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759 results for “Plant–plant interactions”
Data on soil variables (with plot IDs) and grassland species traits used for the analysis of grassland vegetation data by Pillar, V.D. (2024) Trait divergence in plant community assembly is generated by environmental factor interactions. Journal of Vegetation Science, 35, e13259. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.13259
<p>File <a href="../api/records/10983049/draft/files/Plot_IDs_990ua.txt/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Plot_IDs_990ua.txt</a> contains the IDs of the 1-m2 plots used for the analysis of grassland vegetation data by Pillar, V.D. (2024) Trait divergence in plant community assembly is generated by environmental factor interactions. The plot data are stored in the sPlot database (PPBio South Brazilian Grassland Database).</p> <p>File <a href="../api/records/10983049/draft/files/E_990ua_21SoilVar.txt/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">E_990ua_21SoilVar.txt</a> contains data on soil variables evaluated in the 250 m transects, but here expanded to the 990 1-m2 plots (each transect was sampled using 10 1-m2 pots).</p> <p>File <a href="../api/records/10983049/draft/files/B_769spp_4t.txt/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">B_769spp_4t.txt</a> is the species trait database collected in the framework of several research projects in the Quantitative Ecology Lab (EcoQua) and Grassland Vegetation Studies Lab (LevCamp) of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Data gaps were filled by compiled from the TRY database and data imputation.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
MetaComNet: A random forest-based framework for making spatial prediction of plant-pollinator interactions
<p>1. Predicting plant-pollinator interaction networks over space and time will improve our understanding of how environmental change is likely to impact the functioning of ecosystems. Here we propose a framework for producing spatially explicit predictions of the occurrence and number of pairwise plant-pollinator interactions and of the species richness, diversity, and abundance of pollinators visiting flowers. We call the framework 'MetaComNet' because it aims to link metacommunity dynamics to the assembly of ecological networks.</p> <p>2. To illustrate the MetaComNet functionality, we used a dataset on bee-flower networks sampled at 16 sites in southeast Norway along with random forest models to predict bee-flower interactions. We included variables associated with climatic conditions (elevation) and habitat availability within a 250m radius of each site. Regional commonness, site-specific distance to conspecifics, social guild, and floral preference were included as bee traits. Each plant species was assigned a score reflecting its site-specific abundance, and four scores reflecting the bee species that the plant family is known to attract. We used leave-one-out cross-validations to assess the models' ability to predict pairwise plant-bee interactions across the landscape.</p> <p>3. The relationship between observed occurrence or absence of interactions and the predicted probability of interactions was nearly proportional (GLMlogistic regression slope = 1.09), matching the data well (AUC = 0.88), and explained 30% of the variation. Predicted probability of interactions was also correlated with the number of observed pairwise interactions (r = 0.32). The sum of predicted probabilities of bee-flower interactions were positively correlated with observed species richness (r = 0.50), diversity (r = 0.48), and abundance (r = 0.42) of wild bees interacting with plant species within sites.</p> <p>4. Our findings show that the MetaComNet framework can be a useful approach for making spatially explicit predictions and mapping plant-pollinator interactions. Such predictions have the potential to identify areas where the pollination potential for wild plants is particularly high, and where conservation action should be directed to preserve this ecosystem function.</p>
Timing of a plant–herbivore interaction alters plant growth and reproduction
<p>Phenological shifts in timing of species interactions have the potential to change size-structured species interactions, but relatively few studies have used experimental manipulations to examine the season-long effects of phenological mismatches in multiple development contexts. While previous experimental studies have examined how phenological mismatches in plant-herbivore interactions can affect both plants and their herbivores, less is known about their effects on subsequent plant-pollinator interactions. Here, we conducted an experiment to determine how shifts in the phenological timing of monarch (<i>Danaus plexippus</i>) larval herbivory affected milkweed (<i>Asclepias fascicularis</i>) host plant performance, including effects on growth and subsequent effects on flower and seed pod phenology and production. We found that variation in the timing of herbivory affected both plant growth and reproduction, with measurable effects several weeks to months after herbivory ended. The timing of herbivory had qualitatively different effects on vegetative and reproductive biomass: early-season herbivory had the strongest effects on plant size, while late-season herbivory had the strongest effects on the production of viable seeds. These results show that phenological shifts in herbivory can have persistent and qualitatively different effects on different life stages across the season.</p>
Temporal consistency in interactions among birds, ants, and plants in a neotropical savanna
<p>Interactions among animals and plants are key to understanding seed dispersal, plant regeneration and plant community patterns. These interactions can be dynamic, with changes of species and functional roles across space and time. Despite fluctuations in species abundances and resources over time being the rule in natural communities, most studies approach plant-frugivore interactions as temporally static. We documented changes in bird and ant species in interactions with plants producing carbohydrate- (<i>Miconia rubiginosa</i>) or lipid-rich diaspores (<i>Xylopia aromatica</i>) comparing two fruiting seasons 15 years apart in a savanna in southeastern Brazil. We tested if abundance and body size of dispersal vectors (birds and ants) affected the frequency of interactions and the quantitative effectiveness of seed dispersal (QTC). Rich bird (26 species) and ant (18 genera) assemblages interacted with the diaspores. A core of bird and ant taxa was temporally consistent, and responsible for most seed removal across the two years for both plants. Temporal transience was more common for sporadic partners of interactions, and for species with similar functional roles. Abundance and body size of birds affected the interspecific contributions to QTC. Large-bodied birds dispersed large quantities of seeds of our relatively small-seeded plants, even if their visits were sporadic. For ants, variations in temperature and rainfall across time seems more important in driving variations in the contributions to QTC. The combined effect of birds and ants in the same system help to stabilize the temporal fluctuations in the amount of seeds dispersed. However, ants alone are unlikely to replace the functional roles of vertebrate dispersers. Even though species in the assemblage change either their quantitative contribution to seed dispersal or their presence or absence in the interaction network, species persisting in interaction over time are the most important quantitative partners for plants.</p>
Wildfire severity alters drivers of interaction beta-diversity in plant-bee networks
Spatial variation in species interactions (interaction β-diversity) and its ecological drivers are poorly understood, despite their relevance to community assembly, conservation, and ecosystem functioning. We investigated effects of wildfire severity on patterns and four proximate ecological drivers of interaction β-diversity in plant-bee communities across three localities in the Northern Rocky Mountains (Montana, USA). Wildfires decreased interaction β-diversity but increased interaction frequency (number of visits) and richness (number of links). After controlling for interaction frequency and richness, standardized effect sizes of interaction β-diversity were highest following mixed-severity wildfires, intermediate following high-severity wildfires, and lowest in unburned landscapes, suggesting that wildfire increases spatial aggregation of plant-bee interactions. Moreover, higher effect sizes in burned landscapes were largely determined by turnover in the species composition of both trophic levels rather than by interaction rewiring (spatial turnover in local species interactions not due to species turnover). The underrepresented level of rewiring indicated spatial consistency in post-disturbance patterns of interactions among co-occurring species. Together, our findings suggest that wildfire alters the β-diversity of mutualistic species interactions via linked assembly of plant-bee communities and provide insights into how environmental change alters complex networks of species interactions.
Changes in the structure of seed dispersal networks when including interaction outcomes from both plant and animal perspectives
<p>Interaction frequency is the most common currency in quantitative ecological networks, although interaction quality can also affect benefits provided by mutualisms. Here, we evaluate if interaction quality can modify network topology, species' role and whether such changes affect community vulnerability to species loss. We use a well-examined study system (bird-lizard and fleshy-fruited plants in the 'thermophilous' woodland of the Canary Islands) to compare network and species-level metrics from a network based on fruit consumption rates (Interaction Frequency, IF), against networks reflecting functional outcomes: a Seed Dispersal Effectiveness network (SDE) quantifying recruitment, and a Fruit Resource Provisioning network (FRP), accounting for the nutrient supply of fruits. Nestedness decreased in the FRP and the SDE networks, due to the lack of association between fruit consumption rates and (1) nutrient content, and (2) recruitment at the seed deposition sites, respectively. The FRP network showed lower niche overlap due to resource use complementarity among frugivores. Interaction evenness was lower in the SDE network, in response to a higher dominance of lizards in the recruitment of heliophilous species. Such changes, however, did not result in enhanced vulnerability against extinctions. At the plant species level, strength changed in the FRP network in frequently consumed or highly nutritious species. The number of effective partners decreased for species whose seeds were deposited in unsuitable places for recruitment. In frugivores, strength was consistent across networks (SDE vs IF), showing that consumption rates outweighed differences in dispersal quality. In the case of lizards, the increased importance of nutrient-rich species resulted in a higher number of effective partners.</p> <p>Our work shows that although frequency strongly impacts interaction effects, accounting for quality improves our inferences about interaction assembly and species role. Thus, future studies including interaction outcomes from both partners' perspectives will provide valuable insights about the net effects of mutualistic interactions.</p>
Data from: Net plant interactions are highly variable and weakly dependent on climate at the global scale
<p>Data were collected from the literature. The dataset is a compilation of published studies.</p> <p>An ISI Web of Science search covering the time period from 1900 onwards was conducted to identify the publications on plant interactions. Each publication was individually reviewed, and the reference list was inspected to identify additional relevant publications. We collected a total 1,220 publications for data compilation. We built a global dataset of 10,502 pairs of plant interaction data.</p>
Mutualism has its limits: consequences of asymmetric interactions between a well-defended plant and its herbivorous pollinator
<p>Concern for pollinator health has focused on social bees and their agricultural services, but not all pollinators are bees, and their ecosystem services also promote biodiversity and conservation. Pollinating herbivores generate ecological conflicts when they utilize the same plant as a nectar source and larval host. We tracked individual-level metrics of pollinator health – growth, survivorship, fecundity – across the life cycle of a pollinating herbivore, the hawkmoth Hyles lineata, through its interactions with Oenothera harringtonii, a rare plant polymorphic for the floral volatile (R)-(-)-linalool. Linalool had no impact on moth attraction to O. harringtonii flowers but suppressed oviposition on experimentally supplemented plants. Leaves of O. harringtonii showed robust resistance against herbivory by H. lineata from leaf-disc to wholeplant scales, through poor larval growth and survivorship. Higher larval performance on other Oenothera species indicates that constitutive herbivore resistance by O. harringtonii is not generic. Leaf volatiles differed among populations of O. harringtonii but were not induced by larval herbivory. Elagitannins and other phenolics varied among leaf, bud and seed tissues but showed no evidence of herbivore induction. Our findings highlight asymmetric plant-pollinator interactions and the importance of third parties, such as alternative host plants, in maintaining pollinator health.</p>
Phenotypic and genotypic divergence of plant-herbivore interactions along an urbanization gradient
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Urban environments provide challenging conditions for species survival, including increased temperatures, drought, and pollution. Species can deal with these conditions through evolution across generations or the immediate expression of phenotypic plasticity. The resulting phenotypic changes are key to the performance of species and their interactions with other species in the community. We here document patterns of herbivory in <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> along a rural-urban gradient, and tested the genetic background and ecological consequences of traits related to herbivore resistance. Aphid densities increased with urbanization levels along the gradient while plant size did not change. Offspring of urban mothers, raised under common garden conditions, were larger and had a decreased trichome density and seed set but a higher caterpillar (<em>Pieris brassicae</em>) tolerance. In contrast, no urban evolution was detected for defenses against aphids (<em>Myzus persicae</em>). Aphids reduced seed set more strongly in urban offspring, but this effect disappeared in second-generation plants. In general, urban adaptations as expressed in size and caterpillar tolerance were found, but these adaptations were associated with smaller inflorescences. The maternal effect on the response of seed set to aphid feeding demonstrates the relevance of intergenerational plasticity as a direct ecological consequence of herbivory. Our study demonstrates that the urban environment interacts with the plant's genotype and the extended phenotype as determined by ecological interactions.</span></p>
Climate influence on plant–pollinator interactions in the keystone species Vaccinium myrtillus
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Background: Climate change is altering the world's ecosystems through direct effects of climate warming and precipitation changes, but also indirectly through changes in biotic interactions. For instance, climate-driven changes in plant and/or insect communities may alter plant-pollinator interactions, thereby influencing plant reproductive success and ultimately population dynamics of insect-pollinated plants.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Methods: To better understand how the importance of insect pollination for plant fruit set varies with climate, we experimentally </span><span>excluded pollinators from the partly selfing key-stone species <em>Vaccinium myrtillus</em></span><span> along elevational gradients in the forest-tundra ecotone in central Norway. The study comprised three mountain areas, seven elevational gradients spanning from the climatically relatively benign birch forest to the colder alpine areas above the tree line, and 180 plots of 1 x 1 m, with experimental treatments allocated randomly to plots within sites. Within the experimental plots we counted the number of flowers of <em>V. myrtillus</em> and counted and weighted all fruits, as well as seeds for a selection of fruits.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Results: Excluding pollinators </span><span>resulted in lower fruit production, as well as reduced fruit and seed mass</span><span> of </span><em><span>Vaccinium myrtillus</span></em><span>. In the alpine sites pollinator exclusion resulted in 84 % fewer fruits, 50 % lower fruit weight and 50 % lower seed weight compared to control conditions. Contrary to our expectations, the negative effect of pollinator exclusion was less pronounced in forest compared to alpine sites, suggesting that </span><span>the importance of </span><span>insect pollination</span><span> for seed production is lower at low elevation</span><span>.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the keystone species <em>Vaccinium myrtillus</em> is relatively robust to changes in the pollinator community in a warmer climate, thereby making it less vulnerable to climate-driven changes in plant-pollinator interactions.</span></p>
Data supporting: Drivers of individual-based, antagonistic interaction networks during plant range expansion
<p><span>1. Range expansion in plant populations, especially at the colonization front, can be either limited by disproportionately large effects of antagonistic interactions or facilitated by their release. How the strength of antagonistic interactions changes along successional gradients during range expansion is still poorly documented, especially when diverse assemblages of plant antagonists (rodents, invertebrates, and birds) combine within interaction networks.</span></p> <p><span>2. We study the changes in individual-based, predispersal seed-pulp predator networks along a colonization gradient in a rapidly-expanding <em>Juniperus phoenicea</em> population in Doñana National Park (SW Spain). Additionally, we analysed the role of individual plant traits and neighbourhood attributes in network configuration by using Exponential Random Graph Models.</span></p> <p><span>3. Seven seed-pulp consumer animal species varied significantly in their frequency of interaction and prevalence. While invertebrate species were well established in old and intermediately mature stands, greenfinch (<em>Chloris chloris</em>) was dominant at the colonization front. Variable species roles and spread of interactions among individual plants generated changes in the configuration of interactions during plant expansion.</span></p> <p><span>4. Individual plant traits strongly determined the topology of these networks, although with differences between stands. Increasing individual crop size and seeds per cone increased the interaction odds of individual plants, while seed viability showed the opposite effect. The network topology at the colonization front appeared less driven by individual traits, possibly because of the short interaction history of this recently established area. The disproportionately large effect of <em>C. chloris</em> in these recently established stands, potentially resulted in large seed losses during range expansion.</span></p> <p><span>5.</span><em><span> Synthesis</span></em><span>. Turnover of antagonistic interactions, characterized the colonization front, resulting in more heterogeneous interaction strengths among individual plants. We found no evidence for a complete or sizeable antagonistic release of <em>J. phoenicea</em> at the colonization front promoting this rapid expansion. It becomes necessary to explore interactions with seed dispersers to understand how antagonistic and mutualistic plant-animal interactions balance during range expansion. Our study highlights the importance of an individual-based approach in understanding how interactions are structured and driven in natural changing landscapes.</span></p>
Flower color and flowering phenology mediate plant-pollinator interaction assembly in a diverse co-flowering community
<p>Uncovering the role of competition and facilitation in community assembly is central for developing a predictive understanding of the forces that organize biodiversity. Standard trait-based approaches however rely on detection of only one assembly mechanism (competition or facilitation) along a single trait even though pollinator-mediated plant-plant interactions can be structured along multiple phenotypic, phenological and ecological traits. We evaluated plant species distribution along multiple phenotypic and ecological traits (flower color, flowering time, pollinator sharing) and described an entire co-flowering community as a set of modules with unique patterns of assembly, to test predictions regarding the relative contribution of competition and facilitation to the assembly of a diverse co-flowering community. We show a modular pattern of flower color assembly. Flower color modules differ in their spectral reflectance patterns including color hue and saturation. Within modules, however, species are differentially assembled along phenological and ecological traits (pollinator sharing) depending on the main pollinator group visiting plant species within each module. Results suggest different trait assembly patterns within individual trait-modules in the same co-flowering community and that different trait-patterns can result from the same type of ecological interaction. This study reveals empirical evidence of community assembly along multiple axes of trait differentiation and raises caution when interpreting assembly patterns based on a single trait.</p>
Data from: Effects of climate change on plant resource allocation and herbivore interactions in a Neotropical rainforest shrub
<p>Data from "Effects of climate change on plant resource allocation and herbivore interactions in a Neotropical rainforest shrub" published in <em>Ecology and Evolution. </em>doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9198</p>
Ecuadorian Plant-Hummingbird interactions over an elevation gradient in the Andes, sampled with camera traps in 11 localities
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Community ecologists have made great advances in understanding how natural communities can be both diverse and stable by studying communities as interaction networks. However, focus has been on interaction networks aggregated over time, neglecting the consequences of the seasonal organization of interactions, henceforth seasonal structure, for community stability. Here, we extended previous theoretical findings on the topic in two ways: (i) by integrating empirical seasonal structure of 11 plant-hummingbird communities into dynamic models, and (ii) by tackling multiple facets of network stability together. We show that, in a competition context, seasonal structure enhances community stability by allowing diverse and resilient communities while preserving their robustness to species extinctions. The positive effects of empirical seasonal structure on network stability vanished when using randomized seasonal structures, suggesting that eco-evolutionary dynamics produce stabilizing seasonal structures. We also show that the effects of seasonal structure on community stability are mainly mediated by changes in network structure and productivity, suggesting that the seasonal structure of a community is an important and yet neglected aspect in the diversity-stability and diversity-productivity debates.</span></p>
Database of plant-flower visitor interactions from Ireland
<p><span>Beneficial insects provide valuable services upon which we rely, including pollination. Pollinator conservation is a global priority, and a significant concern in Ireland, where over half of extant bee species have declined significantly in recent decades. As flower-visiting insects rely on flowering plants, one way to conserve and promote pollinator populations is to protect high-quality habitat. We analysed the structure of </span><span>insect-flower interactions</span><span> from multiple habitat categories in a large database of interactions from Ireland. Our primary goals were to compare spatial and temporal variation in Irish network structures, compare Irish networks to published networks from other countries, and provide evidence-based recommendations for pollinator conservation in Ireland by identifying well-visited plant species that may promote high pollinator diversity, abundance, and functional complementarity. Habitat types within Ireland differed substantially: semi-natural grasslands had the highest pollinator species richness and largest number of unique pollinator species, while intensively-managed habitats exhibited negative asymmetry (more plant than pollinator species). This negative asymmetry is notable because most plant-pollinator networks exhibit a positive asymmetry. Within intensively-managed habitats, agricultural and urban habitats differed. Urban habitats had the highest number of non-native plant species while agricultural habitats had the lowest pollinator species richness. We also found Irish networks varied across the growing season, where July had the highest plant and insect species richness. When comparing Irish networks to published networks from other countries, we found Irish networks had a higher ratio of plant species to pollinator species, and that this difference was most evident in agricultural habitats. This ratio means the typical network asymmetry (more pollinator than plant species) was flipped (more plant than pollinator species) in the Irish network. We conclude that conserving semi-natural grasslands in Ireland will be an essential component of pollinator conservation and identify thirty-five plant species important for restoring semi-natural habitats.</span></p>
Figure 3 in Bird-plant interaction networks in native forests and eucalyptus plantations within a protected area
Figure 3. Comparison of the number of interactions between frugivorous birds and plants between native forest and eucalyptus plantation in the PEIT. (a): Fecal samples interactions (P-value = 0.83, W = 3.5); (b): Focal observation interactions (P-value = 0.99, W = 4.0).
Figure 2 in Bird-plant interaction networks in native forests and eucalyptus plantations within a protected area
Figure 2. Interaction networks between frugivorous birds and zoochoric plants, according to the focal observations of birds in both sampled habitats. The circles represent the plant species, and the species of birds are represented by triangles. The acronyms in the center of the figures are the scientific names of the species (Supplementary material 1). The thickness of the links (lines) is related to the connectivity between each species (the thicker the line, the more records this interaction had). Each color represents a cluster of species that are more connected within each other than with between species from other clusters due to its modularity (Q). (a): Fragments of native forest; (b): Fragments of eucalyptus plantation.
Figure 1 in Bird-plant interaction networks in native forests and eucalyptus plantations within a protected area
Figure 1. Interaction networks between frugivorous birds and zoochoric plants, according to the fecal samples of birds in the understory of the two sampled habitats. The circles represent the plant species, and the triangles are representing the species of birds. The acronyms in the center of the figures are the scientific names of the species (Supplementary material 1). The thickness of the links (lines) is related to the connectivity between each species (the thicker the line, the more records this interaction had). Each color represents a cluster of species that are more connected within each other than with species from other clusters due to its modularity (Q). (a): F fragments of native forest; (b): Fragments of eucalyptus plantation.
Landscape simplification leads to loss of plant-pollinator interaction diversity and flower visitation frequency despite buffering by abundant generalist pollinators
<p>Global change, especially landscape simplification, is a main driver of species loss that can alter ecological interaction networks, with potentially severe consequences to ecosystem functions. Therefore, understanding how landscape simplification affects the rate of loss of plant-pollinator interaction diversity (i.e., number of unique interactions) compared to species diversity alone, and the role of persisting abundant pollinators, is key to assess the consequences of landscape simplification on network stability and pollination services. We analysed 24 landscape-scale plant-pollinator networks from standardised transect walks along landscape simplification gradients in three countries. We compared the rates of species and interaction diversity loss along the landscape simplification gradient and then stepwise excluded the top 1-20% most abundant pollinators from the data set to evaluate their effect on interaction diversity, network robustness to secondary loss of species, and flower visitation frequencies in simplified landscapes. Interaction diversity was not more vulnerable than species diversity to landscape simplification, with pollinator and interaction diversity showing similar rates of erosion with landscape simplification. We found that 20% of both species and interactions are lost with an increase of arable crop cover from 30 to 80% in a landscape. The decrease in interaction diversity was partially buffered by persistent abundant generalist pollinators in simplified landscapes, which were nested subsets of pollinator communities in complex landscapes, while plants showed a high turnover in interactions across landscapes. The top 5% most abundant pollinator species also contributed to network robustness against secondary species loss, but could not prevent flowers from a loss of visits in simplified landscapes. Although persistent abundant pollinators buffered the decrease in interaction diversity in simplified landscapes and stabilised network robustness, flower visitation frequency was reduced, emphasising potentially severe consequences of further ongoing land-use change for pollination services.</p>
Data from: Spatiotemporal interaction of risk-spreading strategies for a seed-dimorphic plant
<p>For plants, the risk of stress-induced reproductive failure can be spread temporally and spatially by increasing the variation in stress tolerance and dispersibility, respectively. Yet, we have limited understanding on how intraspecific stress tolerance can be interactively adjusted by these two risk-spreading strategies. Seed-dimorphic plants, which are frequently found in stressful and fluctuating environments, can produce dimorphic offspring with different stress tolerances and dispersibilities. Using a seed-dimorphic Asteraceae,<em> Synedrella nodiflora</em>, we illustrated how maternal-drought-induced changes in drought tolerance and dispersibility may interactively increase intraspecific drought tolerance variation, and thus potentially improve adaptation to various water conditions. Maternal drought stress increased the mean or variation of drought tolerance of the less-dispersible (R-type) offspring, whereas it had variable effects on the drought tolerance of the more-dispersible (D-type) offspring depending on maternal seed morph (R-type vs. D-type) and habitat (dry vs. wet). Because the relative abundances of these two types of offspring remained largely unchanged by maternal drought, there was an overall increase in the intraspecific mean and variation of drought tolerance under maternal drought stress, driven by the changes in the less-dispersible offspring.</p> <p>Synthesis. Our results indicate a strong interaction between stress tolerance variation and seed dispersibility in seed-dimorphic plant species. Using drought tolerance as an indicator, we demonstrate a potential pathway for the adaptive evolution of seed-dimorphic plants that may contribute to their wide distribution. More importantly, our findings highlight the ecological significance of seed dimorphism and the variation of stress tolerance to avoid reproductive failure under various environmental conditions.</p> <pre> </pre>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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