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285 results for “Reproduction isolation”

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dryad32/100

Data from: Persistent postmating, prezygotic reproductive isolation between populations

Studying reproductive barriers between populations of the same species is critical to understand how speciation may proceed. Growing evidence suggests postmating, prezygotic (PMPZ) reproductive barriers play an important role in the evolution of early taxonomic divergence. However, the contribution of PMPZ isolation to speciation is typically studied between species in which barriers that maintain isolation may not be those that contributed to reduced gene flow between populations. Moreover, in internally fertilizing animals, PMPZ isolation is related to male ejaculate – female reproductive tract incompatibilities but few studies have examined how mating history of the sexes can affect the strength of PMPZ isolation and the extent to which PMPZ isolation is repeatable or restricted to particular interacting genotypes. We addressed these outstanding questions using multiple populations of Drosophila montana. We show a recurrent pattern of PMPZ isolation, with flies from one population exhibiting reproductive incompatibility in crosses with all three other populations, while those three populations were fully fertile with each other. Reproductive incompatibility is due to lack of fertilization and is asymmetrical, affecting female fitness more than males. There was no effect of male or female mating history on reproductive incompatibility, indicating that PMPZ isolation persists between populations. We found no evidence of variability in fertilization outcomes attributable to different female x male genotype interactions, and in combination with our other results, suggests that PMPZ isolation is not driven by idiosyncratic genotype x genotype interactions. Our results show PMPZ isolation as a strong, consistent barrier to gene flow early during speciation and suggest several targets of selection known to affect ejaculate-female reproductive tract interactions within species that may cause this PMPZ isolation.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

dryad32/100

Data for: Variation in reproductive isolation across a species range

Reproductive isolation is often variable within species, a phenomenon that while largely ignored by speciation studies, can be leveraged to gain insight into the poten- tial mechanisms driving the evolution of genetic incompatibilities. We used experi- mental greenhouse crosses to characterize patterns of reproductive isolation among three divergent genetic lineages of Campanulastrum americanum that occur in close geographic proximity in the Appalachian Mountains. Substantial, asymmetrical repro- ductive isolation for survival due to cytonuclear incompatibility was found among the lineages (up to 94% reduction). Moderate reductions in pollen viability, as well as cytoplasmic male sterility, were also found between some Mountain populations. We then compared these results to previously established patterns of reproductive isola- tion between these Mountain lineages and a fourth, widespread Western lineage to fully characterize reproductive isolation across the complete geographic and genetic range of C. americanum. Reproductive isolation for survival and pollen viability was consistent across studies, indicating the evolution of the underlying genetic incompat- ibilities is primarily determined by intrinsic factors. In contrast, reproductive isolation for germination was only found when crossing Mountain populations with the Western lineage, suggesting the underlying genetic incompatibility is likely influenced by envi- ronmental or demographic differences between the two lineages. Cytoplasmic male sterility was also limited in occurrence, being restricted to a handful of Mountain pop- ulations in a narrow geographic range. These findings illustrate the complexity of spe- ciation by demonstrating multiple, independent genetic incompatibilities that lead to a mosaic of genetic divergence and reproductive isolation across a species range.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

dryad32/100

Allopatry, hybridization, and reproductive isolation in Arctostaphylos: phenology and field morphology

Premise of the study: Hybridization plays a key role in introgressive adaptation, speciation, and adaptive radiation as a source of evolutionary innovation. Hybridization is considered common in Arctostaphylos, yet species boundaries are retained in stands containing multiple species. Arctostaphylos contains diploids and tetraploids, and recent phylogenies indicate two clades; we hypothesize combinations of these traits limit or promote hybridization rates. Methods: We statistically analyzed co-occurrence patterns of species by clade membership and ploidy level from 87-0.1 ha plots. We sampled multiple sites to analyze for percent hybridization based on morphology. Finally, phenophases were analyzed by scoring herbarium sheets for a large number of taxa from both clades as well as tetraploids, and second, surveying three field sites over two years for divergence in phenological stages between co-occurring taxa. Key results: Most taxa in Arctostaphylos are allopatric relative to other congenerics. When two taxa co-occur, the patterns are a diploid with a tetraploid, or two diploids from different clades. When three taxa co-occur, the pattern is two diploids from different clades and a tetraploid. Field and herbarium data both indicate flowering phenology is displaced between diploids from the two clades; one of the diploid clades and tetraploids overlap considerably. Conclusions: The two deep clades in Arctostaphylos are genetically distant, with hybrids rare or non-existent when taxa co-occur. Reproductive isolation between clades is enhanced by displaced flowering phenology for co-occurring species. Within clades, taxa appear to have few reproductive barriers other than an allopatric distribution or different ploidy levels.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

dryad32/100

Testing the potential contribution of Wolbachia to speciation when cytoplasmic incompatibility becomes associated with host‐related reproductive isolation

Endosymbiont induced cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) may play an important role in arthropod speciation. However, whether CI consistently becomes associated or coupled with other host-related forms of reproductive isolation (RI) to impede the transfer of endosymbionts between hybridizing populations and further the divergence process remains an open question. Here, we show varying degrees of pre- and post-mating RI exist among allopatric populations of two interbreeding cherry-infesting tephritid fruit flies (Rhagoletis cingulata and R. indifferens) across North America. These flies display allochronic and sexual isolation among populations, as well as unidirectional reductions in egg hatch in hybrid crosses involving southwestern USA males. All populations are infected by a Wolbachia strain, wCin2, whereas a second strain, wCin3, only coinfects flies from the Southwest USA and Mexico. Strain wCin3 is associated with a unique mtDNA haplotype and unidirectional postmating RI, implicating the strain as the cause of CI. When coupled with non-endosymbiont RI barriers, we estimate the strength of CI associated with wCin3 would not prevent the strain from introgressing from infected Southwestern to uninfected populations elsewhere in the USA if populations were to come into secondary contact and hybridize. In contrast, cytoplasmic-nuclear coupling may be sufficient to impede the transfer of wCin3 if Mexican and USA populations were to come into contact. We discuss our results in the context of the general paucity of examples demonstrating stable Wolbachia hybrid zones and whether the spread of Wolbachia among taxa can be constrained in natural hybrid zones long enough for the endosymbiont to participate in speciation.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

dryad32/100

Performance tradeoffs and resource availability drive variation in reproductive isolation between sympatrically diverging crossbills

Theoretical models indicate that speciation, especially when the scope for gene flow is great (e.g., sympatric speciation), is most likely when strong performance tradeoffs coincide with reproduction. We tested this classic hypothesis using measures of the strength of three prezygotic reproductive isolating barriers (habitat isolation, reduced immigrant fecundity, and behavioral isolation) between two young (~2,000 yrs) and sympatric red crossbill (Loxia curvirostra) ecotypes. All three isolating barriers increased with increases in performance tradeoffs, with total reproductive isolation varying between 0.72 and 1 (0 represents random mating, 1 represents complete reproductive isolation). Strong tradeoffs led to strong habitat isolation, an inability to breed in the "wrong" habitat, and more assortative flocks, with the latter leading to stronger behavioral isolation. Reproductive isolation decreased as resource availability increased relative to the demands of breeding, with higher resource availabilities eliminating the positive relationship between reproductive isolation and performance tradeoffs. This latter result is consistent with previous work suggesting that increasing resource abundance dampens the effect of strong performance tradeoffs on evolutionary divergence. Because many organisms, with the notable exception of host-specific phytophagous insects, rely on abundant food resources with weak performance tradeoffs while breeding, our results may explain why sympatric speciation is uncommon.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

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Figure 4 in Reproductive isolation and the causes of speciation rate variation in nature

Figure 4. Some possible relationships between the rate at which lineages evolve reproductive isolation and their rate of speciation. A, direct correspondence, where the evolution of reproductive evolution shows a one-to-one relationship with the macroevolutionary rate of speciation. In this scenario, the evolution of reproductive isolation is the exclusive determinant of macroevolutionary speciation dynamics. B, offset/dampened relationship, where the rate of evolution of reproductive isolation is the dominant control on speciation rates, although speciation rates are lower than predicted by the rate of evolution of reproductive isolation alone. This relationship implies that many populations evolving reproductive isolation fail to persist through deep time. C, decoupled, such that reproductive isolation shows no predictive relationship with macroevolutionary speciation rates. This scenario suggests that reproductive isolation is not the rate-limiting control on the rate of speciation. Adapted from Rabosky (2013).

opennotspecifiedSep 2015View details →

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Figure 3 in Reproductive isolation and the causes of speciation rate variation in nature

Figure 3. Pairwise postzygotic isolation from interspecific crosses of birds as a function of the pairwise genetic distance between them. Results are shown for two major clades (pheasants, Phasianidae; parrots, Psittacidae). For a given level of genetic divergence, pheasants show greater levels of postzygotic isolation than the parrots, indicating that this sort of reproductive isolation accumulates more quickly in pheasants than in parrots. If intrinsic postzygotic isolation (hybrid inviability and sterility) is the dominant control on speciation rates, pheasants should have faster rates of speciation than parrots. Note that relationships are bounded at 0 (all hybrid offspring fully viable and fertile) and 1 (no offspring produced, or all offspring sterile). Lines show fitted linear relationships between reproductive isolation and genetic distance for each clade. Data are from Price & Bouvier (2002) and Gray (1958); analyses are from Rabosky and Matute (2013). For this pair of clades, speciation rates are faster in the clade with faster rates of evolution of reproductive isolation (pheasants: speciation = 0.26 lineages Myr–1; parrots: speciation = 0.22 lineages Myr–1). However, across all birds, these quantities appear to be unrelated.

opennotspecifiedSep 2015View details →

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Figure 1. A in Reproductive isolation and the causes of speciation rate variation in nature

Figure 1. A, per-lineage rates of speciation across a time-calibrated phylogenetic tree of 6670 species of extant birds (67% of the total diversity) as inferred using a statistical model that simultaneously estimates the magnitude of rate variation through time and across lineages. Colours correspond to the instantaneous rate of speciation at each point in the tree. The fastest 5% of rates exceed 0.4 species Myr –1 (dark red). Analysis of evolutionary rates explicitly accounts for extinction, although only speciation rates are shown. B, estimated present-day speciation rates for all 6670 species; these are simply the best estimate of the instantaneous rate of speciation for each tip in the phylogeny. Inset images depict representative birds with fast (western gull, Larus occidentalis) and slow (go-away-bird, Corythaixoides leucogaster) rates of speciation. The phylogenetic dataset is from Jetz et al. (2012) and speciation rate analysis is described in Rabosky & Matute (2013).

opennotspecifiedSep 2015View details →

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Figure 2 in Reproductive isolating barriers between colour-differentiated populations of an African annual killifish, Nothobranchius korthausae (Cyprinodontiformes)

Figure 2. The number of eggs, fertilization rate and hatching success of pairings between sympatric and allopatric populations during the no-choice experiment. Means with SE (boxes) and confidence intervals (whiskers) for data on virgin and nonvirgin fish are indicated.

opennotspecifiedNov 2009View details →

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Figure 1 in Reproductive isolating barriers between colour-differentiated populations of an African annual killifish, Nothobranchius korthausae (Cyprinodontiformes)

Figure 1. The rates of male courtship towards females and female response (per 30 min) expressed for each male ¥ female combination and virgin and nonvirgin fish separately. Means with 1SE are indicated.

opennotspecifiedNov 2009View details →

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Figure 3 in Reproductive isolating barriers between colour-differentiated populations of an African annual killifish, Nothobranchius korthausae (Cyprinodontiformes)

Figure 3. The results of the hybrid performance experiment, with number of eggs (A) and hatching success (B) standardized within each experimental group shown. Means with 1SE (boxes) and confidence intervals (whiskers) are indicated for each experimental combination (mm, offspring of Mafia male and Mafia female; kk, offspring of Kwachepa male and Kwachepa female; mk: Mafia male, Kwachepa female; km: Kwachepa male, Mafia female). Sample size for the number of eggs is N = 8 replicates for each combination, sample size for hatching success is smaller (because only replicates with more than 5 eggs were analysed) and the exact N is given above each combination.

opennotspecifiedNov 2009View details →

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Extra-pair fertilizations counter the reproductive isolation emerging from performance-based habitat choice Data

Experimental rapid and small-scale ecological population divergence in the absence of current natural selection Data

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2023View details →

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