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Figure 4 in Mitogenomic phylogeny and fossil-calibrated mutation rates for all F- and M-type mtDNA genes of the largest freshwater mussel family, the Unionidae (Bivalvia)

Figure 4. Phylogenetic tree of the Unionidae+Margaritiferidae estimated from 28 concatenated individual mtDNA gene sequences, i.e. 14 from female-type (12 protein-coding and 2 rRNA genes) and 14 (12 protein-coding and 2 rRNA genes) from male-type mitochondria. Values for branch support above each node represent Bayesian posterior probabilities percentage/ maximum likelihood bootstrap.

Figure 3 in Mitogenomic phylogeny and fossil-calibrated mutation rates for all F- and M-type mtDNA genes of the largest freshwater mussel family, the Unionidae (Bivalvia)

Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree of the Unionidae+Margaritiferidae estimated from 14 concatenated individual mtDNA gene sequences (12 protein-coding and 2 rRNA genes). Values for branch support above each node represent Bayesian posterior probabilities percentage/maximum likelihood bootstrap support. *Supported values ≥ 95 are represented by an asterisk.

Figure 1 in Mitogenomic phylogeny and fossil-calibrated mutation rates for all F- and M-type mtDNA genes of the largest freshwater mussel family, the Unionidae (Bivalvia)

Figure 1. Recent multi-locus phylogenetic hypotheses on Gonideinae sensu Pfeiffer et al. (2019). Vertical bars indicate subfamilies recognized in respective publications. Note that Froufe et al. (2020) adopted a new systematic framework with three instead of two family-group levels, and thus, traditional tribes (ending -ini) are considered subtribes (ending -ina) in that study.

Figure 6 in Mitogenomic phylogeny and fossil-calibrated mutation rates for all F- and M-type mtDNA genes of the largest freshwater mussel family, the Unionidae (Bivalvia)

Figure 6. Relationship between (A) mean Ka/Ks and substitution rate (μ) per female-type (full circles) and male-type (empty circles) mtDNA protein-coding gene; and (B) differences between male- and female-type K a /K s and μ per proteincoding mtDNA gene.

Figure 2 in Mitogenomic phylogeny and fossil-calibrated mutation rates for all F- and M-type mtDNA genes of the largest freshwater mussel family, the Unionidae (Bivalvia)

Figure 2. Gene maps of the F- and M-type mitochondrial genomes of Lens contradens, Physunio superbus, Hyriopsis bialata and Rectidens sumatrensis. Genes positioned inside the circle are encoded on the heavy strand, and genes outside the circle are encoded on the light strand. Colour codes: small and large ribosomal RNAs (red); transfer RNAs (purple); M-orf, F-specific open reading frame (yellow); M-orf, M-specific open reading frame (yellow); protein-coding genes (green).

Figure 5 in Mitogenomic phylogeny and fossil-calibrated mutation rates for all F- and M-type mtDNA genes of the largest freshwater mussel family, the Unionidae (Bivalvia)

Figure 5. Fossil-calibrated ultrametric chronogram of the Unionidae calculated under a lognormal relaxed clock model and a Yule process speciation implemented in BEAST v.1.10.1 and obtained for the complete F-type mitogenome data set. The newly sequenced tribe-level taxa are coloured red. An outgroup sample (Margaritiferidae) has been removed for better visualization (but see original BEAST tree in Supporting Information, Fig. S1A). Bars indicate 95% confidence intervals of the estimated divergence times between lineages (Mya). Black numbers near nodes are mean ages (Mya). Colour labels indicate the F-mtDNA gene order (UF1, UF2, and UF3). Stratigraphic chart according to the International Commission on Stratigraphy v.2018/08 (www.stratigraphy.org). Abbreviations: J, Jurassic; K, Cretaceous; N, Neogene; Pg, Palaeogene; Q, Quaternary.

Figure 23 in Species boundaries and phylogeographic patterns in new species of Nannoniscus (Janiroidea: Nannoniscidae) from the equatorial Pacific nodule province inferred from mtDNA and morphology

Figure 23. Nannoniscus brenkei, (A) holotype female (ZMH K-55370, NB12_Iso070), (B–I) paratype female (ZMH K-55369, Na03): (A) habitus, dorsal view; (B) AI, AII peduncular articles 1–4; (C) lMd, details: incisor, lacinia mobilis and spine row; (D) rMd, details: Md palp, spine row spines 1–4; (E) Mxp; (F) PI; (G) Op; (H) PlpIII; (I) Urp. Scale bars: A = 200 µm; B–I = 100 µm.

Figure 6. Nannoniscus menziesi Mezhov, 1986 in Species boundaries and phylogeographic patterns in new species of Nannoniscus (Janiroidea: Nannoniscidae) from the equatorial Pacific nodule province inferred from mtDNA and morphology

Figure 6. Nannoniscus menziesi Mezhov, 1986, holotype female (ZMMU 6143): (A) habitus, posterior somited, dorsal view; (B) AII; (C) AI; (D) rMd; (E) lMd; (F) Op; (G) Urp; (H) PI. Scale bars: A–H = 100 µm.

Figure 19 in Species boundaries and phylogeographic patterns in new species of Nannoniscus (Janiroidea: Nannoniscidae) from the equatorial Pacific nodule province inferred from mtDNA and morphology

Figure 19. Nannoniscus menoti, paratype male (ZMH K-55350, MA14_Iso272). Confocal laser scanning microscopy images: (A) habitus, dorsal view; (B) habitus, ventral view; (C) habitus, lateral view; (D) mouthparts, ventral view; (E) cephalothorax, lateral view; (F) Plt, ventral view. Scale bars: A–C = 250 µm; D–F = 100 µm.

Figure 20 in Species boundaries and phylogeographic patterns in new species of Nannoniscus (Janiroidea: Nannoniscidae) from the equatorial Pacific nodule province inferred from mtDNA and morphology

Figure 20. Nannoniscus pedro, (A–B, F) holotype female (ZMH K-55358, Na08), (C, E, G–H) paratype female (ZMH K-55361, Na04), (D, I) paratype female (ZMH K-55362, Na11): (A) habitus, dorsal view; (B) habitus, lateral view; (C) AI, AII peduncular article 1–4; (D) AII; (E) PI; (F) Plt, ventral view; (G), Op; (H) PlpIII; (I) Urp. Scale bars: A–B, F = 200 µm; C–E, G–I = 100 µm.

Figure 3 in Species boundaries and phylogeographic patterns in new species of Nannoniscus (Janiroidea: Nannoniscidae) from the equatorial Pacific nodule province inferred from mtDNA and morphology

Figure 3. Haplotype network for COI. Sampled haplotypes are shown as solid circles with circle area proportional to the number of individuals possessing that haplotype; open circles represent unsampled haplotypes required to connect the network. The number of mutational steps between haplotypes are shown along connecting lines. The colours represent sampling locations as indicated in the legend. Species described herein are indicated with bounding boxes.

Figure 2 in Species boundaries and phylogeographic patterns in new species of Nannoniscus (Janiroidea: Nannoniscidae) from the equatorial Pacific nodule province inferred from mtDNA and morphology

Figure 2. Bayesian phylogenetic tree of Nannoniscus lineages based on COI, with molecular species delimitations shown as black bars.

Figure 21 in Species boundaries and phylogeographic patterns in new species of Nannoniscus (Janiroidea: Nannoniscidae) from the equatorial Pacific nodule province inferred from mtDNA and morphology

Figure 21. Nannoniscus pedro, (A–B) holotype female (ZMH K-55358, Na08), (C–I, K–L) paratype female (ZMH K-55362, Na11), (J) paratype female (ZMH K-55361, Na04): (A) habitus, dorsal view; (B) habitus, lateral view; (C) Mxp; (D) lMd; (E) rMd; (F) MxI; (G) MxII; (H-K) PII–V; (L) PVII. Scale bars: A–B = 200 µm; C–L = 100 µm.

Figure 1. a in Species boundaries and phylogeographic patterns in new species of Nannoniscus (Janiroidea: Nannoniscidae) from the equatorial Pacific nodule province inferred from mtDNA and morphology

Figure 1. a, the CCZ and distribution of sampling locations across five licence areas and APEI 6; (b) detail: sampling sites in the German, UK and OMS licence area; FRA: French licence area; GSR: G-TEC Sea Mineral Resources NV (Belgium); GER: German licence area; OMS: Ocean Mineral Singapore Pte. Ltd.; UK: UK Seabed Resources Ltd.

Figure 5 in Species boundaries and phylogeographic patterns in new species of Nannoniscus (Janiroidea: Nannoniscidae) from the equatorial Pacific nodule province inferred from mtDNA and morphology

Figure 5. Bayesian reconstruction of geographic location of ancestral lineages of Nannoniscus, based on sampling area of extant lineages. Brackets above and below branches list potential locations and their 95% highest posterior distributions, respectively.

Figure 10 in Species boundaries and phylogeographic patterns in new species of Nannoniscus (Janiroidea: Nannoniscidae) from the equatorial Pacific nodule province inferred from mtDNA and morphology

Figure 10. Nannoniscus hilario, holotype female (ZMH K-55342, Na23). Confocal laser scanning microscopy images: (A) habitus, dorsal view; (B) habitus, lateral view; (C) habitus, ventral view; (D) mouthparts, ventral view; (E) cephalothorax, lateral view; (F) Plt, ventral view. Scale bars: A–C = 200 µm; D–F = 100 µm.

Figure 17 in Species boundaries and phylogeographic patterns in new species of Nannoniscus (Janiroidea: Nannoniscidae) from the equatorial Pacific nodule province inferred from mtDNA and morphology

Figure 17. Nannoniscus menoti, paratype male (ZMH K-55350, MA14_Iso272): (A) habitus, dorsal view; (B–E) PlpI–IV. Scale bars: A = 250 µm; B–E = 100 µm.

Figure 8 in Species boundaries and phylogeographic patterns in new species of Nannoniscus (Janiroidea: Nannoniscidae) from the equatorial Pacific nodule province inferred from mtDNA and morphology

Figure 8. Nannoniscus hilario, (A, E, I) holotype female (ZMH K-55342, Na23); (B–D, F–H, J–K) paratype female (ZMH K-55341, NB12_Iso020): (A) habitus, dorsal view; (B) AI, peduncular articles 1–4 AII; (C) lMd; (D) rMd; (E) habitus, lateral view; (F) Mxp; (G) Op, ventral view; (H) PlpIII; (I) Plt, ventral view; (J) Urp; (K) Op, lateral view. Scale bars: A, E, I = 200 µm; B–D, F–H, J–K = 100 µm.

Figure 12 in Species boundaries and phylogeographic patterns in new species of Nannoniscus (Janiroidea: Nannoniscidae) from the equatorial Pacific nodule province inferred from mtDNA and morphology

Figure 12. Nannoniscus magdae, (A–B) holotype female (ZMH K-55375, Na26); (C–E, I) paratype female (ZMH K-55373, NB12_Iso099); (F–H) paratype female (ZMH K-55374, Na12): (A) habitus, dorsal view; (B) habitus, lateral view; (C–I) PI-PVII. Scale bars: A–B = 200 µm; C–I = 100 µm.

Figure 13 in Species boundaries and phylogeographic patterns in new species of Nannoniscus (Janiroidea: Nannoniscidae) from the equatorial Pacific nodule province inferred from mtDNA and morphology

Figure 13. Nannoniscus magdae, paratype male (ZMH K-55377, Na49): (A) habitus, dorsal view; (B) PlpI; (C) PlpII. Scale bars: A = 200 µm; B–C = 100 µm.