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9,680 results for “Leaf”
Multiple Element Limitation in Northern Hardwood Ecosystems (MELNHE): Leaf Litter Decomposition 2012-2014
Decomposition of leaf litter is a major source of nutrient transfer from vegetation to soils and an important carbon flux. In northern hardwood forests, litter decomposition might be affected by nutrient availability, species composition, stand age or structure, or access by soil decomposers. We investigated these factors in four stands at the Bartlett Experimental Forest in New Hampshire that have had nitrogen and phosphorus added in full factorial design since 2011. Leaf litter of early and late successional species was collected in 2012 and deployed in bags of two mesh sizes (63 µm and 2 mm) in two young and two mature stands and collected three times over the next 2 years. Decomposition was evaluated by fitting mass loss as an exponential function of time represented by growing degree days. Litter decomposed more quickly in the small mesh bags (p < 0.001), which excluded mesofauna. This result was surprising, but might be explained by the greater rigidity of the large mesh material making poor contact with the soil. The litter with a species composition characteristic of our young stands decomposed more quickly than the litter representing mature stands (p = 0.01 for species mix in the full model). The environment in which is was placed was not as important: Neither the age of the stand in which it was placed (p = 0.31), nor N addition (p = 0.59), P addition (p = 0.41), or the interaction of N and P addition (p = 0.13) were significant predictors of the decomposition rate, defined by fitting an exponential decay constant. Additional detail on the MELNHE project, including a datatable of site descriptions and a pdf file with the project description and diagram of plot configuration can be found in this data package: https://portal.edirepository.org/nis/mapbrowse?scope=knb-lter-hbr&identifier=344 Litter was collected by Rick Bicher and sorted by species by middle school students. Litterbags were made, filled, and weighed by middle school students. Gracie Gilcrist
LTM01 Herbarium and grassland sites leaf trait measurements at Konza Prairie
Using herbarium specimens spanning 133 years and field-collected measurements, we assessed intraspecific trait (leaf structure and stomata) variability from grass species in the Great Plains of North America. We focused on two widespread, closely-related grasses from tribe Paniceae: Dichanthelium oligosanthes subsp. scribnerianum (C3) and Panicum virgatum (C4). Thirty-one specimens per taxon were sampled from local herbaria from the years 1887 – 2013 to assess trait responses across time to changes in atmospheric [CO2] and growing season precipitation and temperature. In 2021 and 2022, the species were measured from eight grasslands sites to explore how traits vary spatially across natural continental precipitation and temperature gradients. For temporal trends, we predicted Δ13C would decrease in D. oligosanthes and exhibit no change in P. virgatum. Dichanthelium oligosanthes is a C3 species, which we predict will respond to increased [CO2] concentrations by increasing its WUE to either conserve water while maintaining the same rates of photosynthesis or increase photosynthesis and maintain the same rates of water loss, thus decreasing Δ13C. We did not expect Δ13C of P. virgatum to respond over time because discrimination in C4 species is minimally affected by [CO2]. We also predicted both grasses will increase tissue C:N ratios and decrease stomatal density and stomatal lengths on both sides of the leaves in response to increased [CO2] over time. Lastly, we hypothesized %N and δ15N would decrease for both taxa. Because both taxa are widely distributed across North America and are known to exhibit variation in leaf morphology, we expected specific leaf area (SLA) to be greater in areas with warmer temperatures but not be correlated with differences in precipitation. We expect leaf dry matter content (LDMC) to increase with greater precipitation and decrease with higher temperatures.
LPT01 Leaf physiological and structural traits of encroaching shrub species at Konza Prairie
A variety of leaf-level physiological and structural traits were collected on seven species of encroaching shrubs at Konza Prairie Biological Station during the summer of 2022. Shrub species spanned an order of magnitude in abundance. These data were used to assess if the most abundant encroaching species at Konza Prairie have common growth forms and physiology or unique traits that differentiate their carbon- and water-use strategies. Measurements included A-Ci response curves, light response curves, pressure-volume curves, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, leaf carbon and nitrogen content, leaf 13C and wood density. All measurements were collected on the same shrub individuals.
Leaf miners (Acrocercops species) larvae performance on young leaves of Manilkara bidentata
Manilkara bidentata is attacked by a specialist leaf miner(Acrocercops sp.(microlepidoptera:gracillariidae). More than one larvae can be found per mine within a leaf. The purposes of this study is to determine the effect of group feeding for this species since larval density within a leaf vary from 1-14 larvae per mine (Angulo-Sandoval personal observation). This variation allows to determine the effect of larval density on the amount of leaf damage, larval survivorship and larval growth. Leaves with mines varied in area from 10 to 224 cm2 (mean = 85.7 cm2) and the number of larvae per leaf ranged from 1 to 14 (mean = 5.7 larvae/mine). There was no relation between the size of the leaf and the number of larvae found within the leaf. There was a relationship between the number of larvae in a blotch mine and amount of damaged tissue. Herbivory increases from approximately 10% for one larva per leaf to 50% in leaves with eight larvae. In leaves with more than eight larvae, herbivory decreased . There was an effect of initial larval density on percent larval survivorship.Survivorship was high (70%) in leaves with one to three larvae. In intermediate density (4-8 larvae per mine) 50% of larvae survived and in high densities (9 - 14 larvae per mine), only 22% survived. Even though there was a decrease in larvae number in high densities, the final number of larvae remained higher, compared with low or intermediate densities. A linear relationship was found between number of larvae present in the leaf and the time it took the larvae to complete their larval stage. Larvae in high density (> 9 larvae per mine) tended to develop faster (3-8 days) than larvae in low densities (5 - 10 days). Larval size upon emergence ranged from 8 to 12 mm (mean= 9.27) but there was no effect of larval density on the final larval size. The total number of surviving larvae varied according to the initial larval number and was highest in mines with eight individuals of which on average 4.7 su
Canopy opening increased leaf shredding arthropods and nutrient mineralization but not mass loss in a wet tropical forest
Canopy opening increased leaf shredding arthropods and nutrient mineralization but not mass loss in a wet tropical forest Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
Warming experiment Dryas octopetala ramet and leaf data for East Knoll, 1993 - 1994.
The International Tundra Experiment (ITEX) is a consortium of research sites seeking to understand the response of tundra plant populations to changes in growing season temperatures through a simple temperature manipulation and transplant experiment. The research goal is to examine the phenologic and reproductive responses of a set of species to experimentally-induced warming at a network of sites. The ITEX design is hierarchical, with sites participating at whatever level they are able. At the minimum, participation in ITEX requires climate monitoring (using the LTER MSR standards), a temperature manipulation using one of three possible designs, and monitoring phenologic and reproductive variables for at least one designated ITEX species or two other species. The temperature manipulation is achieved through use of conical or hexagonal open-top chambers of solar fiberglass, which have been shown to increase the air temperature at the surface approximately 3 degrees C. Dry tundra east of the Saddle on Niwot Ridge is being subjected to increased summer temperatures using ITEX chambers and a portion of the experimental plots are receiving supplemental summer rainfall at 50% above the long-term June + July + August precipitation total. Chambers increase summer air temperatures on average by 2.5 degrees Celsius, while soil temperatures are increased by 1.8 degrees Celsius. Organismic responses including the vegetative and reproductive responses of Dryas are being assessed and ecosystem carbon flux, soil solutions, and soil nitrogen content are being measured. This site is part of a Dryas transect of ITEX study locations including Toolik Lake, AK; Svalbard, Norway; Latnaja, Sweden; and Ellesmere Island, Canada.
Ecosystem-scale rainfall manipulation in a Pinon-Juniper woodland: Tree Sapwood and Leaf Area Data (2011)
Climate models predict that water limited regions around the world will become drier and warmer in the near future, including southwestern North America. We developed a large-scale experimental system that allows testing of the ecosystem impacts of precipitation changes. Four treatments were applied to 1600 m2 plots (40 m × 40 m), each with three replicates in a piñon pine (Pinus edulis) and juniper (Juniper monosperma) ecosystem. These species have extensive root systems, requiring large-scale manipulation to effectively alter soil water availability. Treatments consisted of: 1) irrigation plots that receive supplemental water additions, 2) drought plots that receive 55% of ambient rainfall, 3) cover-control plots that receive ambient precipitation, but allow determination of treatment infrastructure artifacts, and 4) ambient control plots. Our drought structures effectively reduced soil water potential and volumetric water content compared to the ambient, cover-control, and water addition plots. Drought and cover control plots experienced an average increase in maximum soil and air temperature at ground level of 1-4° C during the growing season compared to ambient plots, and concurrent short-term diurnal increases in maximum air temperature were also observed directly above and below plastic structures. Our drought and irrigation treatments significantly influenced tree predawn water potential, sap-flow, and net photosynthesis, with drought treatment trees exhibiting significant decreases in physiological function compared to ambient and irrigated trees. Supplemental irrigation resulted in a significant increase in both plant water potential and xylem sap-flow compared to trees in the other treatments. This experimental design effectively allows manipulation of plant water stress at the ecosystem scale, permits a wide range of drought conditions, and provides prolonged drought conditions comparable to historical droughts in the past – drought events for which wide
Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging (LAESI MSI) of Arabidopsis thaliana leaf
<p>Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) data set in imzML format, obtained from the 5th leaf of an Arabidopsis thaliana wildtype plant using Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization. Laser ablation took place with 20 pulses per pixel at an energy of 58.4 µJ/pulse. The ROI measures 9 mm by 5 mm and was sampled with a step size of 200 µm.</p>
Figure 2. Chlamisini, lateral view. A in Synopsis of warty leaf beetle genera of the world (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cryptocephalinae, Chlamisini)
Figure 2. Chlamisini, lateral view. A, Aulacochlamys distincta (Achard). B, A. costicollis (Lacordaire). C, Chlamisus foveolatus (Knoch). D, Diplacaspis prosternalis (Schaeffer). E, Exema elliptica Karren. F, Fulcidax coelestina (Lacordaire). G, Hymetes javana Lacordaire. H, Melittochlamys specula (Klug). I, Neochlamisus insularis (Schaeffer). Į, N. velutinus Karren. K, Pseudochlamys megalostomoides Lacordaire ♁. L, P. megalostomoides ♀.
Fig. 1. A–C. Rhaphiostylis elegans Engl. A. Flower B. Flower without petals and stamens. C. Leaf. D–G in Rhaphiostylis minima Jongkind (Icacinaceae), a new liana species from Ivory Coast & Liberia
Fig. 1. A–C. Rhaphiostylis elegans Engl. A. Flower B. Flower without petals and stamens. C. Leaf. D–G. Rhaphiostylis minima sp. nov. D. Branch with flowers. E. Flower. F. Flower without petals and stamens. G. Leaf. H–M. Rhaphiostylis preussii Engl. H. Flower. I. Flower without petals and stamens. J. Leaf. K. Flower. L. Flower without petals and stamens. M. Leaf. All flowers are on the same scale (scale bar with B) and all single leaves too (scale bar with G). A–C from Tchouto & Elad 3310 (WAG), D–G from W.de Wilde 1061 (WAG), H–J from Beentje 1353 B from Ivory Coast (WAG), K–M from Breteler 14204 from Gabon (WAG). Drawn by Hans de Vries.
Figure 1. Chlamisini, dorsal view. A in Synopsis of warty leaf beetle genera of the world (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cryptocephalinae, Chlamisini)
Figure 1. Chlamisini, dorsal view. A, Aulacochlamys distincta (Achard). B, A. costicollis (Lacordaire. C, Carcinobaena pilula (Klug). D, Chlamisus foveolatus (Knoch). E, Diplacaspis prosternalis (Schaeffer). F, Exema elliptica Karren. G, Fulcidax coelestina (Lacordaire). H, Hymetes javana Lacordaire. I, Melittochlamys specula (Klug). Į, Neochlamisus insularis (Schaeffer). K, N. velutinus Karren. L, Pseudochlamys megalostomoides Lacordaire ♀.
Figure 6 in Synopsis of warty leaf beetle genera of the world (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cryptocephalinae, Chlamisini)
Figure 6. Kakita monrosi (Bokermann). A, Ventral view. B, Lateral view. C, Antenna. D, Frontal view. E, Prosternum.
Fig. 66. Begonia xanthina Hook. A. Dark leaf form. B. Male flowers. C in A revision and one new species of Begonia L. (Begoniaceae, Cucurbitales) in Northeast India
Fig. 66. Begonia xanthina Hook. A. Dark leaf form. B. Male flowers. C. Female flowers. Photographs courtesy of Darrin Norton of a plant in cultivation in a private collection.
Fig. 7. Begonia acetosella Craib. A. Plant habit. B – C. Leaf variation. D. Female bud. E. Female flower. F in A revision and one new species of Begonia L. (Begoniaceae, Cucurbitales) in Northeast India
Fig. 7. Begonia acetosella Craib. A. Plant habit. B – C. Leaf variation. D. Female bud. E. Female flower. F. Reverse of flower. G. Styles. Photographs by Rebecca Camfield of a plant in cultivation at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (accession 19980065).
Fig. 3. Leaf tracings. A. Group 3 in A revision and one new species of Begonia L. (Begoniaceae, Cucurbitales) in Northeast India
Fig. 3. Leaf tracings. A. Group 3: lanceolate, dentate and very asymmetric leaves. B. Group 4: linear to lanceolate, and entire to denticulate leaves.
Fig. 11. Begonia annulata K.Koch. A–B. Leaf. C. Male flower. D–E in A revision and one new species of Begonia L. (Begoniaceae, Cucurbitales) in Northeast India
Fig. 11. Begonia annulata K.Koch. A–B. Leaf. C. Male flower. D–E. Fruit. Photographs courtesy of Darrin Norton of a plant in cultivation in a private collection.
Fig. 17. Begonia burkillii Dunn. A. Leaf pattern. B. Male flowers. Photograph A in A revision and one new species of Begonia L. (Begoniaceae, Cucurbitales) in Northeast India
Fig. 17. Begonia burkillii Dunn. A. Leaf pattern. B. Male flowers. Photograph A courtesy of Aaron Matsumoto and photograph B courtesy of Earl I-Lan of plants in cultivation in private collections.
leaf anatomy, vascular traits and nanomechanical cell-wall properties in European beech provenances
<p>The file contains leaf anatomical data (thickness of individual leaf parenchyma layers), vascular traits of leaf midrib (vessel area and density and derived parameters), and nanomechanical properties of xylem cell walls (modulus of elasticity, adhesion, energy dissipation and deformation), which were studied in 15 provenances of European beech, originating from sites distributed across the whole range of the species. The trial plot (locality Tale in central Slovakia) was established in 1998 with 2-years-old seedling within the international provenance experiment with beech coordinated by the Institute of Forest Genetics of Thuenen Institute Grosshansdorf. Leaf anatomy was studied using light microscopy, while fluorescent microscopy was used to acquire vascular traits and atomic-force microscopy for nanomechanical cell-wall traits. Sun leaves were collected from 4 trees per provenances, 1 leaf per tree was analyzed. AFM was done in a subset of 8 provenances. The aim of the study was assessing geographical trends of the studied traits and their association with climate at the sites of origin to reveal potential adaptive variation patterns.</p>
FIG. 10 in Climatic evolution in Western Europe during the Cenozoic: insights from historical collections using leaf physiognomy
FIG. 10. — Evolution of Mean Annual Temperature (MAT), Cold Month Mean Temperature (CMMT), Warm Month Mean Temperature (WMMT) and Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) in Europe using CLAMP (black dots). For comparison, results obtained with CA are displayed in grey (adapted from Mosbrugger et al. 2005). Abbreviations: MEN, Menat; GEL, Gelinden; SEZ, Sézanne; CEL, Célas; ARM, Armissan; AIX, Aix-en-Provence; SB, Saint-Bauzile. Numerical values are from Table 3. For Gelinden, Sézanne and Armissan, the results from CLAMP analysis using Asia1 calibration are displayed. For all other localities, the results from CLAMP analysis using BR calibration are displayed.
FIG. 2 in Climatic evolution in Western Europe during the Cenozoic: insights from historical collections using leaf physiognomy
FIG. 2. — Gelinden paleoflora (mid- to late Selandian, Paleocene): A, Quercus odontophylla Saporta & Marion (IRSNB, 68151); B, Quercus loozi Saporta & Marion (IRSNB, 68170); C, Dryophyllum curticellense Saporta & Marion (IRSNB, 68384); D, Dryophyllum dewalquei Saporta & Marion (MNHN.F.13628); E, Quercus diplodon Saporta & Marion (MNHN.F.13644); F, Celastrophyllum sp. (Université de Liège, 2625); G, Dewalquea gelindenensis Saporta & Marion (IRSNB, 68142); H, Quercus palaeodrys Saporta & Marion (IRSNB, 68154); I, Cinnamomum ellipsoideum Saporta & Marion (MNHN.F.13677); J, Posidonia perforata Saporta & Marion (IRSNB, 68335); K, Aralia transversinervia Saporta & Marion (IRSNB, 68239); L, Aralia looziana Saporta & Marion (IRSNB, 68242); M, Litsea elatinervis Saporta & Marion (IRSNB, 68033); N, Pasianopsis retinervis Saporta & Marion (IRSNB, 67045); O, Mac-Clintockia heersiennsis Saporta & Marion (IRSNB, 68034); P, Salix longinqua Saporta & Marion (IRSNB, 68227). Scale bars: A, B: 1 cm; C-P, 2 cm.
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