important, yet overlooked, contributor to adaptive mosaics across populations.</p>
Differential effects of ecosystem engineering by the superb lyrebird Menura novaehollandiae and herbivory by large mammals on floristic regeneration and structure in wet eucalypt forests
<p>Ecosystem engineers that modify soil and ground-layer properties exert a strong influence on vegetation communities in ecosystems worldwide. Understanding the interactions between animal engineers and vegetation is challenging when in the presence of large herbivores, as many vegetation communities are simultaneously affected by both engineering and herbivory. The superb lyrebird <em>Menura novaehollandiae</em>, an ecosystem engineer in wet forests of south-eastern Australia, extensively modifies litter and soil on the forest floor. The aim of this study was to disentangle the impacts of engineering by lyrebirds and herbivory by large mammals on the composition and structure of ground-layer vegetation. We carried out a two-year, manipulative exclusion experiment in the Central Highlands of Victoria, Australia. We compared three treatments: fenced plots with simulated lyrebird foraging; fenced plots excluding herbivores and lyrebirds; and open controls. This design allowed assessment of the relative impacts of engineering and herbivory on germination rates, seedling density, vegetation cover and structure, and community composition. Engineering by lyrebirds enhanced the germination of seeds in the litter layer. After two years, more than double the number of germinants were present in 'engineered' than 'non-engineered' plots. Engineering did not affect the density of seedlings, but herbivory had strong detrimental effects. Herbivory also reduced the floristic richness and structural complexity (< 0.5 m) of forest vegetation, including the cover of herbs. Neither process altered the floristic composition of the vegetation within the 2-year study period. Ecosystem engineering by lyrebirds and herbivory by large mammals both influence the structure of forest-floor vegetation. The two-fold increase in seeds stimulated to germinate by engineering may contribute to the evolutionary adaptation of plants by allowing greater phenotypic expression and selection than would otherwise occur. Over long timescales, engineering and herbivory likely combine to maintain a more-open forest floor conducive to ongoing ecosystem engineering by lyrebirds.</p>
Canopy height, rather than neighborhood effects, shapes leaf herbivory in a tropical rainforest
<p>These files contain the datasets and R codes used in the data analyses in the paper " Canopy height, rather than neighborhood effects, shapes leaf herbivory in a tropical rainforest " that will be published in Ecology.</p>
Additive genetic effects in interacting species jointly determine the outcome of caterpillar herbivory
<p>Plant-insect interactions are common and important in basic and applied biology. Trait and genetic variation can affect the outcome and evolution of these interactions, but the relative contributions of plant and insect genetic variation and how these interact remain unclear and are rarely subject to assessment in the same experimental context. Here we address this knowledge gap using a recent host range expansion onto alfalfa by the Melissa blue butterfly. Common garden rearing experiments and genomic data show that caterpillar performance depends on plant and insect genetic variation, with insect genetics contributing to performance earlier in development and plant genetics later. Our models of performance based on caterpillar genetics retained predictive power when applied to a second common garden. Much of the plant genetic effect could be explained by heritable variation in plant phytochemicals, especially saponins, peptides, and phosphatidyl cholines, providing a possible mechanistic understanding of variation in the species interaction. We find evidence of polygenic, mostly additive effects within and between species, with consistent effects of plant genotype on growth and development across multiple butterfly species. Our results inform theories of plant-insect coevolution and the evolution of diet breadth in herbivorous insects and other host-specific parasites.</p>
Effects of tree species diversity and conspecific seedling density on insect herbivory and pathogen infection on big-leaf mahogany seedlings
<p>The Janzen-Connell Hypothesis (JCH) predicts that attack by specialist enemies on seedlings increases with conspecific seedling density, but studies have rarely experimentally tested for the contingency of such effects on tree community context (e.g., diversity, composition) and measured responses by different enemies (e.g. herbivores, pathogens). We conducted a field study in a large-scale system evaluating tree species diversity and conspecific density effects on leaf damage on mahogany (<em>Swietenia macrophylla</em>) seedlings. We established quadrats of eight levels of seedling density across mahogany tree monocultures and species polycultures including mahogany, and recorded percent leaf damage by insects and percent leaf necrosis by a pathogenic fungus on mahogany seedlings. We found contrasting effects of tree species diversity on insects and pathogens. Whereas diversity did not affect leaf damage by insects, it had a significant negative effect on leaf necrosis by pathogens. On average, percent leaf necrosis on mahogany seedlings in polyculture was half of that observed in monoculture. We discuss the potential influences of changes in mahogany tree density vs. frequency (relative to other tree species) driving this diversity effect. Unexpectedly, we found no effect of seedling conspecific density on either leaf insect or pathogen damage (i.e., density-independent attack). Likewise, we found no significant tree diversity by seedling density interaction, indicating that attackers were consistently unresponsive to variation in seedling density across two levels of tree diversity. Overall, this study provides a unique test of the JCH by experimentally evaluating seedling density and tree diversity effects on contrasting plant enemies, shedding light on enemy controls over plant recruitment.</p>
Multiple dimensions of biodiversity mediate effects of temperature on invertebrate herbivory in a montane grassland
<p><span>Invertebrate herbivores are important and diverse, and their abundance and impacts will likely shift under climate change. Yet, past studies of invertebrate herbivory have documented highly variable responses to changing temperature, making it challenging to predict the direction and magnitude of these shifts. One explanation for these responses is that changing environmental conditions drive concurrent changes in plant communities and herbivore traits. The impacts of changing temperature on herbivory might therefore depend on how temperature combines and interacts with characteristics of plant and herbivore communities. To test this, we surveyed damage to leaves by invertebrate herbivores on </span><span>4400 plant individuals in 220 sampling plots along a 1101-meter elevational gradient. Increasing temperature drove community-level herbivory via at least three overlapping mechanisms: increasing temperature directly reduced herbivory, indirectly affected herbivory by reducing plant-community phylogenetic diversity, and indirectly affected herbivory by altering the effects of plant-community functional and phylogenetic diversity on herbivory. Consequently, increasing plant functional diversity reduced herbivory in colder environments while increasing plant phylogenetic diversity increased herbivory in warmer environments. Moreover, different herbivore feeding guilds varied in their response to temperature and plant community composition. These results indicate that, even along a single elevation gradient in a single year, a variety of mechanisms can concurrently drive herbivory, thereby supporting the hypothesis that a universal response of herbivory to changing environmental conditions is unlikely to exist. Instead, our results highlight the importance of considering both plant and herbivore community context to predict how climate change will alter invertebrate herbivory.</span></p>
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