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Figs 7-11 in Minimizing the damage: a methodological proposal to remove the brains of anurans and squamates
Figs 7-11, Step-by-step dissection of a snake brain: 7, sagittal cut from the upper edge of the rostral scale toward the occipital scales; 8, transversal cut from the posterior edge of the supraocular scale toward the other supraocular scale; 9, lifting the skin. The junction of the frontal bone with the parietal is highlighted, and the red dot represents the point of the insertion of the scissors; 10, bones cut off straightly toward following the sagittal/medial plane; 11, exposed brain. The arrow in figure 7 is pointing to the square bone. The arrow in figure 10 represents the direction of the movement. The arrow in figure 11 represents the medulla oblongata.
Fig. 11 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition
Fig. 11. Occlusal views of m2 homologous structures in cave bear (A, B) and giant panda (C, D) lineages. A. Ursavus tedfordi Qiu, Deng, and Wang, 2014 (HMV1453) from Huaigou, Gansu Province, Late Miocene. B. Ursus deningeri von Reichenau, 1904 (NMM1956/909, photo Jan Wagner) from Mosbach 2, Germany, early Middle Pleistocene. C. Ailuropoda wulingshanensis Wang and Lin, 1982 (IVPP V13459.91) from Longgu Cave, Jianshi, Hubei Province. D. Ailurarctos lufengensis Qiu and Qi, 1989 (IVPP V6892) from Lufeng, Yunnan Province, Latest Miocene. A1–D1, photographs; A2–D2, photographs with homologous structures indicated. Not to scale.
Fig. 8 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition
Fig. 8. Occlusal views of m1 homologous structures in cave bear (A, B) and giant panda (C, D) lineages. A. Ursavus tedfordi Qiu, Deng, and Wang, 2014 (HMV1453) from Huaigou, Gansu Province, Late Miocene. B. Ursus deningeri Von Reichenau, 1904 (NMM1956/907, photo Jan Wagner) from Mosbach 2, Germany, early Middle Pleistocene. C. Ailuropoda wulingshanensis Wang and Lin, 1982 (IVPP V13459.10) from Longgu Cave, Jianshi, Hubei Province. D. Ailurarctos lufengensis Qiu and Qi, 1989 (IVPP V25032) from Lufeng, Yunnan Province, Latest Miocene. A1–D1, photographs; A2–D2, photographs with homologous structures indicated. Not to scale.
Fig. 4 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition
Fig. 4. Occlusal views of P4 inner lobe structure of Musteloidea and Ursidae, showing the homology of inner lobe cusps. A. Meles leucurus Hodgson, 1847 (IOZ08129), Recent, China. B. Procyon lotor (Linnaeus, 1758) (IVPP OV1551), Recent, zoo specimen. C. Plithocyon teilhardi (Colbert, 1939) (AMNH FM26594) from the Tunggur Formation, Middle Miocene; the dashed line indicates that the protocone is absent in this species. D. Ailurarctos yuanmouensis Zong, 1996 (IVPP RV97001, cast) from Yuanmou, Yunnan Province. Not to scale.
Fig. 5 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition
Fig. 5. Occlusal views of M1 homologous structures in cave bear (A, B) and giant panda (C, D) lineages. A. Ursavus tedfordi Qiu, Deng, and Wang, 2014 HMV1453) from Huaigou, Gansu Province, Late Miocene. B. Ursus deningeri Von Reichenau, 1904 (NMM1953/119, photo Jan Wagner) from Mosbach 2, Germany, early Middle Pleistocene. C. Ailuropoda melanoleuca (David, 1869) (IVPP V87025.109) from cave deposit of Guangxi Province, Late Pleistocene. D. Ailurarctos lufengensis Qiu and Qi, 1989 (IVPP V6892) from Lufeng, Yunnan Province, Latest Miocene. A1–D1, photographs; A2–D2, photographs with homologous structures indicated. Not to scale.
Fig. 3 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition
Fig. 3. Occlusal views of P4 homologous structures in cave bear (A, B) and giant panda (C, D) lineages. A. Ursavus tedfordi Qiu, Deng, and Wang, 2014 (HMV1453) from Huaigou, Gansu Province, Late Miocene. B. Ursus deningeri Von Reichenau, 1904 (NMM1946/643, photo Jan Wagner) from Mosbach 2, Germany, early Middle Pleistocene. C. Ailuropoda sp. (uncatalogued) from southern China, Pleistocene. D. Ailurarctos lufengensis Qiu and Qi, 1989 (IVPP V6892) from Lufeng, Yunnan Province, Latest Miocene. A1–D1, photographs; A2–D2, photographs with homologous structures indicated. Not to scale.
Fig. 1 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition
Fig. 1. Occlusal views of cheek teeth of studied bears. A. Ailuropoda sp. from Pleistocene of China. B. Ailurarctos lufengensis Qiu and Qi, 1989 (m1, IVPP V25032 and others IVPP V6892, reconstructed from CT scanning) from Lufeng, Yunnan Province, Latest Miocene. C. Ursus deningeri von Reichenau, 1904 (NMM1946/643, 1953/119, 1953/119, 1955/818, 1956/907, 1953/54, 1956/909; photo Jan Wagner) from Mosbach 2 locality, Germany, early Middle Pleistocene. D. Ursavus tedfordi Qiu, Deng, and Wang, 2014 (HMV1453) from Huaigou, Gansu Province, Late Miocene. For terminology and more details for dental character see Fig. 2. Not to scale. Abbreviations: RHyd3, medial ridge of protoconid; RMe3, medial ridge of metacone; RMed4, postero-medial ridge of metaconid; RPa1.2, medial branch of anterior ridge of paracone; RPad3, medial ridge of paraconid; RPrd2.2, medial branch of the posterior ridge of protoconid; RPrd3, postero-medial ridge of protoconid; RPrd4, postero-lateral ridge of protoconid.
Fig. 7 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition
Fig. 7. Occlusal views of weakly separated RPa3 of Ursus deningeri Von Reichenau, 1904. A. NMP Rv21000, Koněpruské jeskyně. B. NMP Ra153, cave C718. C. NMP Ra2402, Chlum 1. D. NMP Rv20999, Koněpruské jeskyně. All from Czech Republic, early Middle Pleistocene. Photo Jan Wagner.
Fig. 2 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition
Fig. 2. Illustrations of proposed terminology of teeth of giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca (A) and cave bear Ursus deningeri (B). Abbreviations: RHyd3, medial ridge of protoconid; RMed1, anterior ridge of metaconid; RMed2, posterior ridge of metaconid; RMed3, medial ridge of metaconid; RMed4, postero-medial ridge of metaconid; RPad1, anterior ridge of paraconid; RPa1.2, medial branch of anterior ridge of paracone; RPad1, anterior ridge of paraconid; RPad2, posterior ridge of paraconid; RPa3/RPad3, medial ridge of paracone/paraconid; RPrd1, anterior ridge of protoconid; RPrd2, posterior ridge of protoconid; RPrd2.2, medial branch of the posterior ridge of protoconid; RPrd3, postero-medial ridge of protoconid; RPrd4, postero-lateral ridge of protoconid.
Fig. 6 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition
Fig. 6. Occlusal views of M2 homologous structures in cave bear (A, B) and giant panda (C, D) lineages. A. Ursavus tedfordi Qiu, Deng, and Wang, 2014 (HMV1453) from Huaigou, Gansu Province, Late Miocene. B. Ursus deningeri Von Reichenau, 1904 (NMM1953/119, photo Jan Wagner) from Mosbach 2, Germany, early Middle Pleistocene. C. Ailuropoda melanoleuca (David, 1869) (IVPP V87025.153) from cave deposit of Guangxi Province, Late Pleistocene. D. Ailurarctos lufengensis Qiu and Qi, 1989 (IVPP V6892) from Lufeng, Yunnan Province, Latest Miocene. A1–D1, photographs; A2–D2, photographs with homologous structures indicated. Not to scale.
Fig. 10 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition
Fig. 10. Occlusal views of large entoconid 2 of Ailuropoda spp. A, B. Ailuropoda wulingshanensis Wang and Lin, 1982 from Longgudong Cave, Jiangshi, China, middle Early Pleistocene. A. IVPP V13459.11. B. IVPP V13459.266. C, D. Ailuropoda melanoleuca (David, 1869). C. IVPP V87025.246 from cave deposit, Guangxi Province, China, Late Pleistocene. D. IOZ 32752, Recent, Sichuan Province.
Fig. 14 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition
Fig. 14. Serial homology of lower molars (occlusal views) of Ailuropoda sp. (A. IVPP V13459.10, B. IVPP V13459.91, C. IVPP V87025.362) from various fossil sites in southern China, Pleistocene. A1–C1, photographs; A2–C2, photographs with homologous structures indicated. Not to scale.
Fig. 9 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition
Fig. 9. Illustration showing the evolution of m1 protoconid-metaconid ridges (in occlusal view). A. Stem Ursavus evolutionary grade Ursavus cf. brevirhinus (MNHN Ar2399, photo Jan Wagner) from Artenay, France. B. Early Ursus evolutionary grade Ursus malayanus (Raffles, 1821) (AMNH M19154) from Borneo, living. C. Derived Ursus evolutionary grade Ursus deningeri von Reichenau, 1904 (NMM1956/668; photo Jan Wagner, reversed) from Mosbach 2, Germany, early Middle Pleistocene. D. Ailuropoda evolutionary grade: Ailuropoda wulingshanensis Wang and Lin, 1982 (IVPP V13459.266) from Longgu Cave, Jianshi, China, middle Early Pleistocene. A1–D1, explanatory drawings; A2–D2, photographs. Not to scale.
Fig. 13 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition
Fig. 13. Homologous structures of upper molars (occlusal views) of Ailuropoda melanoleuca (David, 1869) (A. IVPP V87025.109, B. IVPP V87025.153) from cave deposits of Guangxi Province, Late Pleistocene. Not to scale.
Fig. 12 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition
Fig. 12. Occlusal views of m3 homologous structures in cave bear (A, B) and giant panda (C, D) lineages. A. Ursavus tedfordi Qiu, Deng, and Wang, 2014 (HMV1453) from Huaigou, Gansu Province, Late Miocene. B. Ursus deningeri von Reichenau, 1904 (NMM1953/54, photo Jan Wagner) from Mosbach 2, Germany, early Middle Pleistocene. C. Ailuropoda melanoleuca (David, 1869) (IVPP V87025.362) from cave deposit of Guangxi Province, Late Pleistocene. D. Ailurarctos lufengensis Qiu and Qi, 1989 (IVPP V6892) from Lufeng, Yunnan Province, Latest Miocene. A1–D1, photographs; A2–D2, photographs with homologous structures indicated. Not to scale.
Fig. 3 in MAX WEBER AN ARTIFICIAL SOCIOLOGY. PROPOSAL FOR A NEURAL NETWORK WITH WEBERIAN REASONING
Fig. 3. The ornithopod dinosaur Gasparinisaura cincosaltensis Coria and Salgado, 1996 from the Late Cretaceous Anacleto Formation of Patagonia, MCSPv 111 (A) and MCSPv 112 (B). A1, nearly complete postcranial skeleton in left lateral view; A2, cluster of gastroliths in the abdominal cavity; B1, nearly complete skeleton in dorsal view; B2, the largest cluster of gastroliths below the last dorsal vertebra.
Fig. 2 in MAX WEBER AN ARTIFICIAL SOCIOLOGY. PROPOSAL FOR A NEURAL NETWORK WITH WEBERIAN REASONING
Fig. 2. The ornithopod dinosaur Gasparinisaura cincosaltensis Coria and Salgado, 1996, MUCPv 213 from the Late Cretaceous Anacleto Formation of Patagonia. A. Forelimb bones and ribs. B. The longest gastrolith in contact with two right dorsal ribs. C. Cluster of gastroliths associated with the ribs. D. Scanning electron microphotograph of a gastrolith from metamorphic rock.
Fig. 1 in MAX WEBER AN ARTIFICIAL SOCIOLOGY. PROPOSAL FOR A NEURAL NETWORK WITH WEBERIAN REASONING
Fig. 1. The surroundings of Cinco Saltos City where MCSPv 111, MCSPV 112 (Site 1) and MUCPv 213 (Site 2) were found (modified from Andreis et al. 1974).
Fig. 5 in A proposed ectochory of Galba truncatula snails between wallow sites enhances transmission of Fascioloides magna at gemenc, in Hungary
Fig. 5. Some intact shells and fragments of snails which were recovered from dry mud adhering to a tree trunk near a wallowing site. A relatively fresh and intact shell of G. truncatula (X) can be seen among the brownish pieces of only recently deceased (R) and old, whitish shells of snails.
Fig. 3. G in A proposed ectochory of Galba truncatula snails between wallow sites enhances transmission of Fascioloides magna at gemenc, in Hungary
Fig. 3. G. truncatula snails are foraging adjacent to a fresh faecal ball of red deer. In consequence of their intense foraging activity, they transform the smooth surface of mud rough. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.