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Fig. 40 in A History Of Herpetology At The American Museum Of Natural History

Fig. 40. Lure of the serpent: ''We be of one blood, thou and I'' (Rudyard Kipling). For some 40 years in the old Reptile Hall, this king cobra stared down a mongoose that was crouched behind a stone ''apparently realizing his inability to cope with this enormous serpent'' (Noble, 1927j). Relieved of the pesky mongoose, this venerable snake has spent recent decades in silent communication with admiring visitors in the newest Reptile Hall. Photographs are from 1977. AMNH Photographic Archives 67094, 67095.

Fig. 21 in A History Of Herpetology At The American Museum Of Natural History

Fig. 21. The oldest surviving Herpetology exhibit: ''Copperheads in the Palisades [New Jersey],'' a study from life circa 1905. This small group was first mentioned in the AMNH Annual Report for 1905. However, according to Mary Dickerson's internal departmental report dated March 13, 1911, the snakes had ''turned black, apparently 'gone bad' from the use of too much glycerine in the preparation.'' The original snakes were replaced in 1911 by these exquisitely painted wax casts (the tongues may be glass), which were posed exactly to replace the older specimens. This floor exhibit became case no. 12 in the 1927 Hall of Reptile and Amphibian Life (see fig. 31); it is the only one of the older cases not dismantled over the years. Photographed in the Department of Herpetology by Denis Finnin, November 1998.

Fig. 16 in A History Of Herpetology At The American Museum Of Natural History

Fig. 16. Gareth Nelson, who chaired an administratively merged Department of Herpetology and Ichthyology from July 1, 1987, through June 1993. Nelson was the second ichthyologist to head a combined department, reminiscent of his predecessor of yore, Bashford Dean (fig. 2). Herpetology and Ichthyology were again separated in 1997. Photograph by Gary Grimaldi, 1994.

Fig. 12. William G in A History Of Herpetology At The American Museum Of Natural History

Fig. 12. William G. Hassler (on left) with John King's older son in the Dominican Republic, 1929 or 1930. (King was a Dominican contact who facilitated and assisted in AMNH fieldwork starting with Noble's 1922 expedition.) Hassler, the most valuable of Noble's assistants, worked in Herpetology for 13 years (1924–1937). He spent a substantial amount of his time on Noble's field projects, from New Jersey to the West Indies. AMNH Photographic Archives 287535.

Fig. 36 in A History Of Herpetology At The American Museum Of Natural History

Fig. 36. The tuatara (Sphenodon) of New Zealand, showing the reptile at rest in the burrow of a nesting sea bird (Pink-footed Shearwater). An exhibit planned by Mary Dickerson in 1916, but finished by Noble in 1925. AMNH Photographic Archives 311225.

Fig. 45 in A History Of Herpetology At The American Museum Of Natural History

Fig. 45. Global coverage for the herpetology holdings as depicted in annual reports. Top: G. K. Noble's estimation of holdings in the Museum's published report for 1923. Bottom: Origin of herpetological specimens accessioned during 1963–1969, prepared by R. G. Zweifel for the Department of Herpetology archival report for 1968–1969 (numbered localities corresponded to a list of accessions for that fiscal year alone).

Fig. 28 in A History Of Herpetology At The American Museum Of Natural History

Fig. 28. Detail of the 1914 Toad Group, showing tree frogs (Hyla versicolor) in the foreground. AMNH Photographic Archives 34592.

Fig. 25 in A History Of Herpetology At The American Museum Of Natural History

Fig. 25. Mary Dickerson's American Giant Salamander Group (Cryptobranchus). Although the problem of showing animals underwater had been solved in the Bullfrog Group, the casting of these flaccid salamanders out of water posed still another difficulty. Group finished in 1912; photograph taken in 1925. AMNH Photographic Archives 310930.

Fig. 35 in A History Of Herpetology At The American Museum Of Natural History

Fig. 35. Galápagos Island Group, showing both marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus) and land iguanas (Conolophus). This diorama was commenced in 1923; materials were obtained for the Department by Harrison Williams and William Beebe of the New York Zoological Society (Noble, 1924i). Completed diorama photographed in May 1925, before placement of glass front. AMNH Photographic Archives 310960.

Fig. 1 in A History Of Herpetology At The American Museum Of Natural History

Fig. 1. Bashford Dean (1867–1928), first Curator (Head) of the American Museum's old Department of Ichthyology and Herpetology, and also concurrently Curator of Arms and Armor at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Photograph from ca. 1918. AMNH Photographic Archives 312546.

Fig. 31. Floor plan for the 1927 in A History Of Herpetology At The American Museum Of Natural History

Fig. 31. Floor plan for the 1927 New Hall of Reptile and Amphibian Life. From an undated sketch in the departmental archives, showing location and subject matter of cases.

FIG. 6 in Herpetological assemblages from the Pliocene to middle Pleistocene in Central Europe: palaeoecological significance

FIG. 6. — Compositions of snake faunas in several early Biharian sites in Bad Deutsch-Altenburg (DA) from the oldest locality (DA 2A) towards the youngest one (DA 4B). Coluber viridiflavus (+ cf., aff.): C. viridiflavus + C. cf. viridiflavus + C. aff. viridiflavus; Elaphe longissima (+ aff.): E. longissima + E. aff. longissima; Natrix natrix (+ aff.): N. natrix + N. aff. natrix. Data according to Ivanov (1997a).

FIG. 3 in Herpetological assemblages from the Pliocene to middle Pleistocene in Central Europe: palaeoecological significance

FIG. 3. — Pliocene and Pleistocene record of extinct amphibian and reptile species within the area of Central Europe. Grey strips represent two periods of extinction of Central European herpetofauna during the Pliocene and Pleistocene periods. Abbreviations: KG, Kozi Grzbiet; RK, Rebielice Królewskie 1A; cf., aff., uncertain determinations.

FIG. 7 in Herpetological assemblages from the Pliocene to middle Pleistocene in Central Europe: palaeoecological significance

FIG. 7. — Percentages of "Mediterranean", "boreal", and all other amphibian and reptile taxa of early Pleistocene localities in Austria, Czechia, and Poland. The given numbers represent the total percentage representation of reported osteological material of squamate reptiles within the whole herpetological assemblage in each locality. *0% = value below 0.5%. Data according to Mais & Rabeder (1984), Rauscher (1992), and Ivanov (1996, 1997a, c).

FIG. 5 in Herpetological assemblages from the Pliocene to middle Pleistocene in Central Europe: palaeoecological significance

FIG. 5. — Result of cluster analysis which is based on the comparison of percentage representation of number of "Mediterranean" (+ C. viridiflavus and T. marmoratus), "boreal", and all other amphibian and reptile taxa in Central Europe. Several Pliocene localities are considered: Austria (DA 20, DA 21), Slovakia (Ivanovce), Poland (Weze 1, Weze 2, RK 1A, RK 2), and Germany (Gundersheim, Kaltensundheim). Data according to Hodrová (1981, 1984), Młynarski & Szyndlar (1989), Rauscher (1992), Ivanov (1997a), Sanchíz (1998), and G. BÖhme (2002).

FIG. 1 in Herpetological assemblages from the Pliocene to middle Pleistocene in Central Europe: palaeoecological significance

FIG. 1. — Important herpetological localities from the Pliocene to middle Pleistocene in Central Europe. Pliocene. Hungary: 1, Osztramos 1C (early Pliocene, Ruscinian MN 14); 2, Csarnóta 2 (early Pliocene, Ruscinian MN 15). Slovakia: 3, Ivanovce (early Pliocene, Ruscinian MN 15); 4, Hajnácka (late Pliocene, Villanyian MN 16); 5, Vceláre 6/1 (late Pliocene, Villanyian MN 17). Austria: 6, 7, Bad Deutsch-Altenburg 20 and 21 (late Pliocene, Villanyian MN 16). Poland: 8, 9, Weze 1 (early Pliocene, Ruscinian MN 15) and Weze 2 (late Pliocene, Villanyian MN 16); 10, 11, Rebielice Królewskie 1A and 2 (late Pliocene, Villanyian MN 16); 12, Kadzielnia (late Pliocene, Villanyian MN 17 to early Pleistocene, early Biharian). Germany: 13, Kaltensundheim (?early Pliocene,?Ruscinian MN 15?); 14, Willershausen (Pliocene, Ruscinian-Villanyian MN 14-MN 16); 15, Gundersheim (late Pliocene, Villanyian MN 16). Pleistocene. Slovakia: 16, Vceláre 6/2-9 (early Pleistocene, early Biharian). Austria: 17-20, Bad Deutsch-Altenburg 2A, 2C1, 2C1Z, and 4B (early Pleistocene, early Biharian); 21, St. Margarethen (middle Pleistocene, Holsteinian complex, Toringian). Czechia: 22, Malá Dohoda-Quarry (early Pleistocene, early Biharian); 23, MladecCaves-excavation II (early Pleistocene, early Biharian); 24, Mladec 2 (middle Pleistocene, Holsteinian complex, Toringian); 25, Stránská skála Hill (middle Pleistocene, Cromerian complex, late Biharian); 26, "Za Hájovnou" Cave (middle Pleistocene,?Holsteinian. complex). Poland: 27, Kamyk (early Pleistocene, early Biharian); 28, Kielniki 3A (early Pleistocene, early Biharian); 29, Jaskinia Zabia (early Pleistocene, early Biharian); 30, 31, Zalesiaki 1A and Zalesiaki 1B (middle Pleistocene, late Biharian); 32, Kozi Grzbiet (middle Pleistocene, late Biharian). Germany: 33, Untermassfeld (early Pleistocene, early Biharian); 34, Voigtstedt (middle Pleistocene, Cromerian complex, late Biharian); 35, Kalbsrieth (early or middle Pleistocene,?older than Voigtstedt); 36, BreitenberghÖhle bei GÖssweinstein (middle Pleistocene, Holsteinian complex, Toringian). Data concerning stratigraphy are from Hodrová (1981, 1985), Mais & Rabeder (1984), Horácek & Ložek (1988), Nadachowski et al. (1989), Młynarski & Szyndlar (1989), Musil (1995), Ivanov (1996, 1997a, 2005, 2006), Sanchíz (1998), and G. BÖhme (2000).

FIG. 4 in Herpetological assemblages from the Pliocene to middle Pleistocene in Central Europe: palaeoecological significance

FIG. 4. — Comparision of number of "Mediterranean" and "boreal" amphibian and reptile taxa in several early (MN 15) and late (MN 16) Pliocene localities in Austria (DA 20 and DA 21), Slovakia (Ivanovce), and Poland (Weze 1, Weze 2, RK 1A, and RK 2). Data are from Hodrová (1981, 1984), Młynarski & Szyndlar (1989), Szyndlar (1991a, b), Rauscher (1992), and Ivanov (1997a). MN 15/MN 16 transition at 3.2 Ma according to Agustí et al. (2001).

FIG. 9 in Herpetological assemblages from the Pliocene to middle Pleistocene in Central Europe: palaeoecological significance

FIG. 9. — Percentages of thermophilous (black coloured symbols) and "boreal" (unfilled symbols) amphibian and reptile species in each layer of the Mladec2 site. Natrix tessellata (+ cf.): N. tessellata + N. cf. tessellata; Elaphe longissima (+ cf.): E. longissima + E. cf. longissima. Explanations: top/bottom, sample from the top/bottom of the talus cone; ± 2 (or ± 4), sample from the layer 2 (or 4) and its surroundings. Modified from Ivanov (2006).

FIG. 8. — A in Herpetological assemblages from the Pliocene to middle Pleistocene in Central Europe: palaeoecological significance

FIG. 8. — A, palaeomagnetism and Oxygen Isotope Stratigraphy (OIS) for the last 1.4 Ma and related stratigraphical position of several investigated palaeoherpetological sites: Mladec2, Stránská skála Hill, and Bad Deutsch-Altenburg 2A, 2C1, and 4B; B, stratigraphical position of Bad Deutsch-Altenburg sites. Mais & Rabeder (1984) established a separate Biozone between Microtus nutiensis Biozone and Microtus pitymyoides Biozone. A, modified from the "Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years" (Gibbard et al. 2005); B, modified from Mais & Rabeder (1977, 1984), and Rabeder (1981).