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opennotspecifiedNov 2023View details →

FIGURE 5. Nothotalisia karsticola. A in Taxonomic studies in Colombian Picramniaceae (Picramniales): new species of Aenigmanu, Nothotalisia and Picramnia from the Pacific and Magdalena Valley regions

FIGURE 5. Nothotalisia karsticola. A. Flowering branchlet of staminate plant. B. Indument at leaflet abaxial surface. C. Fruiting branchlet of pistillate plant. D. Cymules of staminate inflorescences. E. Staminate flower, one sepal and two petals removed. F. Details of staminate flower, petal at right, androecium and gynoecium at left, two anthers removed. G. Young infructescence. H. Stigma on immature fruit. I. Mature fruit. (A–B from Londoño et al. 1019; C, I, from the holotype; D–F from Callejas et al. 9272, G–H from Pérez et al. 3323; illustration by Ana Cristina Pareja, HUA).

opennotspecifiedNov 2023View details →

FIGURE 6 in Taxonomic studies in Colombian Picramniaceae (Picramniales): new species of Aenigmanu, Nothotalisia and Picramnia from the Pacific and Magdalena Valley regions

FIGURE 6. Photographs of habitat (A–B) and live plants of Nothotalisia karsticola (C–E) and Picramnia vinacea (F–I). A. Habitat at landscape-scale. B. Understory habitat. C. Leaf of pistillate plant. D. Fruiting branchlet of pistillate plant. E. Immature but fully expanded fruit. F. Mature branchlet of pistillate plant. G. Fruiting raceme. H. Fruit details. I. Open fruit with one seed. (A–B, from the type locality of N. karsticola and P. vinacea; C–E, from Londoño et al. 1022; F–I from David et al. 4043; composed by Ana Cristina Pareja, HUA. A. by Jorge Pérez (MEDEL); B, D–E by A.M. Trujillo; C by Y. Londoño, F–I by Heriberto David, HUA).

Subspecies and Distribution. A. h. hybridus 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1829 — N Colombia (from the right bank of the Rio Magdalena, N to the S slopes of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the N of the Serrania de Perija, and in the middle Rio Magdalena Valley at least to the departments of Caldas and Cundinamarca; two populations on the slopes of the Cordillera Oriental on the Venezuelan border (one in the Rio Catatumbo watershed in the Norte de Santander Department and the other in the NE piedmont forest in Arauca Department) and N & NW Venezuela (along the SE part of the Cordillera de la Costa in the states of Miranda and probably Vargas, and on both sides of the Venezuelan Andesin the states of Zulia, Tachira, Mérida, Trujillo, Portuguesa, Apure, and Barinas, in the E in the piedmont and lowland forests of San Camilo and Ticoporo, and in the Win the piedmont forest around S Lake Maracaibo to the Sierra de Perija). A. h. brunneus Gray, 1871 — N Colombia in the departments of Antioquia, Bolivar, and Caldas, between the lower rios Cauca and Magdalena. in Atelidae

Subspecies and Distribution. A. h. hybridus 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1829 — N Colombia (from the right bank of the Rio Magdalena, N to the S slopes of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the N of the Serrania de Perija, and in the middle Rio Magdalena Valley at least to the departments of Caldas and Cundinamarca; two populations on the slopes of the Cordillera Oriental on the Venezuelan border (one in the Rio Catatumbo watershed in the Norte de Santander Department and the other in the NE piedmont forest in Arauca Department) and N & NW Venezuela (along the SE part of the Cordillera de la Costa in the states of Miranda and probably Vargas, and on both sides of the Venezuelan Andesin the states of Zulia, Tachira, Mérida, Trujillo, Portuguesa, Apure, and Barinas, in the E in the piedmont and lowland forests of San Camilo and Ticoporo, and in the Win the piedmont forest around S Lake Maracaibo to the Sierra de Perija). A. h. brunneus Gray, 1871 — N Colombia in the departments of Antioquia, Bolivar, and Caldas, between the lower rios Cauca and Magdalena.

Distribution. NW Colombia, between the Rio Atrato and the lower Rio Cauca (W of the Rio Cauca and the Mompos I) and Rio Magdalena (from the Uraba region, W of the Rio Cauca), and NE Choco Department, E of the Rio Atrato, from sea level to ¢.400 m. Small, introduced populations occur in Tayrona National Natural Park (15,000 ha) and on some small Is near Cartagena and in Panama, outside its natural distribution. in Callitrichiade

Distribution. NW Colombia, between the Rio Atrato and the lower Rio Cauca (W of the Rio Cauca and the Mompos I) and Rio Magdalena (from the Uraba region, W of the Rio Cauca), and NE Choco Department, E of the Rio Atrato, from sea level to ¢.400 m. Small, introduced populations occur in Tayrona National Natural Park (15,000 ha) and on some small Is near Cartagena and in Panama, outside its natural distribution.

opennotspecifiedOct 2019View details →

Distribution. Endemic to Mexico, restricted to Marias Is (Madre, Magdalena, and Cleofas), off Nayarit. in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. Endemic to Mexico, restricted to Marias Is (Madre, Magdalena, and Cleofas), off Nayarit.

FIGURE 4 in Advertisement call of Hyloxalus vergeli (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the interandean Magdalena valley of Colombia

FIGURE 4. Phylogenetic position and spectrogram of their advertisement call of Hyloxalus species from the subpunctatus and bocagei groups, based on the phylogenetic tree by Grant et al. (2017). Considering the polyphyletic condition of H. sauli, the advertisement call is displayed for the museum specimen from the same locality (Ecuador, Provincia Orellana, Parque Nacional Yasuní) than the call recorded. Bottom chart includes the calls of H. felixcopedai (a sister species of H. subpunctatus MUJ-5212) and H arliensis (an Hyloxalus located in a similar distribution in the Magdalena valley).

FIGURE 1 in Advertisement call of Hyloxalus vergeli (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the interandean Magdalena valley of Colombia

FIGURE 1. Dorsal and lateral view of the Hyloxalus vergeli specimen collected at the Ecoreserva La Tribuna, Vereda Tamarindo, Neiva, Huila, Colombia on December 2020. IAvH-Am-16706, SVL = 21.3 mm. Photos: Felipe Villegas/Instituto Humboldt.

FIGURE 3 in Advertisement call of Hyloxalus vergeli (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the interandean Magdalena valley of Colombia

FIGURE 3. Effect size of the differences among three acoustic measurements of Hyloxalus vergeli and other Hyloxalus spp. Dashed black and gray lines reflect the central value for H. vergeli and the pooled mean effect size for all the other species of Hyloxalus compared. Overall comparison shows the mean effect size and confidence intervals (95%) of the pooled variation among the Hyloxalus spp., after a bootstrapping resampling with 1000 iterations. Single notes are represented by a ('), while paired notes by a (") after the specific epitet of the Hyloxalus spp.

FIGURE 2 in Advertisement call of Hyloxalus vergeli (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the interandean Magdalena valley of Colombia

FIGURE 2. Spectrogram (top) and oscillogram (bottom) of a serie of calls (left) and a detailed pair of notes (right) of the advertisement call of Hyloxalus vergeli recorded at the Ecoreserva la Tribuna, Vereda Tamarindo, Neiva Municipality, Huila, Colombia.

Subspecies and Distribution. D. m. merriami Mearns, 1890 — SW USA and NW Mexico (desert regions from N Nevada and extreme SW Utah, through SE California and SW Arizona, to NE Baja California and Sonora). D. m. ambiguus Merriam, 1890 — SW USA and NW Mexico (N portion of the Chihuahuan Desert from NC New Mexico and W Texas, through E Chihuahua and Coahuila, to NE Durango, N Zacatecas, and C Nuevo Leon). D. m. annulus Huey, 1951 — NW Mexico (coastal plains of the Gulf of California, SE Baja California). D. m. arenivagus Elliot, 1904 — SW USA and NW Mexico (S Mojave Desert of SC California and E of Sierra Juarez and Sierra San Pedro Martir to C Baja California). D. m. atronasus Merriam, 1894 — NC Mexico (southern portion of the Chihuahuan Desert from EC Zacatecas, SE Coahuila, and SW Nuevo Leon to Aguascalientes and San Luis Potosi). D. m. brunensis Huey, 1951 — NW Mexico (Gulf of California coast of NE Baja California Sur). D. m. collinus Lidicker, 1960 — SW USA (San Felipe, Earthquake, La Puerta, and Aguanga valleys of SW California). D. m. frenatus Bole, 1936 — SW USA (SW Utah and NW Arizona). D. m. insularis Merriam, 1907 — NW Mexico (San José I, Gulf of California, Baja California Sur). D. m. margaritae Merriam, 1907 — NW Mexico (Santa Margarita I, Baja California Sur). D. m. mayensis Goldman, 1928 — NW Mexico (Gulf of California coastal plains of S Sonora and N Sinaloa). D. m. melanurus Merriam, 1893 — NW Mexico (Magdalena Plains and Cape Region of S Baja California Sur). D. m. mitchelli Mearns, 1897 — NW Mexico (Tiburon I, Gulf of California, Sonora). D. m. olivaceus Swarth, 1929 — SW USA and NW Mexico (transitional zone between the Sonoran Desert of SE Arizona and NE Sonora, and the Chihuahuan Desert of SW New Mexico and NW Chihuahua). D. m. parvus Rhoads, 1894 — SW USA (San Bernardino and San Jacinto valleys of SW California). D. m. platycephalus Merriam, 1907 — NW Mexico (Pacific slope S of the Sierra San Pedro Martir, S Baja California to the Vizcaino Desert of N Baja California Sur). D. m. quintinensis Huey, 1951 — NW Mexico (San Quintin Plain, Pacific coast of NW Baja California). D. m. trinidadensis Huey, 1951 — SW USA and NW Mexico (S California and N Baja California). D. m. vulcani Benson, 1934 — SW USA (disjunct and restricted distribution in Toroweap Valley, NW Arizona). in Heteromyidae

Subspecies and Distribution. D. m. merriami Mearns, 1890 — SW USA and NW Mexico (desert regions from N Nevada and extreme SW Utah, through SE California and SW Arizona, to NE Baja California and Sonora). D. m. ambiguus Merriam, 1890 — SW USA and NW Mexico (N portion of the Chihuahuan Desert from NC New Mexico and W Texas, through E Chihuahua and Coahuila, to NE Durango, N Zacatecas, and C Nuevo Leon). D. m. annulus Huey, 1951 — NW Mexico (coastal plains of the Gulf of California, SE Baja California). D. m. arenivagus Elliot, 1904 — SW USA and NW Mexico (S Mojave Desert of SC California and E of Sierra Juarez and Sierra San Pedro Martir to C Baja California). D. m. atronasus Merriam, 1894 — NC Mexico (southern portion of the Chihuahuan Desert from EC Zacatecas, SE Coahuila, and SW Nuevo Leon to Aguascalientes and San Luis Potosi). D. m. brunensis Huey, 1951 — NW Mexico (Gulf of California coast of NE Baja California Sur). D. m. collinus Lidicker, 1960 — SW USA (San Felipe, Earthquake, La Puerta, and Aguanga valleys of SW California). D. m. frenatus Bole, 1936 — SW USA (SW Utah and NW Arizona). D. m. insularis Merriam, 1907 — NW Mexico (San José I, Gulf of California, Baja California Sur). D. m. margaritae Merriam, 1907 — NW Mexico (Santa Margarita I, Baja California Sur). D. m. mayensis Goldman, 1928 — NW Mexico (Gulf of California coastal plains of S Sonora and N Sinaloa). D. m. melanurus Merriam, 1893 — NW Mexico (Magdalena Plains and Cape Region of S Baja California Sur). D. m. mitchelli Mearns, 1897 — NW Mexico (Tiburon I, Gulf of California, Sonora). D. m. olivaceus Swarth, 1929 — SW USA and NW Mexico (transitional zone between the Sonoran Desert of SE Arizona and NE Sonora, and the Chihuahuan Desert of SW New Mexico and NW Chihuahua). D. m. parvus Rhoads, 1894 — SW USA (San Bernardino and San Jacinto valleys of SW California). D. m. platycephalus Merriam, 1907 — NW Mexico (Pacific slope S of the Sierra San Pedro Martir, S Baja California to the Vizcaino Desert of N Baja California Sur). D. m. quintinensis Huey, 1951 — NW Mexico (San Quintin Plain, Pacific coast of NW Baja California). D. m. trinidadensis Huey, 1951 — SW USA and NW Mexico (S California and N Baja California). D. m. vulcani Benson, 1934 — SW USA (disjunct and restricted distribution in Toroweap Valley, NW Arizona).

Subspecies and Distribution. D.s.simulansMerriam,1904—SWUSAandNWMexico(coastalbasinsofSWCalifor-niaandslopesofSierraJuarezandSierraSanPedroMartir,Pacificcoastalplains,andValledelosCiriosofBajaCalifornia). D. s. peninsularis Merriam, 1907 — NW Mexico (from Vizcaino Desert of S Baja California to Magdalena Plains of Baja California Sur). in Heteromyidae

Subspecies and Distribution. D.s.simulansMerriam,1904—SWUSAandNWMexico(coastalbasinsofSWCalifor-niaandslopesofSierraJuarezandSierraSanPedroMartir,Pacificcoastalplains,andValledelosCiriosofBajaCalifornia). D. s. peninsularis Merriam, 1907 — NW Mexico (from Vizcaino Desert of S Baja California to Magdalena Plains of Baja California Sur).

Subspecies and Distribution. L. c. californicus Gray, 1837 — SW Oregon, and NW California (W USA). L. c. altamirae Nelson, 1904 — SE Tamaulipas (NE Mexico). L. c. asellus Miller, 1899 — SE Coahuila, NE, S Nuevo Leon, E & SE Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi, Aguascalientes, NE tip ofJalisco, N Guanajuato, and NW Querétaro (NC Mexico). L. c. bennettiz Gray, 1843 — SW California (SW USA), and NW Baja California (NW Mexico). L. c. curts Hall, 1951 — Is along the coast of Tamaulipas (NE Mexico). L. c. deserticola Mearns, 1896 — SE Oregon, S Idaho, SW Montana, NE & E California, Nevada, Utah except SE, and NW, W & SW Arizona (W & SW USA), and NW Sonora and NE Baja California (NW Mexico). The population in SW Montanais isolated. L. c. eremicus J. A. Allen, 1894 — S Arizona (SW USA), N Sonora except extreme NW, NW Chihuahua (N Mexico). L. c. festinus Nelson, 1904 — S Querétaro, Hidalgo, and N State of Mexico (C Mexico). L. c. magdalenae Nelson, 1907 — Magdalena I, Baja California Sur (NW Mexico). L. c. martirensis Stowell, 1895 —Baja California except NW & NE and NE Baja California Sur (NW Mexico). L. c. melanotis Mearns, 1890 — S South Dakota, SE Wyoming, Nebraska, E Colorado, Kansas, W Missouri, NE New Mexico, Oklahoma, W Arkansas, and N Texas (C USA). An isolated population exists in E Oklahoma. L. c. merriami Mearns, 1896 — S Texas (S USA), and NE Coahuila, N Tamaulipas, and N Nuevo Leon (NE Mexico). L. c. richardsonii Bachman, 1839 — C California (SW USA). L. c. sheldoni Burt, 1933 — Isla del Carmen, Baja California Sur (NW Mexico). L. c. texianus Waterhouse, 1848 — SE Utah, SW Colorado, NE Arizona, New Mexico except the NE, and W Texas (C USA), Chihuahua except the NW, W, & SW extremes, W Coahuila, E Durango, and NW Zacatecas (NC Mexico). L. c. wallawalla Merriam, 1904 — S Washington, C & W Oregon, NE California, and NW Nevada (NW USA). L. ¢. xanti Thomas, 1898 — Baja California Sur except the NE (NW Mexico). in Leporidae

Subspecies and Distribution. L. c. californicus Gray, 1837 — SW Oregon, and NW California (W USA). L. c. altamirae Nelson, 1904 — SE Tamaulipas (NE Mexico). L. c. asellus Miller, 1899 — SE Coahuila, NE, S Nuevo Leon, E & SE Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi, Aguascalientes, NE tip ofJalisco, N Guanajuato, and NW Querétaro (NC Mexico). L. c. bennettiz Gray, 1843 — SW California (SW USA), and NW Baja California (NW Mexico). L. c. curts Hall, 1951 — Is along the coast of Tamaulipas (NE Mexico). L. c. deserticola Mearns, 1896 — SE Oregon, S Idaho, SW Montana, NE & E California, Nevada, Utah except SE, and NW, W & SW Arizona (W & SW USA), and NW Sonora and NE Baja California (NW Mexico). The population in SW Montanais isolated. L. c. eremicus J. A. Allen, 1894 — S Arizona (SW USA), N Sonora except extreme NW, NW Chihuahua (N Mexico). L. c. festinus Nelson, 1904 — S Querétaro, Hidalgo, and N State of Mexico (C Mexico). L. c. magdalenae Nelson, 1907 — Magdalena I, Baja California Sur (NW Mexico). L. c. martirensis Stowell, 1895 —Baja California except NW & NE and NE Baja California Sur (NW Mexico). L. c. melanotis Mearns, 1890 — S South Dakota, SE Wyoming, Nebraska, E Colorado, Kansas, W Missouri, NE New Mexico, Oklahoma, W Arkansas, and N Texas (C USA). An isolated population exists in E Oklahoma. L. c. merriami Mearns, 1896 — S Texas (S USA), and NE Coahuila, N Tamaulipas, and N Nuevo Leon (NE Mexico). L. c. richardsonii Bachman, 1839 — C California (SW USA). L. c. sheldoni Burt, 1933 — Isla del Carmen, Baja California Sur (NW Mexico). L. c. texianus Waterhouse, 1848 — SE Utah, SW Colorado, NE Arizona, New Mexico except the NE, and W Texas (C USA), Chihuahua except the NW, W, & SW extremes, W Coahuila, E Durango, and NW Zacatecas (NC Mexico). L. c. wallawalla Merriam, 1904 — S Washington, C & W Oregon, NE California, and NW Nevada (NW USA). L. ¢. xanti Thomas, 1898 — Baja California Sur except the NE (NW Mexico).

Subspecies and Distribution. L. c. californicus Gray, 1837 — SW Oregon, and NW California (W USA). L. c. altamirae Nelson, 1904 — SE Tamaulipas (NE Mexico). L. c. asellus Miller, 1899 — SE Coahuila, NE, S Nuevo Leon, E & SE Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi, Aguascalientes, NE tip ofJalisco, N Guanajuato, and NW Querétaro (NC Mexico). L. c. bennettiz Gray, 1843 — SW California (SW USA), and NW Baja California (NW Mexico). L. c. curts Hall, 1951 — Is along the coast of Tamaulipas (NE Mexico). L. c. deserticola Mearns, 1896 — SE Oregon, S Idaho, SW Montana, NE & E California, Nevada, Utah except SE, and NW, W & SW Arizona (W & SW USA), and NW Sonora and NE Baja California (NW Mexico). The population in SW Montanais isolated. L. c. eremicus J. A. Allen, 1894 — S Arizona (SW USA), N Sonora except extreme NW, NW Chihuahua (N Mexico). L. c. festinus Nelson, 1904 — S Querétaro, Hidalgo, and N State of Mexico (C Mexico). L. c. magdalenae Nelson, 1907 — Magdalena I, Baja California Sur (NW Mexico). L. c. martirensis Stowell, 1895 —Baja California except NW & NE and NE Baja California Sur (NW Mexico). L. c. melanotis Mearns, 1890 — S South Dakota, SE Wyoming, Nebraska, E Colorado, Kansas, W Missouri, NE New Mexico, Oklahoma, W Arkansas, and N Texas (C USA). An isolated population exists in E Oklahoma. L. c. merriami Mearns, 1896 — S Texas (S USA), and NE Coahuila, N Tamaulipas, and N Nuevo Leon (NE Mexico). L. c. richardsonii Bachman, 1839 — C California (SW USA). L. c. sheldoni Burt, 1933 — Isla del Carmen, Baja California Sur (NW Mexico). L. c. texianus Waterhouse, 1848 — SE Utah, SW Colorado, NE Arizona, New Mexico except the NE, and W Texas (C USA), Chihuahua except the NW, W, & SW extremes, W Coahuila, E Durango, and NW Zacatecas (NC Mexico). L. c. wallawalla Merriam, 1904 — S Washington, C & W Oregon, NE California, and NW Nevada (NW USA). L. ¢. xanti Thomas, 1898 — Baja California Sur except the NE (NW Mexico). The Black-tailed Jackrabbit has been introduced into Massachusetts, NewJersey, Maryland, Virginia, and S Florida. in Leporidae

Subspecies and Distribution. S.f.floridanusJ.A.Allen,1890—FloridaPeninsulaexceptSEtip(SEUSA). S.f.alacerBangs,1896—CSUSA,inSEKansas,C&SMissouri,EOklahoma,Arkansas,extremeWTennessee,ETexas,mostofMississippi,extremeWCAlabama,andLouisiana.S.fammophilusHowell,1939—EtipoftheFloridaPeninsula(SEUSA).S.faviusOsgood,1910—ConejoI(LosTestigos),offNEVenezuela.S.faztecus].A.Allen,1890—S&EOaxaca,andSWtipofChiapas(SWMexico). S.f.chapmani].A.Allen,1899—W&STexas(SUSA),ECoahuila,N&ENuevoLeon,andmostofTamaulipas(NEMexico). S.f.chiapensisNelson,1904—NEtipofOaxacaandC&SChiapas(Mexico),andWGuatemala. S.f.connectensNelson,1904—STamaulipas,VeracruzexcepttheS,SanLuisPotosi,NEQuerétaro,NEHidalgo,NPuebla,andNOaxaca(EMexico). S.f.continentisOsgood,1912—NWVenezuela. S.f.costaricensisHarris1933—NWCostaRica. S.f.cumanicusThomas,1897—N&CVenezuela. S.f.hesperiusHoffmeister&Lee,1963—NW&CArizona(SWUSA). S.f.hitchensiMearns,1911—SmithandFishermanIsinNorthamptonCounty,EVirginia(EUSA). S.f.holzneriMearns,1896—SEArizona,andSWtipofNewMexico(SWUSA),ESonora,Chihuahua,WDurango,WZacatecas,andESinaloa(NWMexico). S.f.hondurensisGoldman,1932—SEGuatemala,SW&SHonduras,ElSalvador,andNW&CNicaragua. S.fllanensisBlair,1938—SWKansas,SEtipofColorado,WOklahoma,andNCTexas(CUSA). S.f.macrocorpusDiersing&Wilson,1980—Nayarit,SWJalisco,andSWMichoacan(WMexico). S.f.mallurusThomas,1898—EUSA,fromMaineSWtoE&SPennsylvania,andEWestVirginia,WthroughSKentuckytomostofTennessee(excepttheextremeW),andStomostofAlabama(excepttheextremeW)andNFlorida. S.f.margaritaeMiller,1898—MargaritaI,offNVenezuela. S.f.mearnsii].A.Allen,1894—NC&NEUSA,fromMinnesotaEtoMichigan,andStoENebraska,NEKansas,NMissouri,Kentucky,NWtipofVirginia,WWestVirginia,Ohio,N&WPennsylvania,NW&NNewYork,andWVermont,alsoSC&SECanada,inSEOntario,andSEQuebec. S.f.nigronuchalisHartert,1894—ArubaandCuracaoIs(NetherlandsAntilles),offNVenezuela. S.f.orinociThomas,1900—VichadaDepartment(EColombia)andVenezuelaSoftheOrinocoRiver. S.f.orizabaeMerriam,1893—SECoahuila,SWNuevoLeon,SEZacatecas,SanLuisPotosi,Guanajuato,Querétaro,Hidalgo,NWVeracruz,México,andPuebla(CMexico).S.fpaulsoniSchwartz,1956—SEtipoftheFloridaPeninsula(SEUSA). S.f.purgatusThomas,1920—CundinamarcaandTolimaDepartments(CColombia). S.f.restrictusNelson,1907—SWNayarit,C&SJalisco,EColima,andSWMichoacan(Mexico). S.f.russatusJ.A.Allen,1904—SEtipofVeracruz(Mexico). S.f.similisNelson,1907—NCUSA,fromNorthDakota,SWMontana,andNWMinnesotaStoNE&SEWyoming,NEColorado,andNKansas,alsoinSCCanada,SManitoba,andSESaskatchewan(Canada). S.f.subcinctusMiller,1899—Aguascalientes,C&NEJalisco,SWGuanajuato,andNMichoacan(Mexico). S. f. superciliarisJ. A. Allen, 1899 — La Guajira, Magdalena, Atlantico and Bolivar departments (N Colombia). S. [> yucatanicus Miller, 1899 — NW Yucatan Peninsula (SE Mexico). The subspecies mearnsii has been introduced into Vancouver I (SW Canada) and into Washington and Oregon states (NW USA). Also introduced into Italy and the Alps. in Leporidae

Subspecies and Distribution. S.f.floridanusJ.A.Allen,1890—FloridaPeninsulaexceptSEtip(SEUSA). S.f.alacerBangs,1896—CSUSA,inSEKansas,C&SMissouri,EOklahoma,Arkansas,extremeWTennessee,ETexas,mostofMississippi,extremeWCAlabama,andLouisiana.S.fammophilusHowell,1939—EtipoftheFloridaPeninsula(SEUSA).S.faviusOsgood,1910—ConejoI(LosTestigos),offNEVenezuela.S.faztecus].A.Allen,1890—S&EOaxaca,andSWtipofChiapas(SWMexico). S.f.chapmani].A.Allen,1899—W&STexas(SUSA),ECoahuila,N&ENuevoLeon,andmostofTamaulipas(NEMexico). S.f.chiapensisNelson,1904—NEtipofOaxacaandC&SChiapas(Mexico),andWGuatemala. S.f.connectensNelson,1904—STamaulipas,VeracruzexcepttheS,SanLuisPotosi,NEQuerétaro,NEHidalgo,NPuebla,andNOaxaca(EMexico). S.f.continentisOsgood,1912—NWVenezuela. S.f.costaricensisHarris1933—NWCostaRica. S.f.cumanicusThomas,1897—N&CVenezuela. S.f.hesperiusHoffmeister&Lee,1963—NW&CArizona(SWUSA). S.f.hitchensiMearns,1911—SmithandFishermanIsinNorthamptonCounty,EVirginia(EUSA). S.f.holzneriMearns,1896—SEArizona,andSWtipofNewMexico(SWUSA),ESonora,Chihuahua,WDurango,WZacatecas,andESinaloa(NWMexico). S.f.hondurensisGoldman,1932—SEGuatemala,SW&SHonduras,ElSalvador,andNW&CNicaragua. S.fllanensisBlair,1938—SWKansas,SEtipofColorado,WOklahoma,andNCTexas(CUSA). S.f.macrocorpusDiersing&Wilson,1980—Nayarit,SWJalisco,andSWMichoacan(WMexico). S.f.mallurusThomas,1898—EUSA,fromMaineSWtoE&SPennsylvania,andEWestVirginia,WthroughSKentuckytomostofTennessee(excepttheextremeW),andStomostofAlabama(excepttheextremeW)andNFlorida. S.f.margaritaeMiller,1898—MargaritaI,offNVenezuela. S.f.mearnsii].A.Allen,1894—NC&NEUSA,fromMinnesotaEtoMichigan,andStoENebraska,NEKansas,NMissouri,Kentucky,NWtipofVirginia,WWestVirginia,Ohio,N&WPennsylvania,NW&NNewYork,andWVermont,alsoSC&SECanada,inSEOntario,andSEQuebec. S.f.nigronuchalisHartert,1894—ArubaandCuracaoIs(NetherlandsAntilles),offNVenezuela. S.f.orinociThomas,1900—VichadaDepartment(EColombia)andVenezuelaSoftheOrinocoRiver. S.f.orizabaeMerriam,1893—SECoahuila,SWNuevoLeon,SEZacatecas,SanLuisPotosi,Guanajuato,Querétaro,Hidalgo,NWVeracruz,México,andPuebla(CMexico).S.fpaulsoniSchwartz,1956—SEtipoftheFloridaPeninsula(SEUSA). S.f.purgatusThomas,1920—CundinamarcaandTolimaDepartments(CColombia). S.f.restrictusNelson,1907—SWNayarit,C&SJalisco,EColima,andSWMichoacan(Mexico). S.f.russatusJ.A.Allen,1904—SEtipofVeracruz(Mexico). S.f.similisNelson,1907—NCUSA,fromNorthDakota,SWMontana,andNWMinnesotaStoNE&SEWyoming,NEColorado,andNKansas,alsoinSCCanada,SManitoba,andSESaskatchewan(Canada). S.f.subcinctusMiller,1899—Aguascalientes,C&NEJalisco,SWGuanajuato,andNMichoacan(Mexico). S. f. superciliarisJ. A. Allen, 1899 — La Guajira, Magdalena, Atlantico and Bolivar departments (N Colombia). S. [> yucatanicus Miller, 1899 — NW Yucatan Peninsula (SE Mexico). The subspecies mearnsii has been introduced into Vancouver I (SW Canada) and into Washington and Oregon states (NW USA). Also introduced into Italy and the Alps.

Subspecies and Distribution. S.c.cassiquiarensisLesson,1840—ColombianAmazon(betweenriosVichadaandApaporisWtotheupperriosGuaviareandApaporisintheAndes),SVenezuela(upperOrinoco-Cassiquiare),andtheBrazilianAmazonNoftheRioSolimoes(WoftheRioNegroandRioDeminiandNoftheRioJapura). S. c. albigenavon Pusch, 1942 — C Colombia, in a small area between the E slopes of the Cordillera Oriental and the Eastern Llanos, from Boyaca and Arauca departments S to the upper Rio Guaviare in Meta, and the upper Rio Magdalena in Huila departments to elevations of 1500 m; the E limits of the distribution in the departments of Arauca and Casanare are unknown. in Cebidae

Subspecies and Distribution. S.c.cassiquiarensisLesson,1840—ColombianAmazon(betweenriosVichadaandApaporisWtotheupperriosGuaviareandApaporisintheAndes),SVenezuela(upperOrinoco-Cassiquiare),andtheBrazilianAmazonNoftheRioSolimoes(WoftheRioNegroandRioDeminiandNoftheRioJapura). S. c. albigenavon Pusch, 1942 — C Colombia, in a small area between the E slopes of the Cordillera Oriental and the Eastern Llanos, from Boyaca and Arauca departments S to the upper Rio Guaviare in Meta, and the upper Rio Magdalena in Huila departments to elevations of 1500 m; the E limits of the distribution in the departments of Arauca and Casanare are unknown.

Distribution. Upper Amazon Basin in E Colombia (N as far as the Rio Arauca on the Venezuelan border; an isolated population in the upper Rio Magdalena in the Huila Department), E Ecuador, E Peru, W Brazil, and C & N Bolivia (S at least to the upper Rio Beni); the exact limits of its distribution have not been delineated, and particularly where they meet those of the Guianan Brown Capuchin (S. apella) in the Rio Madeira Basin, in the N along the Orinoco, and in the interfluvium of the Rio Solimoes and upper Rio Negro. in Cebidae

Distribution. Upper Amazon Basin in E Colombia (N as far as the Rio Arauca on the Venezuelan border; an isolated population in the upper Rio Magdalena in the Huila Department), E Ecuador, E Peru, W Brazil, and C & N Bolivia (S at least to the upper Rio Beni); the exact limits of its distribution have not been delineated, and particularly where they meet those of the Guianan Brown Capuchin (S. apella) in the Rio Madeira Basin, in the N along the Orinoco, and in the interfluvium of the Rio Solimoes and upper Rio Negro.

On following pages: 184. Magdalena Woodrat (Xenomys nelsoni); 185. Bushy-tailed Woodrat (Neotoma cinerea); 186. Sonoran Woodrat (Neotoma phenax); 187. Goldman's Woodrat (Neotoma goldmani); 188. Allegheny Woodrat (Neotoma magisten; 189. Eastern Woodrat (Neotoma floridanus); 190. White-throated Woodrat (Neotoma albigula); 191. Black-tailed Woodrat (Neotoma melanura); 192. White-toothed Woodrat (Neotoma leucodon): 193. Southern Plains Woodrat (Neotoma micropus); 194. Nelson's Woodrat (Neotoma nelsoni); 195. Bolanos Woodrat (Neotoma palatina); 196. Tamaulipan Woodrat (Neotoma angustapalata); 197. Mexican Woodrat (Neotoma mexicana); 198. Painted Woodrat (Neotoma picta); 199. Guatemala Woodrat (Neotoma ferruginea); 200. Nicaraguan Woodrat (Neotoma chrysomelas); 201. Stephens's Woodrat (Neotoma stephensi); 202. Dusky-footed Woodrat (Neotoma fuscipes); 203. Big-eared Woodrat (Neotoma macrotis); 204. Bryant's Woodrat (Neotoma bryant); 205. Angel de la Guarda Woodrat (Neotoma insularis); 206. Desert Woodrat (Neotoma lepida); 207. Arizona Woodrat (Neotoma devia). in Cricetidae

On following pages: 184. Magdalena Woodrat (Xenomys nelsoni); 185. Bushy-tailed Woodrat (Neotoma cinerea); 186. Sonoran Woodrat (Neotoma phenax); 187. Goldman's Woodrat (Neotoma goldmani); 188. Allegheny Woodrat (Neotoma magisten; 189. Eastern Woodrat (Neotoma floridanus); 190. White-throated Woodrat (Neotoma albigula); 191. Black-tailed Woodrat (Neotoma melanura); 192. White-toothed Woodrat (Neotoma leucodon): 193. Southern Plains Woodrat (Neotoma micropus); 194. Nelson's Woodrat (Neotoma nelsoni); 195. Bolanos Woodrat (Neotoma palatina); 196. Tamaulipan Woodrat (Neotoma angustapalata); 197. Mexican Woodrat (Neotoma mexicana); 198. Painted Woodrat (Neotoma picta); 199. Guatemala Woodrat (Neotoma ferruginea); 200. Nicaraguan Woodrat (Neotoma chrysomelas); 201. Stephens's Woodrat (Neotoma stephensi); 202. Dusky-footed Woodrat (Neotoma fuscipes); 203. Big-eared Woodrat (Neotoma macrotis); 204. Bryant's Woodrat (Neotoma bryant); 205. Angel de la Guarda Woodrat (Neotoma insularis); 206. Desert Woodrat (Neotoma lepida); 207. Arizona Woodrat (Neotoma devia).

On following pages: 462. Gray Rice Rat (Eremoryzomys polius); 463. Medium-tailed Rice Rat (Eremoryzomys mesocaudis Brazilian False Rice Rat (Pseudoryzomys simplex); 467. Venezuelan Marsh Rat (Holochilus venezuelae); 468. Amazonian (Holochilus brasiliensis); 471. Crafty Marsh Rat (Holochilus vulpinus); 472. Lagiglia's Marsh Rat (Holochilus lagiglia Rat (Cerradomys maracajuensis); 476. Lindbergh's Rice Rat (Cerradomys scott); 477. Akroa Rice Rat (Cerradomys Goytaca Rice Rat (Cerradomys goytaca); 481. Ucayali Water Rat (Amphinectomys savamis); 482. Trinidad Water Rat Rat (Nectomys apicalis); 485. South American Water Rat (Nectomys rattus); 486. Atlantic Water Rat (Nectomys squamipes), 464. Lund''s Water Rat (Lundomys molitor); 465. Paraguayan Rice Rat (Sooretamys angouya); 466. Marsh Rat (Holochilus sciureus); 469. Chacoan Marsh Rat (Holochilus chacarius); 470. Brazilian Marsh Rat); 473. Langguth's Rice Rat (Cerradomys langguthi); 474. Vivo's Rice Rat (Cerradomys vivoi); 475. Maracaju Rice akroal); 478. Marinho's Rice Rat (Cerradomys marinhus); 479. Terraced Rice Rat (Cerradomys subflavus); 480. (Nectomys palmipes); 483. Magdalena Water Rat (Nectomys magdalenae); 484. Western Amazonian Water ). in Cricetidae

On following pages: 462. Gray Rice Rat (Eremoryzomys polius); 463. Medium-tailed Rice Rat (Eremoryzomys mesocaudis Brazilian False Rice Rat (Pseudoryzomys simplex); 467. Venezuelan Marsh Rat (Holochilus venezuelae); 468. Amazonian (Holochilus brasiliensis); 471. Crafty Marsh Rat (Holochilus vulpinus); 472. Lagiglia's Marsh Rat (Holochilus lagiglia Rat (Cerradomys maracajuensis); 476. Lindbergh's Rice Rat (Cerradomys scott); 477. Akroa Rice Rat (Cerradomys Goytaca Rice Rat (Cerradomys goytaca); 481. Ucayali Water Rat (Amphinectomys savamis); 482. Trinidad Water Rat Rat (Nectomys apicalis); 485. South American Water Rat (Nectomys rattus); 486. Atlantic Water Rat (Nectomys squamipes), 464. Lund''s Water Rat (Lundomys molitor); 465. Paraguayan Rice Rat (Sooretamys angouya); 466. Marsh Rat (Holochilus sciureus); 469. Chacoan Marsh Rat (Holochilus chacarius); 470. Brazilian Marsh Rat); 473. Langguth's Rice Rat (Cerradomys langguthi); 474. Vivo's Rice Rat (Cerradomys vivoi); 475. Maracaju Rice akroal); 478. Marinho's Rice Rat (Cerradomys marinhus); 479. Terraced Rice Rat (Cerradomys subflavus); 480. (Nectomys palmipes); 483. Magdalena Water Rat (Nectomys magdalenae); 484. Western Amazonian Water ).

Distribution. Andean intermontane valleys in W Colombia (upper Cauca, Magdalena, Dagua, and Patia rivers). in Cricetidae

Distribution. Andean intermontane valleys in W Colombia (upper Cauca, Magdalena, Dagua, and Patia rivers).

Distribution. SE Mexico (E Oaxaca and Chiapas) S through Middle America (excluding N Guatemala, Belize, and NW Honduras) to the Caribbean lowlands of Colombia S through Magdalena Valley and E to N Venezuela. in Cricetidae

Distribution. SE Mexico (E Oaxaca and Chiapas) S through Middle America (excluding N Guatemala, Belize, and NW Honduras) to the Caribbean lowlands of Colombia S through Magdalena Valley and E to N Venezuela.