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283 results for “Kelps”
Heat stress responses of the kelp Laminaria digitata (Phaeophyceae) across Northeast Atlantic populations: growth, biochemistry, chlorophyll fluorescence, pigments
<p>To understand the thermal plasticity of a coastal foundation species across its latitudinal distribution, we assess physiological responses to high temperature stress in the kelp <i>Laminaria digitata</i> in combination with population genetic characteristics and relate heat resilience to genetic features and phylogeography. We hypothesize that populations from Arctic and cold-temperate locations are less heat resilient than populations from warm distributional edges. Using meristems of natural <i>L. digitata</i> populations from six locations ranging between Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen (79°N), and Quiberon, France (47°N), we performed a common-garden heat stress experiment applying 15°C to 23°C over eight days. We assessed growth, photosynthetic quantum yield, carbon and nitrogen storage, and xanthophyll pigment contents as response traits. Population connectivity and genetic diversity were analysed with microsatellite markers. Results from the heat stress experiment suggest that the upper temperature limit of <i>L. digitata</i> is nearly identical across its distribution range, but subtle differences in growth and stress responses were revealed for three populations from the species' ecological range margins. Two populations at the species' warm distribution limit showed higher temperature tolerance compared to other populations in growth at 19°C and recovery from 21°C (Quiberon, France), and photosynthetic quantum yield and xanthophyll pigment responses at 23°C (Helgoland, Germany). In <i>L. digitata</i> from the northernmost population (Spitsbergen, Norway), quantum yield indicated the highest heat sensitivity. Microsatellite genotyping revealed all sampled populations to be genetically distinct, with a strong hierarchical structure between southern and northern clades. Genetic diversity was lowest in the isolated population of the North Sea island of Helgoland and highest in Roscoff in the English Channel. All together, these results support the hypothesis of moderate local differentiation across <i>L. digitata</i>'s European distribution, whereas effects are likely too weak to ameliorate the species' capacity to withstand ocean warming and marine heatwaves at the southern range edge.</p>
Data from: Seascape genomics of the sugar kelp Saccharina latissima along the North Eastern Atlantic latitudinal gradient
<p>Temperature is one of the most important range-limiting factors for many seaweeds. Driven by the recent climatic changes, rapid northward shifts of species' distribution ranges can potentially modify the phylogeographic signature of Last Glacial Maximum. We explored this question in detail in the cold-tolerant kelp species <i>Saccharina latissima</i>, using microsatellites and double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-seq) derived single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to analyze the genetic diversity and structure in 11 sites spanning the entire European Atlantic latitudinal range of this species. In addition, we checked for statistical correlation between genetic marker allele frequencies and three environmental proxies (sea surface temperature, salinity, and water turbidity). Our findings revealed that genetic diversity was significantly higher for the northernmost locality (Spitsbergen) compared to the southern ones (Northern Iberia), which we discuss in light of the current state of knowledge on phylogeography of <i>S</i>. <i>latissima</i> and the potential influence of the recent climatic changes on the population structure of this species. Seven SNPs and 12 microsatellite alleles were found to be significantly associated with at least one of the three environmental variables. We speculate on the putative adaptive functions of the genes associated with the outlier markers and the importance of these markers for successful conservation and aquaculture strategies for <i>S. latissima</i> in this age of rapid global change.</p>
Data from: Sea urchins mediate the availability of kelp detritus to benthic consumers
Detritus can fundamentally shape and sustain food webs, and shredders can facilitate its availability. Most of the biomass of the highly productive giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, becomes detritus that is exported or falls to the seafloor as litter. We hypothesized that sea urchins process kelp litter through shredding, sloppy feeding, and egestion, making kelp litter more available to benthic consumers. To test this we conducted a mesocosm experiment in which an array of kelp forest benthic consumers were exposed to 13C- and 15N-labeled Macrocystis with or without sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, present. Our results showed that several detritivore species consumed significant amounts of kelp, but only when urchins were present. Although they are typically portrayed as antagonistic grazers in kelp forests, sea urchins can have a positive trophic role, capturing kelp litter before it is exported and making it available to a suite of benthic detritivores.
A marine heatwave changes the stabilizing effects of biodiversity in kelp forests
<p>The code and data are used in a preliminary manuscript, titled "A marine heatwave changes the stabilizing effects of biodiversity in kelp forests".</p>
Population structure and connectivity among coastal and freshwater Kelp Gull (Larus dominicanus) populations from Patagonia
<p>The genetic identification of significant evolutionary units and information on their connectivity can be used to design effective management and conservation plans. Despite having high dispersal capacity, several seabird species show population structure due to both abiotic and biotic barriers to gene flow. The Kelp Gull is the most abundant species of gull in the southern hemisphere. In Argentina it reproduces in both marine and freshwater environments, with more than 100,000 pairs following a metapopulation dynamic across 140 colonies in the Atlantic coast of Patagonia. However, little is known about the demography and connectivity of inland populations. We aim to provide information on the connectivity of the largest freshwater colonies (those from Nahuel Huapi Lake) with the closest Pacific and Atlantic populations to evaluate if these freshwater colonies are being subsidized by the larger coastal populations. We sampled three geographic regions (Nahuel Huapi Lake and the Atlantic and Pacific coasts) and employed a reduced-representation genomic approach to genotype individuals for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We found, using clustering and phylogenetic analyses, that there are three genetic groups, each corresponding to one of our sampled regions. Individuals from marine environments are more closely related to each other than to those from Nahuel Huapi Lake, indicating that the latter population constitutes the first freshwater Kelp Gull colony to be identified as a significant evolutionary unit in Patagonia.</p>
Data for "Diel Variability and Decoupled pH-Oxygen Dynamics Drive Metabolic Plasticity in Kelp Crabs from an Upwelling Seascape".
<p>Data for “<span>Diel Variability and Decoupled pH-Oxygen Dynamics Drive Metabolic Plasticity in Kelp Crabs from an Upwelling Seascape</span>”.</p> <p>By Vargas, C.A. et al.</p> <p> </p> <p>Two files:</p> <p>Readme.txt</p> <p>Diel cycle Taliepus upwelling dataset.xlsx</p> <p> </p> <p>-Sheet “Upwelling index” Time-series of “u” and “v” component of the wind, and calculated upwelling index (UI) for two coastal sites in Arauco Gulf, an upwelling shadow (US) area, and an active upwelling (AU) area. Dataset used in Figure 1A.</p> <p>-Sheet “Time series”. Time-series data of seawater temperature (T), dissolved oxygen (DO), and pH for an upwelling shadow (US) area, and an active upwelling (AU) area. T in ºC, DO in mg L-1, and pH units. Dataset used in Figure 1D, E, Figure 2A, B, C, and Figure 3A, B, C, D.</p> <p>-Sheet “O2 consumption and C production”. Results data for oxygen consumption (umol O2 g-1 h-1), carbon production (umol C g-1 h-1), and respiratory quotient (RQ) during incubations. Datast used in Figure 5A, B, C, D, E, F.</p> <p>-Sheet “Glucose and lactate content”. Results data for hemolymph pH, glucose and lactate content (mg mg-tissue-1) in Taliepus dentatus muscle during incubations. Datast used in Figure 6A, B, C, D, E, F.</p> <p>All date and time (Date_Time) data format (mm/dd/yyyy hh:mm:ss)</p>
Effects of harvesting on subtidal kelp forests (Lessonia trabeculata) in Central Chile
<p class="MsoBodyText2"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The systematic degradation of marine ecosystems is a global phenomenon that has important and diverse consequences including biodiversity loss and reduced ecosystem service provisions. In temperate regions, subtidal kelp forests are dominant ecosystems in rocky coasts, subjected to the influence of local-scale stressors and regional environmental variation. For example, kelps within the Humboldt Current System are at risk of degradation from live-harvesting by fisheries. However, limited information exists regarding the long-term consequences of kelp harvesting which, in turn, limits the ability to provide effective management and conservation efforts. Here, we examined the ecosystem-level consequences of the artisanal subtidal <i>Lessonia trabeculata </i>fishery along the coast of central Chile during a two-year period, assessing a) the change in adult and juvenile <i>L. trabeculata</i> density within harvested and non-harvested (control) plots (~90m<sup>2</sup>), b) the impact of <i>L. trabeculata</i> harvesting on reef fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages, and c) the change in density of the most abundant <i>L. trabeculata</i>-associated species. The experiment was conducted over a two-year period, from December 2016 to May 2019. Approximately 90% of <i>L. trabeculata</i> was removed by an experienced kelp fisherman in experimental plots. After two years, <i>L. trabeculata </i>and its associated community showed a lack of recovery in the harvested plots. Within these plots, the average abundance of the rock shrimp, <i>Rhynchocinetes typus, </i>and the herbivorous snail, <i>Tegula tridentata, </i>was greater than in non-harvested plots and the pattern persisted over the study period. The difference in abundance of associated species may be key to the (lack of) recovery of <i>L. trabeculata </i>forests. Our study highlights the impact of <i>L. trabeculata</i> harvesting on associated fauna, however, significant knowledge gaps remain regarding the capacity and time frame to re-establish the original biomass of <i>L. trabeculata</i>, as well as its associated fauna. The management of <i>L. trabeculata</i> fisheries needs to account for ecosystem-wide impacts in order to better manage and protect vital coastal ecosystems.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Southern Ocean kelp particle trajectories from Kerguelen, Macquarie Island and South Georgia
<p>Trajectory files from particle tracking simulations to model kelp drift pathways from three sub-Antarctic islands. More than 3.8 million virtual particles were released from a 2° latitude by 4° longitude box surrounding each of three sub-Antarctic source locations: Kerguelen Island, Macquarie Island and South Georgia. Particles were released daily throughout 2013 to sample seasonality and storm variability. Virtual particles were advected offline for three years from the time of release using the Connectivity Modelling System (Paris et al. 2013, <a href="https://github.com/beatrixparis/connectivity-modeling-system">https://github.com/beatrixparis/connectivity-modeling-system</a>). Particles were advected with the sum of daily snapshots of two-dimensional surface velocity data from an eddying ocean model (HYCOM; Bleck 2002) and wave-driven Stokes drift velocities from WAVEWATCH III (Rascle and Ardhuin 2013) over the period 2013-2016, as described in further detail in Fraser et al. 2018.</p> <p>Netcdf files contain particle trajectory latitude and longitude, and release date. Output has a temporal frequency of 1 day. Each release site has multiple zip files (e.g. Kerguelen_1.zip) which each contain multiple trajectory files. Each trajectory file contains a subset of the full ~ 4 million particles released at the site.</p> <p> </p> <p>Citation of associated paper: Fraser, C. I, Dutoit, L., Morrison, A. K., Miguel Pardo, L., Smith, S., Pearman, W., Parvizi, E., Waters, J., Macaya Horta, E. (2022). Southern Hemisphere coastal ecosystems are biologically connected by frequent, long-distance rafting events, submitted to <em>Current Biology</em>.</p> <p> </p> <p>References:</p> <p>Bleck, R. (2002). An oceanic general circulation model framed in hybrid isopycnic-Cartesian coordinates. <em>Ocean Modelling,</em> <strong>4</strong>, 55-88.</p> <p>Fraser, C. I. , A. K. Morrison, A. McC Hogg, E. C. Macaya, E. van Sebille, P. G. Ryan, A. Padovan, C. Jack, N. Valdivia, J. M. Waters (2018), Antarctica’s ecological isolation will be broken by storm-driven dispersal and warming, <em>Nat. Clim. Change</em>, <strong>8</strong>, 704-708.</p> <p>Paris, C. B., Helgers, J., van Sebille, E., & Srinivasan, A. (2013). Connectivity Modeling System: A probabilistic modeling tool for the multi-scale tracking of biotic and abiotic variability in the ocean. <em>Environmental Modelling and Software</em>, <strong>42</strong>, 47-54.</p> <p>Rascle, N., and Ardhuin, F. (2013). A global wave parameter database for geophysical applications. Part 2: Model validation with improved source term parameterization. <em>Ocean Modelling,</em> <strong>70</strong>, 174-188.</p>
Data for: Parallel recolonisations generate distinct genomic sectors in kelp following high magnitude earthquake disturbance
<p>Large-scale disturbance events have the potential to drastically reshape biodiversity patterns. Notably, newly vacant habitat space cleared by disturbance can be colonised by multiple lineages, which can lead to the evolution of distinct spatial 'sectors' of genetic diversity within a species. We test for disturbance-driven sectoring of genetic diversity in intertidal southern bull kelp, <i>Durvillaea antarctica</i> (Chamisso) Hariot following the high-magnitude 1855 Wairarapa earthquake in New Zealand. Specifically, we use genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) to analyse fine-scale population structure across the uplift zone to assess the fit of alternative recolonisaton models. Our analysis reveals that specimens from the uplift zone carry genomic signatures distinct from populations in other regions, consistent with recolonisation after the 1855 earthquake. Crucially, our analysis identifies two parapatric spatial-genomic sectors of <i>D. antarctica</i> at Turakirae Head, which experienced the most dramatic uplift. We infer that bull kelp in the Wellington region survived moderate uplift and recolonised the devastated Turakirae Head coastline through two parallel, eastward recolonisation events. By identifying multiple parapatric genotypic sectors within a recently recolonised coastal region, the current study confirms that competing lineage expansions can generate striking spatial structuring of genetic diversity, even in highly dispersive taxa.</p>
A song of wind and ice: increased frequency of marine cold-spells in southwestern Patagonia and their possible effects on giant kelp forests
<p><span>In contrast to other coastal regions of the world, the giant kelp (</span><span>Macrocystis pyrifera</span><span>) </span><span> </span><span>ecosystem</span> <span>in</span> <span>southwestern</span> <span>Patagonia has been persistent in area and associated biodi</span><span>versity in the last decades. In this ecoregion, Sea Surface Temperature (SST) records have </span><span>consistently</span> <span>remained</span> <span>below</span> <span>the</span> <span>upper</span> <span>thermal</span> <span>threshold</span> <span>for</span> <span>kelp</span> <span>survival, however no </span><span>studies have analysed the spatiotemporal variability of SSTs and their anomalies across </span><span>the</span> <span>geographical</span> <span>diversity of the southwestern Patagonian coastline. We explored the </span><span>geographical</span> <span>distribution of extreme warm and cold events in this region from latitudes </span><span>47</span><span>° </span><span>to 56</span><span>° </span><span>S in a range of 1,000 km, identifying the dates and spatial distribution of </span><span>Marine Heatwaves (MHWs) and Marine Cold-Spells (MCSs) from 1982 to 2020. Results </span><span>sho</span><span>w</span> <span>that</span> <span>a peak in the number of </span><span>MHWs</span><span> occurred in the </span><span>great</span> <span>El</span> <span>Ni</span><span>n</span><span>o</span> <span>y</span><span>ear</span> <span>of</span> <span>1998. </span><span>Additionally, the 2014-2019 period has had more severe and extreme MCSs than the pre</span><span>vious decades. We discuss the origin of these events with a focus on three main processes: 1</span><span>) geographically constrained cold events caused by glacier melting, 2) regional cold events </span><span>caused by extreme winds linked to the position of the polar front, and 3) extensive SST </span><span>anomalies</span> <span>link</span><span>ed</span> <span>to planetary-scale events such as El Nino and La Nina. Overall, those </span><span>processes were conductive to counteract global warming trends locally/regionally, high</span><span>lighting</span> <span>southwestern Patagonia as a possible climatic refugium for the giant kelp ecosys</span><span>tem. Despite this, the effects of freshwater inputs and storm turbulence on the exposed </span><span>coasts facing the Southern Ocean may cause new kinds of stress on this ecosystem.</span></p>
Shield wall: Kelps are the last stand against corals in tropicalised reefs
<p>Communities inhabiting biogeographic transition zones are shifting in composition as a result of progressive warming and heatwaves. In the marine environment, corals are expanding onto higher latitude reefs historically dominated by temperate kelp forests, initiating a shift towards warm-affinity coral dominated states. Although these coral expansions are a global phenomenon, the mechanisms that are underpinning the expansion process remain poorly understood, which limits the projections of the rate and extent of ecosystem reconfiguration. Here, we investigated the interaction between the kelp Ecklonia radiata and the high latitude scleractinian coral Plesiastrea versipora in several of Western Australia's temperate reefs, where coral colony abundance has increased by 50% in recent years. Combining field surveys with field and laboratory experiments, we test the importance of physical (abrasion and light reduction) and chemical (allelopathic effects) effects of kelp canopies on coral tissue cover, photosynthetic parameters, and calcification rates. In the field, kelp cover had a negative effect on coral density that was overwhelming in comparison to other dominant macroalgal taxa. Abrasion by kelp whiplash was the predominant mechanism by which kelp exerted a negative effect on P. versipora fitness, scraping up to 80% of live coenosarc from experimental colonies. In contrast, canopies had no effects on P. versipora photochemical efficiency and laboratory incubations showed that there were no allelochemical effects from kelp on P. versipora. We conclude that E. radiata inhibits P. versipora establishment and development through abrasion, and the survey data confirmed that recent climate-driven kelp loss released corals from this effect, facilitating their expansion on high-latitude reefs in Western Australia. This shows how competitive interactions actively shield against species expansion in biogeographic transition zones and suggests a continued decline of kelp canopies will increase the permeability of temperate reefs to warm affinity species such as scleractinian corals.</p>
Data from: Ocean warming undermines the recovery resilience of New England kelp forests following a fishery-induced trophic cascade
<p>Ecological theory predicts that kelp forests structured by trophic cascades should experience a recovery and persistence of their foundation species when herbivores become rare. Yet, climate change may be altering the outcomes of top-down forcing in kelp forests, especially those located in regions that have rapidly warmed in recent decades, such as the Gulf of Maine. Here, using data collected annually from 30+ sites spanning >350 km of coastline, we explored the dynamics of Maine's kelp forests in the ~20 years after a fishery-induced elimination of sea urchin herbivores. Although forests (dominated by <em>Saccharina latissima</em> and <em>Laminaria digitata</em>) had broadly returned to Maine in the late 20th century, we found that forests in northeast Maine have since experienced slow but significant declines in kelp, and forest persistence in the northeast was juxtaposed by a rapid, widespread collapse in the southwest. Forests collapsed in the southwest apparently because ocean warming has – directly and indirectly – made this area inhospitable to kelp. Indeed, when modeling drivers of change using causal techniques from econometrics, we discovered that unusually high summer water temperatures the year prior, unusually high spring water temperatures, and high sea urchin densities each negatively impacted kelp abundance. Furthermore, the relative power and absolute impact of these drivers varied geographically. Our findings reveal that ocean warming is redefining the outcomes of top-down forcing in this system, whereby herbivore removal no longer predictably leads to a sustained dominance of kelp – the ecosystem's foundation – but instead has led to a waning dominance (northeast) or the rise of a novel phase state defined by "turf" algae (southwest). Such findings indicate that limiting climate change and managing for low herbivore abundances will be essential for preventing further loss of the vast forests that still exist in northeastern Maine. They also more broadly highlight that climate change is "rewriting the rules" of nature, and thus that ecological theory and practice must be revised to account for shifting species and processes.</p>
Development of tools to rapidly identify cryptic species and characterize their genetic diversity in different European kelp species
<p>Marine ecosystems formed by kelp forests are severely threatened by global change and local coastline disturbances in many regions. In order to take appropriate conservation, mitigation and restoration actions, it is crucial to identify the most diverse populations which could serve as a "reservoir" of genetic diversity. This requires the development of specific tools, such as microsatellite markers to investigate the level and spatial distribution of genetic diversity. Here, we tested new polymorphic microsatellite loci from the genome of the kelp, <i>Lamina</i><i>ria digitata,</i> and tested them for cross-amplification and polymorphism in four closely related congeneric species (<i>Laminaria hyperborea, Laminaria ochroleuca, Laminaria rodriguezii and Laminaria pallida</i>). Adding these 20 new microsatellite loci to the ten <i>L. digitata</i> loci previously developed by Billot et al. (1998) and Brenan et al. (2014) and to the ten <i>L. ochroleuca</i> loci previously developed by Coelho et al. (2014), we retained a total of 30 polymorphic loci for <i>L. digitata</i>, 19 for <i>L. hyperborea</i>, 16 for <i>L ochroleuca</i>, 19 for<i> L. rodriguezii</i> and 12 for<i> L. pallida</i>. These markers have been tested for the first time in the last two species. As predicted, the proportion of markers that cross-amplified between species decreased with increasing genetic distance. In addition, as problems of species identification were reported in this genus, mainly between <i>L. digitata </i>and <i>Hedophyllum nigripes</i>,<i> </i>but also between <i>L. digitata, L. hyperborea </i>and<i> L. ochroleuca </i>in areas where their range distributions overlap, we report a rapid PCR identification method based on species-specific cox1 mitochondrial primers that allows these four species of kelp to be rapidly distinguished.</p>
Data for: Ecological interactions mediate projected loss of kelp biomass under climate change
<p>This dataset contains the data used to define a stacked species distribution model (SDM) for kelp (<em>Ecklonia radiata</em>) and urchins (<em>Centrostephanus rodgersii</em>) in eastern Australia. The spatial extent of this study encompasses the eastern coast of Australia, between 28.0–37.5°S. Within this region, <em>E. radiata</em> is the only laminarian kelp species, while <em>C. rodgersii </em>is the dominant urchin species, with ecological interactions between these two species creating a patchwork of kelp forests and urchin barrens on shallow reefs.</p>
Genomic diversity gradients and functional differentiation put Northeast Pacific ribbon kelp lineages in the speciation grey zone
<p><span>The transition from reproductively isolated populations to species is not well understood. Genotyping entire genomes holds promise to enhance insights into the process of speciation and the evolutionary relationships among related taxa. Gulf of Alaska ribbon kelp was once recognized as four species before they were folded into <em>Alaria</em> <em>marginata</em> on the basis of DNA barcode markers, though several lineages have continued to be recognized. Here, we used whole genome sequencing datasets to test the hypothesis that these lineages represent incipient species. Whole genomes of 69 individuals from five genetically distinctive lineages in the Gulf of Alaska (USA) and Salish Sea (Canada) were analyzed, along with 63 genomes from three other species of <em>Alaria</em>. Our analysis of >3.4 million Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms reaffirms that organellar and nuclear phylogenetic signals are incongruent in <em>Alaria</em>, producing different topologies among five organellar and six nuclear <em>A</em>. <em>marginata</em> lineages. Lineages also display reproductive isolation, evidenced by a lack of recent admixture across genomes. Genetic distances between <em>A</em>. <em>marginata</em> lineages exceed levels expected of population-level divergence but fall short of distances between species of <em>Alaria</em>. Moreover, we provide evidence of functional genomic differences between the <em>A</em>. <em>marginata</em> lineages, exceeding differences expected between populations, but falling short of larger differences among species. Our results place <em>A</em>. <em>marginata</em> lineages in an evolutionary grey zone, where lineages display substantial differentiation, but not to the level expected of <em>Alaria</em> species. This information shifts taxonomic conversations towards a genome-scale framework that provides a more comprehensive picture of divergence, connectivity, and functional innovation for defining lineages.</span></p>
Data for: Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture with sugar kelp and oysters in a shallow coastal salt pond and open estuary site
<p>The data set includes environmental data as well as kelp and oyster data from an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture study where sugar kelp was planted on four established oyster farms in Rhode Island, USA over 2 growing seasons (Year 1 = 2017-2018; Year 2 = 2018-2019). At each site, we planted to 60 m kelp lines (denoted as Line 1 and Line 2) approximately three weeks apart to determine optimal planting time. Kelp blade length and width was recorded at periodic intervals, and tissues were collected for carbon, nitrogen, δ15N, and δ13C analyses. Oyster growth data was collected from the same sites across the same timespans. Environmental data includes data collected on monthly farm visits with a YSI Sonde, as well as dissolved nutrients in the seawater. In addition, temperatures were logged on kelp lines every 15 minutes during each growing season.</p>
Heatwave grazing kelp microbes sequences
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>The range-expansion of tropical herbivores due to ocean warming can profoundly alter temperate reef communities by overgrazing the seaweed forests that underpin them. Such ecological interactions may be mediated by changes to seaweed-associated microbiota in response to warming, but empirical evidence demonstrating this is rare. We experimentally simulated ocean warming and marine heatwaves (MHWs) to quantify effects on two dominant temperate seaweed species and their microbiota, as well as grazing by a tropical herbivore. The kelp <em>Ecklonia radiata</em>'s microbiotain sustained warming and MHW treatments were enriched with microorganisms associated with seaweed disease and tissue degradation. In contrast, the fucoid <em>Sargassum linearifolium</em>'s microbiota was unaffected by temperature<em>.</em> Consumption by the tropical sea-urchin <em>Tripneustes gratilla </em>was greater on <em>Ecklonia</em> where the microbiota had been altered by higher temperatures, while <em>Sargassum</em>'s consumption was unaffected. Elemental traits (carbon, nitrogen), chemical defences (phenolics) and tissue bleaching of both seaweeds were generally unaffected by temperature. Effects of warming and MHWs on seaweed holobionts (host plus its microbiota) are likely species-specific. The effect of increased temperature on <em>Ecklonia</em>'s microbiota and subsequent increased consumption suggest that changes to kelp microbiota may underpin kelp-herbivore interactions, providing novel insights into potential mechanisms driving change in species' interactions in warming oceans.</span></p>
Data from: A food web including parasites for kelp forests of the Santa Barbara Channel, California
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Data from: Multi-tool marine metabarcoding bioassessment for baselining and monitoring species and communities in kelp habitats
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Data from: A review of protocols for the experimental release of kelp (Laminariales) zoospores
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