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Fig. 3. A. Map with localities from which the herein studied specimens originated. B in Taxonomy and ontogeny of the Lituitida (Cephalopoda) from Orthoceratite Limestone erratics (Middle Ordovician)

Fig. 3. A. Map with localities from which the herein studied specimens originated. B. Localities in north-eastern Germany and western Poland. C. Localities in the Island of Öland (Sweden). Map prepared using the QGIS software (using the open-source World Map, OpenStreetMap and "WISE Large rivers and large lakes F1v1 geodatabase" of the European Environment Agency). Number coding of localities: Norway: 1 – Oslo (former Christiania); Estonia: 2 – Karula (Lääne-Viru County), 3 – Tallinn (former Reval, Harju County); Germany, Berlin: 4 – Schmargendorf, 5 – Tempelhofer Feld; Germany, Brandenburg: 6 – Eberswalde, 7 – Fresdorf, 8 – Gellmersdorf (Angermünde), 9 – Gransee (Ruppin), 10 – Heegermühle, 11 – Hohensaaten, 12 – Joachimsthal, 13 – Karlsröhe (Lichterfelde, Eberswalde), 14 – Kranepuhl, 15 – Niederfinow, 16 – Niederlehme, 17 – Oderberg, 18 – Potsdam, 19 – Ringenwalde, 20 – Schmetzdorf, 21 – Schwedt, 22 – Teschendorf (Löwenberg), 23 – Vierraden (Schwedt), 24 – Werbellinsee, 25 – Werder (Potsdam); Germany, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 26 – Bansin (Usedom), 27 – Boltenhagen (Gross Klütz Höved), 28 – Dwasieden (Rügen), 29 – Göhren, 30 – Gross Zicker (Rügen), 31 – Hiddensee Island, 32 – Klütz Höved, 33 – Lansen (Malchin), 34 – Lebbin, 35 – Mukran (Sassnitz, Rügen), 36 – Neu-Ruthenbeck (Parchim), 37 – Rerik, 38 – Röbel, 39 – Usedom, 40 – Ventschow; Germany, Saxony-Anhalt: 41 – Schlagenthin; Poland, Kujawi-Pomerania: 42 – Bydgoszcz (former Bromberg), 43 – Osielsk (Bydgoszcz); Poland, Masovia: 44 – Czerwińsk; Poland, Pomerania: 45 – Juszkowo (former Gischkau), 46 –Skowarcz (former Schönwarling); Poland, Silesia: 47 – Żory (former Sorau); Poland, West Pomerania: 48 – Barnówko (former Berneuchen), 49 – Dewitz Castle (Dobra, former Dewitzburg bei Daber), 50 – Chrząszczewska Island (former Gristow), 51 – Ustronie Morskie (former Henkenhagen); Russia: 52 – Kaliningrad; Sweden, Dalarna: 53 – Fjecka (Boda), 54 – Skattungbyn; Sweden, Öland: 55 – Böda Hamn, 56 – Gärdslösa, 57 – Kårehamn, 58 – Skärlöv, 59 – Tjusby, 60 – Triberga; Sweden, Skåne: 61 – Södra Sandby.

Fig. 6 in The tarphyceratid cephalopod Trocholites in the Middle-Upper Ordovician of the Prague Basin -the Baltican element in peri-Gondwana

Fig. 6. Tarphyceratid cephalopod Trocholites chaloupkai sp. nov. from Praha-Štěrboholy, central Bohemia, Czech Republic, upper part of the Zahořany Formation (lower Katian, Upper Ordovician). A. Holotype NM L 63626, detail of apicalmost part of the phragmocone (A1) and drawing (A2) indicating line of contact of whorls, position of siphuncle, position of (partly fragmented) septa and shape of initial chamber and umbilical window.

Fig. 4 in The tarphyceratid cephalopod Trocholites in the Middle-Upper Ordovician of the Prague Basin -the Baltican element in peri-Gondwana

Fig. 4. Tarphyceratid cephalopod Trocholites fugax Babin and GutiérrezMarco, 1992, from Březová Hůrka near Starý Plzenec, central Bohemia, Czech Republic, Dobrotivá Formation (upper Middle–lower Upper Ordovician). A. NM L 63625a, b, counterpart (A1) and part (A2).

Fig. 3 in The tarphyceratid cephalopod Trocholites in the Middle-Upper Ordovician of the Prague Basin -the Baltican element in peri-Gondwana

Fig. 3. Parameters used to measure and describe the specimens studied herein (after Korn 2010). Abbreviations: ah, apertural height; cl, cameral length; dm, shell diameter across centre of umbilicus; fh, foramen height; iz, imprint zone; uw, umbilical width; wh, whorl height; ww, whorl width. Line drawings are based on NM L 63626 (holotype of Trocholites chaloupkai sp. nov.).

Fig. 6 in A new thalassematid echiuran worm from the Middle Ordovician Castle Bank Biota of Wales, UK

Fig. 6. Echiura gen. et sp. indet. from the Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) of Castle Bank, Wales, UK, NMW.2021.3G.102. A1, overall view; A2, proboscis; A3, caudal region; A4, close up showing projections from anal region. A1 in plane-polarised light, A2–A4 in cross-polarised light.

Fig. 2 in The tarphyceratid cephalopod Trocholites in the Middle-Upper Ordovician of the Prague Basin -the Baltican element in peri-Gondwana

Fig. 2. Correlation of the Dobrotivá and Zahořany formations (greyed-out levels) with global and Ibero-Bohemian chronostratigraphic units, and the herein discussed occurrence of Trocholites. Modified from Kraft et al. (2015), Fatka and Budil (2022), and Kraft et al. (2023).

Fig. 5 in A new thalassematid echiuran worm from the Middle Ordovician Castle Bank Biota of Wales, UK

Fig. 5. Reconstruction of Llwygarua suzannae gen. et sp. nov.; observed size range: 5.5 to 7 mm long.

Fig. 1 in The tarphyceratid cephalopod Trocholites in the Middle-Upper Ordovician of the Prague Basin -the Baltican element in peri-Gondwana

Fig. 1. Map of Ordovician rocks of the Prague Basin and position of the localities, from which the two studied specimens originate: Locality 1, Březová Hůrka near Starý Plzenec; Locality 2, Praha-Štěrboholy. Modified from Manda (2008).

Fig. 1. A in A new thalassematid echiuran worm from the Middle Ordovician Castle Bank Biota of Wales, UK

Fig. 1. A. Location of Castle Bank within Wales (highlighted within UK, inset). B. Stratigraphic position within the sequence of the Builth-Llandrindod Inlier. Asterisk indicates Castle Bank locality.

Fig. 7 in The tarphyceratid cephalopod Trocholites in the Middle-Upper Ordovician of the Prague Basin -the Baltican element in peri-Gondwana

Fig. 7. Tarphyceratid cephalopod Trocholites chaloupkai sp. nov. from Praha-Štěrboholy, central Bohemia, Czech Republic, upper part of the Zahořany Formation (lower Katian, Upper Ordovician). A. Holotype NM L 63626, general view on shell ornament (A1); SEM image of shell ornament (A2) on umbilical wall of the outer whorl, coalescent ornament elements form a net-like (fenestrate) pattern; SEM image with detail of shell ornament (A3), transverse elements have a lamellar character and are imbricated adaperturally, the elements form undulating ridges that are locally coalescent with each other.

Fig. 3 in A new thalassematid echiuran worm from the Middle Ordovician Castle Bank Biota of Wales, UK

Fig. 3. Thalassematid echiuran Llwygarua suzannae gen. et sp. nov., from the Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) of Castle Bank, Wales, UK, paratype NMW.2021.3G.100. A1, overall view; A2, close up showing detail of central region of trunk, with muscle arrangement of longitudinal and oblique muscle bundles (arrowed); A3, proboscis with anterior projections arrowed, A5, close up showing reticulate structure; A4, caudal region with irregular structures possibly resulting from damage.

Fig. 5 in The tarphyceratid cephalopod Trocholites in the Middle-Upper Ordovician of the Prague Basin -the Baltican element in peri-Gondwana

Fig. 5. Tarphyceratid cephalopod Trocholites chaloupkai sp. nov. from Praha-Štěrboholy, central Bohemia, Czech Republic, upper part of the Zahořany Formation (lower Katian, Upper Ordovician). Holotype NM L 63626, optical microscope photograph of whitened specimen in lateral view (A1); micro-CT images showing frontal (A2) and ventral (A3) views, note ventral lobe of suture line; virtual longitudinal sections in sagittal plane showing partly preserved septa in last (A4) and penultimate (A7) whorls; virtual longitudinal section in median plane (A8) showing the siphuncle and the earliest whorl of the phragmocone; virtual transverse sections in slightly eccentric (A5) and central (A6) planes documenting whorl profile shape and siphuncle.

Fig. 4 in A new thalassematid echiuran worm from the Middle Ordovician Castle Bank Biota of Wales, UK

Fig. 4. Thalassematid echiuran Llwygarua suzannae gen. et sp. nov., from the Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) of Castle Bank, Wales, UK, NMW.2021.3G.101. A1, overall view of worm in probably dorsal view; A2, proboscis and midline structures; A3, detail of apex of proboscis, the anterior projections faintly visible (arrowed); A4, counterpart of A1; A5, close up of A4 showing caudal region.

Fig. 2 in A new thalassematid echiuran worm from the Middle Ordovician Castle Bank Biota of Wales, UK

Fig. 2. Recent thalassematid echiuran (A) and a fossil equivalent (B). A.?Ochetostoma sp., highlighting significant features for comparison with the fossils (photograph courtesy of Arthur Anker), typical length 10–20 cm. B. Holotype of Llwygarua suzannae gen. et sp. nov., from the Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) of Castle Bank, Wales, UK, NMW.2021.3G.99 showing overall specimen in slightly oblique lateral view (B1); enlargement with anterior ventral part of trunk (B4), showing one anterior seta (white arrow) and probably second seta (black arrow); detail of proboscis in cross-polarised light (B5), showing reticulate structure and anterior projections adjacent to midline; central region of trunk with distinctive wrinkling of cuticle in response to compression (B2), and proboscis in plane-polarised light (B3), with anterior projections arrowed.

Fig. 8 in Early ontogenetic growth stages of Middle Ordovician orthoceratoid cephalopods from Bohemia

Fig. 8. Box-plot of diameter of initial chambers of Ordovician orthoceratoid cephalopods. Data from Ruedemann (1912), Balashov (1957), Evans (2005, 2007), Aubrechtová (2015), Kröger (2006, 2007), and Kröger et al. (2009).

Fig. 5 in Early ontogenetic growth stages of Middle Ordovician orthoceratoid cephalopods from Bohemia

Fig. 5. Drawings of known embryonic shells with initial chambers of Ordovician orthoceratoids (cf. Kröger and Mapes 2007: fig. 4 and Klug et al. 2015: fig. 1.3.). Dotted lines indicate the assumed position of the siphuncle in Arionoceras? sp. and Orthoceratida indet. sp. 2. In Orthoceratida indet. sp. 2, note a sketch of hyposeptal cameral deposits (see the text below and Fig. 7C1). The stratigraphic position of Bactroceras angustisiphonatum and Arionoceras? sp. is either uppermost Lower Ordovician, or lowermost Middle Ordovician (David Evans, personal communication 2019; see also Evans 2005 and 2007). Orthoceratidae gen. et sp. indet B (Kröger 2007) is likely to be conspecific with Transorthoceras osmundsbergense according to Kröger et al. (2011a).

Fig. 6 in Early ontogenetic growth stages of Middle Ordovician orthoceratoid cephalopods from Bohemia

Fig. 6. Apical and juvenile shell parts of orthoceratid cephalopods; Middle Ordovician, Darriwilian Stage, Šárka and Dobrotivá formations, Czech Republic. A. Bactroceras sandbergeri (Barrande, 1867), MWB S 06823, Volduchy, third phragmocone chamber (estimated based on shell diameter) and adjacent part of body chamber. B. Orthoceratida indet. sp. 4, MWB S 06827, Volduchy, counterpart of initial chamber and adjacent part of phragmocone and one corroded phragmocone septum; note longitudinal striae. C. Orthoceratida indet sp. 5, NM L 59872, Malé Přílepy, counterpart (C1), latext cast C2); note longitudinal striae.

Fig. 3 in Early ontogenetic growth stages of Middle Ordovician orthoceratoid cephalopods from Bohemia

Fig. 3. Apical shell of the orthoceratoid Bactroceras sandbergeri (Barrande, 1867); Middle Ordovician, lower Darriwilian Stage, Šárka Formation, Czech Republic. A. MWB S 06761, Mýto-Svatoštěpánský rybník, latex cast of one of counterparts in lateral view, note fine, obliquely transverse surface ornamentation. B. MWB S 06762, Mýto-Svatoštěpánský rybník, counterpart (B1) and its latex cast (B2), in lateral view (initial chamber bent towards dorsum). C. MWB S 06763, Rokycany-Díly, internal mould in lateral view, single (adoralmost) phragmocone chamber showing ventrally situated siphuncle (C1), latex cast of the second counterpart (C2).

Fig. 2 in Early ontogenetic growth stages of Middle Ordovician orthoceratoid cephalopods from Bohemia

Fig. 2. Apical shell parts of the orthoceratoid Bactroceras sandbergeri (Barrande, 1867), Middle Ordovician, lower Darriwilian Stage, Šárka Formation, Czech Republic. A. MWB S 06759, Rokycany-Díly, internal mould in ventral view (A1), with accompanying trilobite Ormatops sp., brachiopod Euorthisina sp., and indeterminate hyolith; detail (A2), note the decrease of apical angle at second phragmocone chamber; latex cast of counterpart in ventral view (A3). B. MWB S 06764, Těškov, internal mould in lateral view, venter on right hand-side (initial chamber bent towards dorsum), initial and second phragmocone chamber preserved as counterpart. C. MWB S 06760, Těškov, latex casts of both sides of counterparts (C1, C2), note suspicious surface structures. D. NM L 59577, Praha-Hanspaulka, latex cast of counterpart.

Fig. 1 in Early ontogenetic growth stages of Middle Ordovician orthoceratoid cephalopods from Bohemia

Fig. 1. Position of Ordovician rocks of the Prague Basin within the Bohemian Massif and the localities from which the herein studied specimens originate see the text below). 1, Praha-Šárka cihelna (brickyard); 2, Praha-Šárka; 3, Praha-Hanspaulka; 4, Malé Přílepy; 5, Lhotka u Berouna; 6, Těškov; 7, MýtoSvatoštěpánský rybník; 8, Rokycany-Díly; 9, Volduchy. Adapted after Manda (2008).