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477 results for “Molecular evolution”
Figure 8 in Molecular data illuminate cryptic nudibranch species: the evolution of the Scyllaeidae (Nudibranchia: Dendronotina) with a revision of Notobryon
Figure 8. Notobryon thompsoni sp. nov. Living animals. A-B, South Africa, Cape Province, Oudekraal, photo by T. M. Gosliner, CASIZ 176277; C-D, South Africa, Cape Province, west False Bay, Dale Brooks, photo by T. M. Gosliner, CASIZ 176362.
Figure 6. A–D in Molecular data illuminate cryptic nudibranch species: the evolution of the Scyllaeidae (Nudibranchia: Dendronotina) with a revision of Notobryon
Figure 6. A–D, Notobryon bijerecum Baba, 1837, living animals. A, Japan, Ryukyu Islands, Okinawa, Seragaki Beach, photo by R. Bolland, CASIZ 089003; B, Japan, Shizuoka prefecture, photo by S. Yamamoto; C, Japan, Shizuoka prefecture, photo by T. Kurihara; D, Japan, Izu-Oshima Island, photo by H. Yamada. E-F, Notobryon clavigerum Baba, 1837, living animals. E, Japan, Fukui prefecture, photo by Y. Shamoto; F, Japan, Shizuoka prefecture, photo by A. Kawahara.
Figure 5. Reproductive system. A, B in Molecular data illuminate cryptic nudibranch species: the evolution of the Scyllaeidae (Nudibranchia: Dendronotina) with a revision of Notobryon
Figure 5. Reproductive system. A, B, Notobryon wardi Odhner, 1936. A, Paralectotype SMNH 1346; B, CASIZ 177589; C, Notobryon bijerecum Baba, 1837, CASIZ 089003; D, Notobryon thompsoni sp. nov., CASIZ 07400; E, Notobryon panamica sp. nov., MZUCR-INB0003118069; am, ampulla; bc, bursa copulatrix; fmgl, female gland mass; hd, hermaphroditic duct; p, penis; pb, penial bulb; pr, prostate; v, vagina; vd, vas deferens. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Figure 3. Notobryon wardi Odhner, 1936. Philippines specimens. A, CASIZ 177589 in Molecular data illuminate cryptic nudibranch species: the evolution of the Scyllaeidae (Nudibranchia: Dendronotina) with a revision of Notobryon
Figure 3. Notobryon wardi Odhner, 1936. Philippines specimens. A, CASIZ 177589, jaws, scale bar = 100 Mm; B, CASIZ 177589, jaw elements, scale bar = 1 Mm; C, CASIZ 177591, radula, scale bar = 100 Mm; D, CASIZ 177589, left rows of teeth, scale bar = 100 Mm; E, CASIZ 177589, central lateral teeth, scale bar = 20 Mm; F, CASIZ 177589, detail of a tooth, scale bar = 10 Mm; G, CASIZ 177589, stomach plates, scale bar = 100 Mm; H, CASIZ 177589, penis, scale bar = 100 Mm.
Figure 10 in Molecular data illuminate cryptic nudibranch species: the evolution of the Scyllaeidae (Nudibranchia: Dendronotina) with a revision of Notobryon
Figure 10. Notobryon panamica sp. nov. Living animals. A, Mexico, Jalisco, Bahia de Banderas, Los Arcos, photo by A. Hermosillo, CASIZ 175778; B, Pacific Coast of Mexico, Michoacan, Faro Buceiras, photo by A. Hermosillo; C-D, Mexico, Jalisco, Bahia de Banderas, Mismaloya, photo by A. Hermosillo, CASIZ 180376; E, Costa Rica, Punta Ballena, Isla del Caño, photo by Y. Camacho, MZUCR 6356; F, Panama, Pacific coast, Isla Jicarita, photo by T. M. Gosliner, CASIZ 088177.
Figure 2. Notobryon wardi Odhner, 1936 in Molecular data illuminate cryptic nudibranch species: the evolution of the Scyllaeidae (Nudibranchia: Dendronotina) with a revision of Notobryon
Figure 2. Notobryon wardi Odhner, 1936 (Paralectotype SMNH 1346), East Australia, Queensland. A, jaw, scale bar = 100 Mm; B, jaw elements, scale bar = 10 Mm; C, lateral teeth, scale bar = 30 Mm; D, detail of lateral teeth, scale bar = 20 Mm.
Figure 1. Notobryon wardi Odhner, 1936. Living animals. A in Molecular data illuminate cryptic nudibranch species: the evolution of the Scyllaeidae (Nudibranchia: Dendronotina) with a revision of Notobryon
Figure 1. Notobryon wardi Odhner, 1936. Living animals. A, Australia, New South Wales, Port Stephens, photo by Ron Greer; B, Philippines, Luzon Island, Batangas Province, Anilao, Photo by T. M. Gosliner, CASIZ 177589; C, Philippines, Luzon Island, Batangas Province, Calumpan Peninsula, photo by T. M. Gosliner, CASIZ 177537; D, Marshall Islands, Kwajalein Atoll, South Loi Island, photo by J. Johnson, CASIZ 180378; E, Papua New Guinea, North coast, near Madang, photo by T. M. Gosliner, CASIZ 075283; F, Notobryon sp.B, Philippines, Luzon Island, Batangas Province, Anilao, Mainit Bubbles, photo by T. M. Gosliner, CASIZ 177759.
Figure 7. Notobryon bijerecum Baba, 1837, CASIZ 089003. A in Molecular data illuminate cryptic nudibranch species: the evolution of the Scyllaeidae (Nudibranchia: Dendronotina) with a revision of Notobryon
Figure 7. Notobryon bijerecum Baba, 1837, CASIZ 089003. A, jaws, scale bar = 100 Mm; B, jaw elements, scale bar = 1 Mm; C, radula, scale bar = 100 Mm; D, Inner lateral teeth, scale bar = 10 Mm; E, central lateral teeth, scale bar = 20 Mm; F, stomach plates, scale bar = 200 Mm; G, penis and prostate, scale bar = 100 Mm; H, penis, scale bar = 20 Mm.
Figure 12 in Molecular data illuminate cryptic nudibranch species: the evolution of the Scyllaeidae (Nudibranchia: Dendronotina) with a revision of Notobryon
Figure 12. Phylogenetic hypothesis based on combined molecular data (H3+COI+16S) represented by Bayesian inference. Numbers above branches represent posterior probabilities from Bayesian inference (over 95%). Numbers below branches indicate bootstrap values for ML (over 85%).
Figure 4. Notobryon wardi Odhner, 1936 in Molecular data illuminate cryptic nudibranch species: the evolution of the Scyllaeidae (Nudibranchia: Dendronotina) with a revision of Notobryon
Figure 4. Notobryon wardi Odhner, 1936. Papua New Guinea (CASIZ 075283) and Indonesia (CASIZ 0117360) specimens. A, CASIZ 075283, jaw elements, scale bar = 1 Mm; B, CASIZ 0117360, jaw elements, scale bar = 2 Mm; C, CASIZ 075283, right rows of teeth, scale bar = 10 Mm; D, CASIZ 0117360, right rows of teeth, scale bar = 20 Mm; E, CASIZ 075283, penis, scale bar = 30 Mm; F, CASIZ 0117360, penis, scale bar = 20 Mm.
Figure 11 in Molecular data illuminate cryptic nudibranch species: the evolution of the Scyllaeidae (Nudibranchia: Dendronotina) with a revision of Notobryon
Figure 11. Notobryon panamica sp. nov. A. MZUCR-INB0003118069, jaws, scale bar = 100 Mm; B, CASIZ 088177, jaw elements, scale bar = 1 Mm; C, MZUCR-INB0003118069, radula, scale bar = 100 Mm; D, CASIZ 088177, left rows of teeth, scale bar = 20 Mm; E, MZUCR-INB0003118069, stomach plates, scale bar = 100 Mm; F, MZUCR 6359, penis, scale bar = 30 Mm; G, MZUCR-INB0003118069, penis, scale bar = 100 Mm; H, MZUCR-INB0003118069, penis, scale bar = 10 Mm.
Figure 2 in Molecular systematics and evolution of the Ptinidae (Coleoptera: Bostrichoidea) and related families
Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships based on the parsimony analysis of all three genes (COI, 16S, and 28S). Single most parsimonious tree of length 5052 steps.
Figure 3 in Molecular systematics and evolution of the Ptinidae (Coleoptera: Bostrichoidea) and related families
Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships based on parsimony analysis of the expanded data set. Strict consensus of 509 most parsimonious trees of length 9533 steps.
Figure 1 in Molecular systematics and evolution of the Ptinidae (Coleoptera: Bostrichoidea) and related families
Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships based on parsimony analysis. A, COI, single most parsimonious tree (MPT) of length 2378 steps. B, 16S, strict consensus of three MPTs of length 1356 steps. C, 28S, strict consensus of nine MPTs of length 1540 steps.
Figure 5 in Molecular systematics and evolution of the Ptinidae (Coleoptera: Bostrichoidea) and related families
Figure 5. Phylogenetic relationships based on Bayesian analysis of all three genes (COI, 16S, and 28S). Majority rule consensus of sampled trees from 2 ¥ 3 000 000 generations with a burn-in of 300 000 generations: (A) the partitioned, harmonic mean of the log likelihoods is -22 145.56; (B) the non-partitioned, harmonic mean of the log likelihoods is -22 920.45. Bayesian posterior probabilities are displayed at nodes supported at a level greater than 0.5.
Figure 4 in Molecular systematics and evolution of the Ptinidae (Coleoptera: Bostrichoidea) and related families
Figure 4. Phylogenetic relationships based on Bayesian analysis. A, COI, majority-rule consensus of sampled trees from 2 ¥ 3 000 000 generations, with a burn-in of 1 200 000 generations; the harmonic mean of the log likelihoods is -9943.92. B, 16S, majority-rule consensus of sampled trees from 2 ¥ 3 000 000 generations, with a burn-in of 1 250 000 generations; the harmonic mean of the log likelihoods is -5921.906. C, 28S, majority-rule consensus of sampled trees from 2 ¥ 1 000 000 generations, with a burn-in of 250 000 generations; the harmonic mean of the log likelihoods is -5860.17. Bayesian posterior probabilities are displayed at all nodes supported at a level greater than 0.5.
Figure 3 in Molecular phylogeny and evolution of the Perissodactyla
Figure 3. Synapomorphic deletions found in intron 3 of the Kit gene: 8 bp supporting the Tapiridae family (grey), 2 bp the noncaballines group (grey dotted lines), 3 bp the Rhinocerotidae (black), 4 bp the Equidae (black dashed lines), 8 bp the Ceratomorpha clade (grey dotted lines), and 6 bp the Asiatic asses and zebras group (grey dotted lines). Location of the deletions in the consensus sequence and the sequences identities are indicated at the top of the alignments.
Figure 5 in Molecular phylogeny and evolution of the Perissodactyla
Figure 5. Mapping of chromosome rearrangements on the Bayesian tree (-ln L = -26549.49) of perissodactyl species included in the Trifonov et al. (2008) survey. Open circles represent chromosome fusions, grey circles fissions, open squares inversions, and dotted symbols ambiguous characters. Rates of chromosome evolution are shown for terminal and internal branches (small grey boxes). For some nodes, chromosome number ancestral states are indicated in open boxes. R/Myr, rate of chromosome rearrangements per million years.
Figure 6 in Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of a new marine urostylid ciliate (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia) from the South China Sea, and a brief overview of the convergent evolution of the midventral pattern within the Spirotrichea
Figure 6. The maximum-likelihood (ML) tree inferred from the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences of 63 spirotrichous taxa, showing the position of Bergeriella ovata gen. et sp. nov. (boxed), and the phylogenetic relationships among the taxa possessing midventral cirral rows (i.e. urostylids s.l.; branches are depicted by thick lines, and species names are highlighted in bold text). Nodal support for branches in the ML, Bayesian inference (BI), and neighbour-joining (NJ) trees are marked in order. Bootstrap values lower than 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities lower than 0.70 are replaced with hyphens. Clades with different topologies in the NJ tree relative to the ML and BI trees are indicated with asterisks. All branches are drawn to scale. The scale bar corresponds to five substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions. Phacodinium and Protocruzia were taken as out-group taxa.
Figure 3 in Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of a new marine urostylid ciliate (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia) from the South China Sea, and a brief overview of the convergent evolution of the midventral pattern within the Spirotrichea
Figure 3. Ventral (A, C, E, G) and dorsal (B, D, F, H) views of Bergeriella ovata gen. et sp. nov. in morphogenesis (A–D) and regeneration (E–H), after impregnation with protargol. A, an early divider, showing the oral primordium (arrow) and fronto-ventral-transverse (FVT) anlagen (arrowhead) of the proter. The double arrowheads mark the anlagen for the nonmigratory row, which comes from the posteriormost FVT streak. B, the same specimen as shown in (A), showing the enlarged macronuclear nodules and the formation of the dorsal kinety anlagen (arrows). C, an individual at a late stage of division, with all cirri developed; note the structures that will respectively form the enlarged postoral ventral cirri (arrowheads) and the delicate left ventral cirri (arrows). The double arrowheads indicate the anlagen for the nonmigratory row. D, the differentiating marginal row (arrows) and dorsal kineties; note that the macronuclear nodules are separating. E, F, an early reorganizer, showing the oral primordium (arrow in E), FVT streak (arrowhead), nonmigratory row (double arrowheads) and dorsal kinety anlagen; the arrows in (F) indicate the anlagen for the right and left marginal rows, which are derived within the parental structure. G, H, a middle-stage reorganizer, with a further proliferation of kinetosomes, showing the first frontal cirrus (arrow in G) generated from the undulating membrane anlagen, the basal bodies developed from FVT streaks (arrowhead), the anlagen for the nonmigratory row (double arrowheads), and the anlagen for the right and left marginal rows (arrows in H). Abbreviations: DK, dorsal kineties; DKA, dorsal kinety anlagen. Scale bars: 40 Mm.
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