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FIGURE 27. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 27. Call A of Physalaemus atim. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1024 (B and D).

FIGURE 24 in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 24. Multiplicity relationship between "instantaneous" dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. henselii (A), P. albonotatus (B), P. cuqui (C), P. atim (D), P. albifrons (E), P. erikae (F), P. kroyeri (G), P. centralis (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of "instantaneous" dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio "instantaneous" dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. The heterogeneity of the factors in P. henselii (A) suggests sidebands.

FIGURE 30. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 30. Call A of Physalaemus kroyeri. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A–C). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 78.9 (F); 55.2 (E); 110 (B).

FIGURE 12. Calls A, B in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T).

FIGURE 31. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 31. Call A of Physalaemus centralis. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and E). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C). Audiospectrograms with apparent bands at a narrow filter (B) and bands not visible at wide filter (D; see filter values below). Sequence with three calls (E); note the frequency modulations (see text). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and D) and 0.5 s (E); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (D) and 0.5 kHz (E). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 34.5 (B and E); 135 (D).

FIGURE 6 in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 6. Multiplicity relationship between "instantaneous" dominant frequency and w of calls B and C of six Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call. Call B of P. maculiventris (A), call B of P. erythros (B), call B of P. ruspestris (C), call B of P. nanus (D), call C of P. nanus (E), and call B of P. spiniger (F). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of "instantaneous" dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio "instantaneous" dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency.

FIGURE 39. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 39. Call A of Physalaemus maximus. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with different envelope and less frequency-modulated (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 30.7 (B); 38.4 (D).

Figure 2 in Field and laboratory observations on reproductive aspects of Pseudopaludicola ameghini (Copeı 1887) (Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

Figure 2. Behaviours of the male and female during egg laying in Pseudopaludicola ameghini: (a) the male inserts his feet in a space between the legs and vent of the female; (b) the female lays an egg (white arrow) and the male begins to relax his hind limbs; (c) the female rubs her feet against one another.

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FIGURE 6 in Amphibians from Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brasil. VI: A New Species of the Physalemus deimaticus Group (Anura, Leptodactylidae)

FIGURE 6. Physalaemus claptoni sp. nov. (paratype UFMG 16775; adult female, SVL 18.2 mm): (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views. Scale bar=5 mm.

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FIGURE 3 in Amphibians from Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brasil. VI: A New Species of the Physalemus deimaticus Group (Anura, Leptodactylidae)

FIGURE 3. Physalaemus claptoni sp. nov. (holotype UFMG 16784). Live adult male from Serra do Cipó, Municipality of Santana do Riacho, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

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FIGURE 7 in Amphibians from Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brasil. VI: A New Species of the Physalemus deimaticus Group (Anura, Leptodactylidae)

FIGURE 7. Nuptial pads of (A) Physalaemus claptoni sp. nov. (paratype UFMG 5418), brown, not divided and (B) Physalaemus rupestris (topotype UFMG 13369), white cream, divided. Scale bar=5 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Unraveling the species diversity and relationships in the Leptodactylus mystaceus complex (Anura: Leptodactylidae), with the description of three new Brazilian species

FIGURE 6. Spectrograms and corresponding oscillograms of advertisement calls in the Leptodactylus mystaceus complex. (a) L. mystaceus; (b) L. didymus; (c) L. elenae; (d) L. spixi; (e) L. notoaktites; (f) L. kilombo; (g) L. barrioi; (h) L. watu. See Appendix III for information on sound recordings and call vouchers.

FIGURE 2 in Unraveling the species diversity and relationships in the Leptodactylus mystaceus complex (Anura: Leptodactylidae), with the description of three new Brazilian species

FIGURE 2. Genealogic relationships of Leptodactylus estimated by a Bayesian inference analysis (BEAST) of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene showing the relationships of the nine lineages of the Leptodactylus mystaceus complex. Other clades were collapsed to facilitate visualization. Values below nodes indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities. The scale bar is given as rate of base substitutions per site.

FIGURE 4 in Unraveling the species diversity and relationships in the Leptodactylus mystaceus complex (Anura: Leptodactylidae), with the description of three new Brazilian species

FIGURE 4. Character states of morphological and chromatic features between members of the Leptodactylus mystaceus complex and congeners of the L. fuscus group. Dorsal and dorsolateral folds: (a) one pair of dorsolateral folds in L. watu (UFMG 21332); (b) one pair of dorsolateral and two pairs of dorsal folds in L. fuscus (UFVF 0002). Longitudinal stripe on the posterior surface of thigh: (c) present in L. watu (UFMG 21332); (d) absent in L. mystacinus (UFVF 003). Tubercles on the sole of foot: (e) non-obvious tubercles in L. barrioi (AAG-UFU 502); (f) prominent tubercles covering the sole of foot in L. mystaceus (CHUFPB 30411).

FIGURE 1 in Unraveling the species diversity and relationships in the Leptodactylus mystaceus complex (Anura: Leptodactylidae), with the description of three new Brazilian species

FIGURE 1. (a) Geographic distribution of genetic and acoustic vouchers of nine lineages belonging to the Leptodactylus mystaceus complex in South America and corresponding amplitude envelopes of their advertisement calls. Black dots denote the type localities of the three new species. (b) Topographic map showing the three lineages distributed in the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil.

FIGURE 5 in Unraveling the species diversity and relationships in the Leptodactylus mystaceus complex (Anura: Leptodactylidae), with the description of three new Brazilian species

FIGURE 5. Life colors among members of the Leptodactylus mystaceus complex. (a) L. barrioi (AAG-UFU 6183), (b) L. didymus (unvouchered), (c) L. elenae (AAG-UFU 5252), (d) L. kilombo (CHUFPB 28205), (e) L. mystaceus (CHUFPB 30412), (f) L. notoaktites (AAG-UFU 5221), (g) L. spixi (AAG-UFU 6228), and (h) L. watu (UFMG 21332). See Appendices I–II for locality data.

FIGURE 9 in Unraveling the species diversity and relationships in the Leptodactylus mystaceus complex (Anura: Leptodactylidae), with the description of three new Brazilian species

FIGURE 9. Holotype of Leptodactylus barrioi (AAG-UFU 502; SVL = 43.5 mm). (a) Dorsal and (b) ventral body; (c) palm of hand; (d) sole of foot; (e) head in profile. Scale bars = 5 mm.

FIGURE 10 in Unraveling the species diversity and relationships in the Leptodactylus mystaceus complex (Anura: Leptodactylidae), with the description of three new Brazilian species

FIGURE 10. Holotype of Leptodactylus watu (UFMG 21332; SVL = 40.8 mm). (a) Dorsal and (b) ventral body; (c) palm of hand; (d) sole of foot; (e) head in profile. This specimen was lacking the terminal phalanges of toe V (as shown in 'd'). Scale bars = 5 mm.

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FIGURE 1 in Paratelmatobius mantiqueira Pombal & Haddad, 1999 (Anura: Leptodactylidae) New specimens and rectification of the type locality of a rare species from the Serra da Mantiqueira, southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 1. (A) Location records for Paratelmatobius mantiqueira: the original type locality in the state of São Paulo (SP) published by Pombal & Haddad (1999) (blue circle), the rectified type locality in the state of Minas Gerais (MG) (white star), the record from the municipality of Resende in the state of Rio de Janeiro (RJ) (red circle), and the presently reported locality in the state of São Paulo (yellow circle). (B) A sign found on the dirt road from Sapucaí-Mirim to São Francisco Xavier, in the border area between the states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo (C) Dorsolateral and (D) ventral views of an adult male of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira (ZUEC-AMP 24836; 16 mm SVL), recently found in the sub-district of São Francisco Xavier, municipality of São José dos Campos, state of São Paulo.